Rock Characteristics and Types Guide

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Characteristics of Rocks
Rock Cycle
Types of Rocks
GROUP 2

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• Any
or
• Example:
Feldspar
Mica
Quartz

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• Color / Streak
• Texture
 Size
 Shape
• Hardness
• Luster

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 Physical color/ appearance of
a rock.
 Refers to the color of a rock
when crushed into a powder
or scratched in a paper.
Hematite color and luster
Opengeology.com

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 Streak Test
 Examining the color of a
rock by scratching it in a
clean porcelain streak
plate.
weebly.com/science5.htm
l

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 Light color light color
 Intermediate color
 Dark color dark color
 Rich in light colored minerals
 Rich in dark colored minerals
Color Index mainly used for Igneous Rocks

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 Refers to the size , shape and arrange-m
ent of grains of crystals.
Coarsed – Grain Texture (Phaneritic)
• Grains easily seen by the naked
eye. Granite
Classzone.com

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Fine – Grain Texture (Aphanitic)
 Grains easily seen by the
naked eye.
Basalt
Classzone.com

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Porphyritic
 A rock texture in which
large-grain crystals are set in fine-
grain mass.
Andesite
Classzone.com

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Glassy Texture
 Rocks that looks like a block of
colored glass or a rock with no
visible minerals.
Obsidian
Classzone.com

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 Detrital rocks are classified based on particle size and grain shape.
 Chemical rocks are rocks that is not produced by living things
(Inorganic) or produced by the remnants of the living things
(Shell fragments, Coral reefs).

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Conglomerates
 Poorly Sorted particle sizes
 Well -rounded particles
 Usually particles are gravel sized
Conglomerate Stone
https://mineralseducationcoalition.
org/minerals-database/conglomera
te/

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Breccia
 A rock composed of broken fragments of
rocks cemented together by a fine-grained
matrix.
 Poorly sorted grains
 Angular and Gravel sized grains
Breccia Rock
Learninggeology.com

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Sandstone
 Composed of sand-size grains of mineral,
rock, or organic material.
 Well - sorted particles
 Sand – sized particles
 Particles can be angular and rounded.
Yellow Brown Sandstone
Minimegeology.com

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Shale
 A fine-grained sedimentary rock that forms fr
om the compaction of silt and clay-size
mineral particles that we commonly call
"mud”.
 Microscopic grain size (silt and clay size).
 Cannot see grains with naked eye. Shale
Geology.com

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Chert (Flint)
 Consists of microcrystalline silica
 Most likely biochemical
Chert
lexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/r
ocks/chert.html

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 A material is measured against the scale by finding the hardest mat
erial that the given material can scratch, and/or the softest materia
l that can scratch the given material.
 Mohs's Scale of Hardness
 Developed by German geologists Frederick Mohs.

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Mohs's Scale of Hardness

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 The way how minerals and rocks interact with light.
1. Metallic Luster
• Looks like a shiny metal such as chrome, steel, silver, or gold.
2. Non metallic
• Non-metallic minerals may be shiny and reflect light,
however, they do not look like a metal.

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Galena
http://www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com/j
hbnyc/mineralmuseum/picshow
Pyrite
https://borenandkingminerals.com/pr
oduct/mirror-pyrite-crystal-plate/

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• Magma is formed by
or melting within the mantle
• It is a below
Earth’s surface
Magma inside a volcano
https://gfycat.com/amp/periodicslipperyeland-magma-gif

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• Magma that flows
out onto Earth
surface
• On top of the Earth
• Molten rock store
d under Earth’s
surface
• Inside the earth
Difference between magma & lava
https://earthhow.com/lava-magma-difference/

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IS THE OF A
LL

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TYPES OF ROCKS
ALL
ROCKS
ARE
UNIQUE
ALL
ROCKS
ARE
DIFFERENT

of 80 GROUP 2
• Originated from Latin word
“ ” which means
• Rocks that form when molte
n material (magma)
• It is formed

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1. Magma rises up causing volcanic
eruptions
2. Igneous rocks are formed when
the magma cools and solidifies
• When magma cools above the
surface, extrusive igneous rocks
are formed.
• When magma cools below the
surface, intrusive igneous rocks
are formed.
Formation of Igneous Rocks
https://study.com/

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Igneous rocks are subdivided on the basis of where they are formed (on or with
in Earth’s surface):
• Form when magma rises to Earth’s
surface
• Fined-grained rocks
• Molten rock cools rapidly
These rocks produce volcanoes, lava
flows and tephra
EXtrusive = Exit
Formation of Volcanic igneous rocks
https://www.learner.org/wp-content/interactive

Basalt is the most
abundant type of igneous
rock on Earth.
When obsidian breaks,
the fractures are very
sharp which is why it was
used as tools in the
Stone Age
When better materials are
not locally available,
rhyolite is sometimes
used to produce crushed
stone
It is used for making tiles
because it is resistant to
slipping.
Dacite is sometimes used to
produce crushed stone. It
performs well as fill and as a
loose aggregate in a wide
variety of construction
projects.
Pumice looks pretty much
like regular rock, but it is very
light. People can pretend
superhuman strength when
lifting a large pumice boulder.
EXAMPLES
CLICK
THE
PICTURES
FOR
TRIVIA
Page 33 of 80 M.F.J

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• Form when magma solidifies
below Earth’s surface
• Coarse-grained rocks
• Molten rock cools slowly
INtrusive = Inside
Formation of Plutonic igneous rocks
http://universetoday.com

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• These rocks produce plutons
(or intrusions)
Plutons – all masses of intrusive
igneous rocks
• Plutons remains hidden from sig
ht until erosion removes the
underlying rocks
Plutons
https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-pluton-1440844

Granite is the best known
and most frequently seen
intrusive igneous rock
containing about 70%
silica.
Gabbro is a very
dark-colored rock and is
also noticeably heavy
Diabase/dolerite,
a form of dolerite known
as bluestone, is one of
the materials used in the
construction of
Stonehenge.
The most famous diorite
sculpture is the Code of
Hammurabi, a black diorite
pillar, inscribed with
Babylonian laws in about
1750 BC.
Pegmatite is most often
sold commercially as a
granite product.
Peridotites are
economically important
rocks because they often
contain chromite – the
only ore of chromium
EXAMPLES
Page 36 of 80 M.F.J
CLICK
THE
PICTURES
FOR
TRIVIA

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Igneous rocks are classified on the basis of (grain size) and :
• Size of crystals of minerals i
n igneous rocks depends o
n
rate of cooling magma
• Crystal size are used to
interpret where the rock
form
VOLCANIC
grain sizes are too small
to be seen with the
naked eyes
(fine-grained)
PLUTONIC
grain sizes are large
(coarse-grained)

This slide is in swf format. You will be able to use it if your device is supported by adobe flash
Identifying Rocks
© Boardworks ltd 2007

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Color varies
with silica
Content
(composition)
Felsic & Mafic
• Made up of light
colored igneous rocks
• High level silica
content (silica-rich)
• FELSIC comes from
combination of the
words (Feldspar + Silica
)
Quartz is the 2nd most
abundant mineral on Earth’s
surface and is found in all
types of rocks.
Feldspar is the most
abundant mineral on Earth
and makes up roughly 60% of
the Earth’s crust
Click the picture for some trivia

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Color varies
with silica
Content
(composition)
Felsic & Mafic
• Made up of dark-colored
igneous rocks
• Low level silica content
(silica-poor)
• MAFIC comes from
combination of the words
(Magnesium and ferric)
It is used in everything from
electrical product to makeup.
It can be found on all types of
rocks
A large group of dark mineral
that occur as columnar/
fibrous prismatic crystal in
igneous rocks.

M.F.J
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING
U.1 The rock in the picture is a:
A. Low silica volcanic rock
B. Low silica plutonic rock
C. High silica plutonic rock
D. High silica volcanic rock
U.2 What happen when magma cools
quickly?
A. Larger crystal – coarse texture
B. Large crystal – fine texture
C. Small crystal – coarse texture
D. Small crystal – fine texture
Basalt
http://geologylearn.blogspot.com/2015/03/basalt.html

O F F L I N E A C T I V I T Y !!!!
M.F.J
Instruction:
Fill the box with necessary words.

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• Originated from Latin word
“ ” which means
– small pieces of
rock that are moved and deposited
by water, wind, and gravity
• Formed when sediments (rocks
+ soils + decayed organisms) are
cemented together

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• Form as horizontal layers
called
• Oldest beds at the bottom
Youngest at the top
• Identified based on
and
Oldest
bed
Youngest
bed
BEDS
https://www.sciencephoto.com/

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Begins when weathering and erosion produce sediments:
• Produces rocks and mineral fragments known a
s sediments
Sediment size: Huge boulder to microscopic particl
e
• Minerals in rocks are
dissolved or chemicall
y
changed
• Remain chemically
unchanged
Weathering & Erosion
https://www.learner.org/wp-content/interactive/rockcycle/rockdiagram/

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• Removal and transport of sediments
win
d
moving
water
glaciers
gravity
Weathering & Erosion

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• Physical and chemical processes that transform
sediments into sedimentary rocks
• Compacting and Cementing
Weathering &
Erosion Sediments Process of
Lithification
Sedimentary R
ock
Compacting & Cementing

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“SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ARE
LIKE A TIME CAPSULE”
• Best-known feature:
FOSSILS
• Fossils – are preserved
remains or other evidenc
e
of once-living organism

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Identified by materials that make up the rock or by
their mode of formation:
• Most common type of sedimentary r
ocks
• Formed from weathering of existing
rocks that are moved away from its
original location
• Also known as detrital
Example of Clastic Rocks
http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/sedimentary-rocks-lesson-13

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Identified by materials that make up the rock or by their mode of formation:
1. Generation
Pieces of rocks are loosened by weatheri
ng
2. Erosion
Sediments moved from place of origin by
streams, winds and glaciers.
3. Lithification
Sediments is slowly compacted and grain
s
are cemented together to form new rock
Formation of Clastic
http://www.gallatinrivertaskforce.org

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1.
• Gravel-sized rock
• Grain sized: >2 mm
Example:
Conglomerate
(rounded, gravel-sized particles)
Breccia
(angular, gravel-sized particles)
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks are named according to the characteristics of clasts (grain size):
Conglomerates are used in
construction industry as
decorative stone
Breccia can be a colorful rock.
It is used as architectural
stones for paving and interior
building veneers.
Click
the
picture
for
some
trivia

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2.
• Sand-sized rock
• Grain sized: 1/16 mm to 2mm
Feature: High Porosity
Porosity – percentage of open
spaces between grains in a rock
Example: Sandstone and Arkose
Sandstone layers are valuable
ground reservoirs of oil,
natural gas and groundwater.
It is quite resistant to erosion,
so it is a popular building
material.
Arkose forms from weathering
of granitic rock. Quartz is
commonly the dominant
mineral component.
Click
the
picture
for
some
trivia

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3.
• Clay-sized rock
• Grain size: 1/256mm to 1/16m
m
Feature: Low Porosity
Example: Siltstone and Shale
The pore spaces of siltstone
serve as good aquifer. It is
rarely porous or extensive
enough to serve as an oil or
gas reservoir
Shale is commercially
important. It is used to make
brick, pottery, tile and
Portland cement.
Click
the
picture
for
some
trivia

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• Form when minerals precipitate fro
m
a solution as a result of changing
physical conditions
Solution = fresh water in lakes,
groundwater or seawater
Changing conditions = increased
temperatures (evaporation)
Examples of Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
https://www.rocksforkids.com/sedimentary-rock/amp/

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EVAPORITES
• Evaporites are chemical
sedimentary rocks
It is form when sea water or lake
water dries up and precipitates
minerals.
This indicates marine condition in
geologic past Evaporites
https://www.slideshare.net/hzharraz/evaporite-deposits

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EXAMPLES: Dolomite is evaporite.
If you see an evaporite,
the place is probably in
a hot and dry
environment.
Click the pictures for some trivia
Rock salt or Halite is
capable of lowering the
glacial point of water.
It is also widely used in
food industry.
Gypsum has been used
as a building material
for a long time possibly
since the Neolithic.
Dolomite quarry site in Alcoy, Cebu
https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/09/12/20/the-power-of-dolomite-ho
w-the-mineral-is-found-in-cattle-feed-resorts-glassmaking-and-more

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• Form due to actions of living
organisms that cause minerals to
be extracted from solution
Example:
Limestone
• Common in shallow water
• Skeletal and shell materials in
the water will someday becom
e
a limestone
Limestone formation in Lagoon, Palawan
If we find a limestone,
we can tell that there
was a large lake/ocean
present at that location
in the past
Click the picture
for some trivia

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• Formed from the remains of once-
living things
Example:
• Coquina – limestone formed from
broken shell fragments
• Coal – carbon-rich rock formed from
compacted plant remains
• Chalk - more resistant to weathering
than other types of sedimentary rocks
Coquina is a rare form
of limestone composed
of ancient mollusks and
other marine
invertebrates.
Coal starts off as plant
matter at the bottom of
water. It is made largely
of carbon.
Chalk is formed deep under
the sea by the gradual
accumulation of minerals
from the shells of micro-
organisms.

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• Originated from Greek word
“meta” (change) & “morphe”
(form)
• Metha + Morphe = To change form
• Formed from rocks that were
originally another type and
were changed into different form

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• Metamorphic rocks are formed by the
effect of extreme pressures and
temperatures deep within the Earth.
• These conditions change the structure
of
existing rocks so that new rocks are
formed

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• Represents the changes in the
composition/texture of a rock
• Important properties involve:
Temperature and Pressure
• 2 Types: Contact and Regional
Regional & Contact Metamorphism
https://igneoussedimentarymetamorphic.weebly.com/metamorphic.html

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• Occurs when magma comes in
contact with an already existing
body of rock
• Caused primarily by HEAT
• Main feature: It produces
non-foliated rocks such as
marble, quartzite and hornfels
https://youtu.be/Bbw8BiZhGg0

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Examples:
• Limestone around a magma
chamber is baked by the heat to form
marble
• Sandstone contacted hot deeply
magma forming Quartzite
Marble quarry site in Romblon, Visayas
The purest form of
silica found on Earth
can be found in
quartzite
The Taj Mahal in India is
made primarily by
marble.

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• Most widespread kind of metamorphis
m
• Geologist use this term when talking
about large-scale metamorphism
• Caused primarily by PRESSURE
• Main feature: It produces foliated rocks
https://youtu.be/Bbw8BiZhGg0

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Examples:
• Granite (igneous rock) are changed by
heat and pressure to form
Gneiss (metamorphic rock)
• Slate Phyllite Schist Gneiss

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1. Low-grade metamorphism
Low temperature and pressure
2. Intermediate-grade metamorphism
In between low- and high-grade
metamorphism
3. High-grade metamorphism
High temperature and pressure
• With temperature and pressure, metamorphic
grade also increases.
• The higher the metamorphic grade, the more
changed the rock will be from its original form.

of 80 M.F.J
Metamorphic rocks are classified into two textual groups:
• Characterized by flat and
wavy planar features
caused by alignment of
platy minerals
• Foliation may look like
alternating bands of
light and dark minerals
Metamorphic
environment
50-300℃ 300-450℃ Above 450℃
Metamorphic
grade
Low Intermediate High
Rock name Slate Schist Gneiss
Description
• Minerals not
visible to naked
eye
• Slaty cleavage
• Dark colored
• From low-grade
metamorphism
of shale or mud
stone
• Medium to
coarse grained
• Often shiny
• From
intermediate-grade
metamorphism of
shale, basalt or
granite
• Coarse grained
with alternating
layers of light and
dark minerals
• From high-
grade metamorphi
sm of shale, schist
granites or many
other rock types

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Metamorphic rocks are classified into two textual groups:
• Characterized by
interlocking grains with no
specific pattern
• Classified based on
composition
Rock Name Marble Quartzite Anthracite coal
Mineral
composition
Calcite Quartz Crystalline carbo
n
Rock name Slate Schist Gneiss
DESCRIPTION
• Coarse-grain
recrystallized
limestone or
dolomite
• Have dark
bands
• Intergrown
quartz grains
• Intermediate
to high-grade
metamorphism
• Hard,
black shiny
coal
• Low-grade
metamorphism

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Foliated & Nonfoliated Rocks
https://socratic.org/questions/how-is-a-foliated-metamorphic-rock-different-from-a-non-folia
ted-metamorphic-roc

M.F.J
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING:
Where do I belong?

of 80 M.F.J
TOPIC SUMMARY

O F F L I N E A C T I V I T Y !!!!
M.F.J
Instruction:
Instead of drawing lines, put only the number
to indicate the pairs
Example:

O N L I N E A C T I V I T Y !!!!
M.F.J

of 80 G.R.S
 Founder of Modern Geology
 A Scottish Farmer
 Late 18th Century: Hutton came to
believe that the Earth was perpetually
being formed; reasoned geological
arguments
o “Where does the new come from?”
o “Why do look like mod
ern sediments?”
o “Why is the Earth’s surface never
below sea level?”

New soil is formed as
decaying plants mix with
weathered rock, helped
by animals like worms in
the soil – so it is a result
of rock weathering.
“Where does the new soil
come from?”
Sedimentary rocks were modern
sediments once, deposited long ago,
before becoming hardened into
rocks.
“Why do sedimentary rocks look
like modern sediments?”
There must be some process
that lifts bedrock up from time
to time – called uplift. Heating
deep rocks could cause some
uplift, but the main mechanism
causing uplift is Plate Tectonics
“Why is the Earth’s surface
never eroded below sea level?”
Page 70 of 80 G.R.S

Formed by magma and lava as
it cools or hardens. Igneous
rocks form in two different
ways:
• Rock that comes from lava
and can either
be very light and airy or the
rocks can be glassy.
• Rocks that come from
magma are formed under
ground. They are often times
.
Page 71 of 80

• Forms from the and/o
r of rock pieces, mi
neral grains, or shell fragments ca
lled
are formed through t
he processes of and
of rocks exposed at Earth'
s surface.
Page 72 of 80

Form when rocks are changed
into different kinds of rocks by
Page 73 of 80

• Every rock and rock fragment on
our earth is a part of the rock cycle.
• The rock cycle demonstrates the
Earth’s ability to its ma
terials.
Rock Cycle
https://www.australiancurriculumlessons.com
Page 75 of 80 G.R.S

G.R.S

TOPIC SUMMARY
Page 77 of 80 G.R.S

Wrapping it Up!
Igneous rock that formed above the
Earth’s surface and contains very small
crystals.
EXTRUSIVE
The movement of rock particles.
EROSION*
Igneous rock that formed below the
Earth’s surface and contains large crystals.
INTRUSIVE
Hot molten rock below the Earth’s
surface.
MAGMA
The cycle linking the processes that form igneous,
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
ROCK CYCLE
The breaking down or dissolving of rocks
and minerals on the surface of the Earth.
Can be in form of physical, chemical, or
biological weathering.
WEATHERING*
Page 78 of 80 G.R.S

Wrapping it Up!
Vertical elevation of the Earth's surface in
response to natural causes.
UPLIFT
Rocks formed from existing rocks under
extreme pressure and temperature.
METAMORPHISM
A process by which dissolved materials crystallize
and glue sediments together transforming into a
sedimentary rock.
CEMENTATION
A process where sediments above
pushes down on the sediment below
turning into a rock.
COMPACTION
A process of laying down rock particles in
layers.
DEPOSITION
Rocks made from layers of sediment
pressurized and cemented together.
SEDIMENTARY
Page 79 of 80 G.R.S

Rock Cycle
• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/geology/chap
ter/reading-the-rock-cycle
• www.fuseschool.org
• www.nationalgeographic.org
• www.washington.edu
Characteristics of Rocks
• https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-rock-1441176
• https://www.learninggeology.com
• https://mineralseducationcoalition.org
Types of Rocks
• https://www.gov.nl.ca/iet/mines/publicoutreach/educati
on/geosurveyeducationresources
• http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/book/export/html/196
• https://web.njit.edu/~taozhou/ccc/PPT_Ch07
• https://epsc.wustl.edu › L3_webPDF

Rock Characteristics and Types Guide

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