© Student slideshows for Political Geography – Mark M. Miller, Professor of Geography; School of Biology, Ecology, & Environmental Science; The University of Southern Mississippi

1. Hattiesburg’s Base: A literal foundation
BY: EMILY RITER
GHY 341
Camp Shelby Joint Forces Training Center . Mississippi National Guard .2019

2. OVERVIEW
• CAMP SHELBY INTRO
• CAMP SHELBY AND
HATTIESBURG UNITED
• TOURISM
• MARKETING
• MILITARY IMPACT
Camp Shelby. Custermen At the Front. Retrieved Oct 2019.
http://www.custermen.com/AtTheFront/CampShelby.htm

3. Camp shelby
• - 1917 mobilization for wwi
• - Training site for all branches
• 134,000 acres
• Approx. the size of Guam
• 100,000 reserves visit
annually for training
350 (active) - 525 (family)
800 (guard) - 20 (reserve)
300 (civilian)
Military Bases. Retrieved 10 Nov. 2019. https://militarybases.com/mississippi/camp-shelby/
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Camp+Shelby,+MS+39401/@31.2657765,-
89.2673317,25877m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x889ce913152fc1f7:0x9f69a1650d19103f!8m2
!3d31.1987019!4d-89.190856
The Measure of Things. Bluebulb Projects. Retrieved 08 Nov. 2019.
http://www.bluebulbprojects.com/MeasureOfThings/results.php?comp=area&unit=a&amt=160000&p=1

4. Camp Shelby Cont.
• - “$30 Million economic impact just in this area. ‘When you kind of bring the whole
state into the picture, it’s about $400 million dollars,’ Ginn said, ‘Camp Shelby is
certainly an economic engine for the state of Mississippi.’” (Colonel Bobby Ginn –
WDAM)
• - “. . . Contributing an annual economic mipact of $500 million to state and almost
$100 million to the local community. . .” (Hattiesburg American)
WDAM 7. Camp Shelby’s Impact on the Pine Belt. Carly Blake. Retrieved 10 Nov. 2019.
https://www.wdam.com/2019/10/04/camp-shelbys-impact-pine-belt/
Hattiesburg American. Camp Shelby: 100 years of history. Haskel Burns. Retrieved 09 Nov. 2019.
https://www.hattiesburgamerican.com/story/news/local/2017/07/08/camp-shelby-100-years-history/420019001/

5. Social media influence
• Facebook
• Community Events
• Yelp
• 287 Places to Eat
• T-Bones Records & Café
• Southern Prohibition Brewing
• 89 Things to Do
• 48 Places to Stay
• 525 Places to Shop
• Turtle Creek Mall
• 49 Flea Market
Yelp. Camp Shelby, Hattiesburg, MS. Retrieved 09 Nov. 2019.
https://www.yelp.com/search?cflt=shopping&find_loc=Camp+Shelby%2C+MS+39401 Personal Photo. Airplane shot of Hattiesburg on 22 August 2019

6. Impacts on
the STate
• DoD (Department of Defense) sends
money to states through military
operations
• Retirees provide pension
• States that don’t tax
military pension
• Virginia with highest defense
spending (11.8%) – 53 billion
dollars
• Hawaii followed at 9.9%
• Mississippi
• Defense spending (2015) - $5.2
billion
• % of State Gross Domestic Product
– 4.9%
• Defense Personnel – 37,006
National Conference of State Legislatures. Military’s Impact on State Economies. Retrieved 07 Nov. 2019.
http://www.ncsl.org/research/military-and-veterans-affairs/military-s-impact-on-state-economies.aspx

7. Economic Impact
• Studies focused on:
• Business District Distance
• Commercial shopping trends
• Mapping the distance traveled to stores
• Discerning economic growth in relation to base placement
• Difficulty found in tracking economic growth from a base or general commercial,
demographics, and travel
• “spatial analyses showed discernible impact on the economic growth rates of the
study areas; however, the cause of economic growth is not discernible amond
impact from the base, commmerical nodes, economic nodes, demographics,
distance variables and accessibility variables in the study areas.”
Military-Base Impact on a Local Economy: A Case Study of Three Military Bases in Two
Metropolitan Statistical Areas. Kenneth E. Hawkins. Retrieved 08 Nov. 2019.
https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/E0/01/04/88/00001/hawkins_k.pdf

8. Examples of maps from studies by Kenneth e.
Hawkins.
Examining transportation modes, census
tracts, and overlay of military bases in
relation to city limits, business districts, and
areas of study
Military-Base Impact on a Local Economy: A Case Study of Three Military Bases in Two
Metropolitan Statistical Areas. Kenneth E. Hawkins. Retrieved 08 Nov. 2019.
https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/E0/01/04/88/00001/hawkins_k.pdf

9. Environmental impact
• Dark-Sky principle
• Arizona
• Florida sea turtles
• Virginia – using 100 w hps wall packs for outdoor facilities (yellow light with mercury
content; harmful to dispose of); new 45w led fixtures (orange light doesn’t impact wildlife)
Access Fixtures: High-Performance Lighting Solutions. Access Fixtures LLC. Retrieved 05 Nov. 2019.
https://www.accessfixtures.com/turtle-friendly-lighting-for-the-us-military/

10. Further Study
• Arc GIS programs to ft. major u.s. cities in relation
to Military bases
• Wealthiest cities in U.S. compared to military
bases along major commuting routes
• Data to be sourced from GIS database
Mapping overlays
• Analyze the economic increases/decreases with connection
to military personnel finding housing, jobs, taxes, commerce,
etc.
Real-Time Data Collection from Military Cities
• No way of indicating data that solely in relation to military
base presence
Primary Concerns

11. What's in the water?
Gulf Coast water quality – Summer 2019
Alexandra Huninghake W717430

12. Bonnet Carre
Spillway
• Built in 1927 after the response to the
Great Mississippi Flood
• Managed by the US Army Corps who
opens it to prevent the MS river flooding
New Orleans
• First time in history opened twice in one
year- 2019
Herbert, Gerald. Sun Herald. Retrieved October 16,
2019. https://www.sunherald.com/news/local/counties/harrison-
county/article231398673.html

13. USM. WLOX. Retrieved October 17, 2019. https://www.wlox.com/2019/06/03/why-mississippi-
sound-salinity-levels-are-low-how-opening-morganza-spillway-can-lower-freshwater-intrusion/

14. Algae in the
water
•The Bonnet Carre dumps
freshwater into our saltwater
ocean
•This creates problems with the
salinity levels, which creates toxic
algae
•Megan McKenzie, Education
Logistics Specialist for USM, states
"All summer long, MDEQ declared
water contact warnings at 23
stations along the entire Gulf
Coast reporting that there was
harmful freshwater algae present
in our waters"
MODIS CIMMS SSEC. WLOX. Retrieved October 17,
2019. https://www.wlox.com/2019/06/03/why-mississippi-sound-salinity-
levels-are-low-how-opening-morganza-spillway-can-lower-freshwater-
intrusion/

15. What are the
effects to the
MS Gulf
Coast?
Tourism
Beach access closing/harmful bacteria
Jobs
Fishermen loosing quality seafood to sell
Species
Increased dolphin, turtle, & fish deaths
Lee, Anita. Sun Herald. Retrieved Oct 16,2019.
https://www.sunherald.com/news/local/counties/harrison-county/article231398673.html

16. Blue-Green Algae
What is blue-green algae
• Phytobacteria
• Multiple species
• Microscopic
• Primarily found in freshwater
• Some species produce toxins
Testing Gulf Coast water
USM. Retrieved October 18,
2019. http://gcrl.usm.edu/news/2019.bonnet.carre.spillway.overview.php?

17. Mississippi Beach
Monitoring Program
• Monitors Enterococcus bacteria
(indicator for bacteria pollution)
• Does not monitor Vibrio ("flesh
eating bacteria)
• "Swim at own risk" during
advisories
• Advisory lasts at least 24 hours
• Resampled every 24 hours until
level decreases
• Red areas sign of Enterococcus
bacteria during summer 2019
ESRI data. Retrieved Nov 7,
2019. http://opcgis.deq.state.ms.us/beaches/beaches.php
Mississippi Beach Monitoring Program. Retrieved Nov. 7,
2019. https://opcgis.deq.state.ms.us/beaches/moreinfo.html

18. Closed Gulf Coast Beaches Summer 2019
Hancock County
• Lakeshore Beach
• Buccaneer State Park Beach
• Waveland Beach
• Bay St. Louis Beach
Lakeshore Beach
News Star. Retrieved Nov 7,
2019. https://www.thenewsstar.com/story/news/2019/07/07/breaking-
mississippi-closes-all-beaches-toxic-algae-bloom-blankets-states-
coast/1667999001/
MBMS. Retrieved Nov 7,
2019. http://opcgis.deq.state.ms.us/StoryMapBeaches/index.ph
p#

19. Closed Gulf Coast Beaches Summer 2019
Harrison County
• Pass Christian West Beach
• Pass Christian Central Beach
• Pass Christian East Beach
• Long Beach Beach
• Gulfport Central Beach
• Gulfport West Beach
• Gulfport Harbor Beach
• East Courthouse Road Beach in Gulfport
• Gulfport East Beach
• Edgewater Beach
• Biloxi West Central Beach
• Biloxi East Central Beach
• Gulfport Harbor Beach
News Star. Retrieved Nov 7,
2019. https://www.thenewsstar.com/story/news/2019/07/07/breaking-
mississippi-closes-all-beaches-toxic-algae-bloom-blankets-states-
coast/1667999001/

20. Closed Gulf Coast Beaches Summer 2019
Jackson County
• Front Beach Ocean Springs
• Shearwater Beach Ocean
Springs
• Pascagoula East
• Pascagoula West
Shearwater Beach
News Star. Retrieved Nov 7,
2019. https://www.thenewsstar.com/story/news/2019/07/07/breaking-mississippi-
closes-all-beaches-toxic-algae-bloom-blankets-states-coast/1667999001/
MBMS. Retrieved Nov 7,
2019. http://opcgis.deq.state.ms.us/StoryMapBeaches/index.php
#

21. “
”
It’s also worth noting that money and politics have shaped the decisions to declare and
lift warnings. All summer long, MDEQ declared water contact warnings at 23 stations, but
the weekend before Cruisin’ the Coast 2019 was set to start, the water was "safe" again.
The Sunday after CTC, water contact warnings were in effect due to “high levels of
bacteria” at certain stations.
Megan McKenzie • Education Logistics Specialist • Marine Education Center
USM Gulf Coast Research Center. Marine Education Center. Retrieved Nov 10,2019. https://www.facebook.com/pg/USM-Gulf-Coast-Research-Labs-Marine-Education-Center-
168453786538965/photos/?tab=album&album_id=171890812861929&ref=page_internal

22. MDEQ Issues Beach
Advisory for Station 8 in
Gulfport
Posted: October 10,
2019
• As a reminder, MDEQ lifted water
contact warnings on October 4
when results for water samples
collected October 2 for toxicity
testing for a blue-green Harmful
Algal Bloom (HAB) were all below
the EPA guidelines of 8 parts per
billion for microcystin toxin.
MDEQ. Retrieved Nov 11,2019. https://www.mdeq.ms.gov/mdeq-issues-
beach-advisory-for-station-8-in-gulfport/
Flickr. Gulfport West Beach. Retrieved Nov
11,2019. https://www.flickr.com/photos/ruimc/24091256534

23. IMPORTANT TO NOTE. . .
• Algae is still an issue
• Stay updated on latest advisories
• https://opcgis.deq.state.ms.us/beaches/
WLOX. Retrieved Nov 11, 2019. https://www.wlox.com/2019/06/25/mores-signs-go-up-along-
coast-beaches-warning-dangerous-toxic-conditions/

24. The Civil War in Yemen
Presentation By:
Blake Keech
GHY341 World Political Geography

25. Background
• British Aden Protectorate
established in 1839
• Under the control of British India
• Supply port
• Predecessor of the modern Sunni state
of Yemen
• North Yemen established in 1918
• Zaidi Shi'a
• Officially established after collapse of
Ottoman Empire
Retrieved
from: https://www.revolvy.com/page/Co
lony-of-Aden

26. Two States
• Yemen Arab Republic (YAR)
• Nassarite Coup in 1962
• Military rule
• Shia Majority
• People’s Democratic Republic of
Yemen (PDRY)
• Independence from Britain
in 1967
• Formally Colony of Aden
• Civil War lead to Communist
State in 1969
• Sunni Majority
Retrieved
from: http://www.futureforeign
policy.com/north-south-divide-
alternative-perspective-conflict-
yemen/

27. Unification
• May 22, 1990 North and South Unify
• Why?
• Oil exploration incentivized greater cooperation
• Then end of the Cold War dampened tensions
• Early Problems
• New government strongly represented the more populace North
• Religious differences continued to divide North and South
• Ideological suspicions continued to divide North and South
• 1994 Civil War

28. The Current Civil War
• The Houthi Insurgency (2004-2015)
• Named after its founder
Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi
• Who was assassinated
in 2004
• Zaidi Shi'a movement
• Suspected ties to Iran
•Fired missiles into Saudi Arabia
• Saudi Arabia and its allies
support Houthi opponents in
the South
•Al-Qaeda finds a foothold
Retrieved
from: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world
/who-are-yemens-houthis

29. Iran vs. Saudi Arabia
• Proxy Wars
• Syrian Civil War
• Yemen Civil War
• Iraqi Civil War
•Religious Differences
• Sunni (Saudi Arabia)
• Shi'a (Iran)
Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-
middle-east-42008809

30. The United States
• Involvement in Middle East
• Civil War in Iraq and Syria
• Afghanistan
• War on Terrorism
• ISIS and Al-Qaeda
• Iran tensions
• Allies
• Turkey and NATO
• Saudi Arabia

31. Why get Involved?
• The Iran Nuclear Deal empowered Iran
• The US has supported Saudi Arabia since the end of WWII
• Containing Al-Qaeda

32. Military Aid
• US authorizes more arms
sales to Saudi Arabia every
year
• President Trump
pushed through a $8
billion dollar arms deal
in 2019
• US Air Force refuels Saudi
F-15 Fighters
Retrieved
from: https://www.statista.com/ch
art/9509/saudi-arabia-is-the-
biggest-buyer-of-us-arms/

33. International Outcry
• Massive civilian casualties from air strikes
• UN investigates possible war crimes
• US support of Saudi efforts in Yemen draws international condemnation
• Both Republicans and Democrats contemplate ending arms sales to Saudi
Arabia

34. Wrap Up
• The Ghosts of Colonialism and the Cold War
• Regional and Religious tensions between
Sunni and Shi'a
• US fears emerging Iran and resurgent Al-
Qaeda

35. Reference
Brehony, Noel. "Yemen and the Huthis: Genesis of the 2015 Crisis." Asian Affairs 46.2 (2015): 232-250.
Clausen, Maria-Louise. "Understanding the crisis in Yemen: Evaluating competing narratives." The International Spectator 50.3 (2015): 16-29.
Marcus, Jonathan. "Why Saudi Arabia and Iran are bitter rivals." BBC, 16 Sep. 2019, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42008809
Renaud, Myriam. "Who are Yemen's Houthis?" PBS, 14 Dec. 2018, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/who-are-yemens-houthis
Robiou, Marcia. "What You Need to Know About Trump's $8 Billion Saudi Arms Deal." PBS, 16 Jul. 2019, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/saudi-arabia-arms-deal-trump-
what-to-know/
Salisbury, Peter. "Yemen and the Saudi–Iranian ‘Cold War’." Research Paper, Middle East and North Africa Programme, Chatham House, the Royal Institute of International Affairs 11
(2015).
Vox. "The US may be aiding war crimes in Yemen". Youtube, 12 Dec. 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CwwP3SiBIC8

36. Why we should be concerned about
the civil war in South Sudan
Olivia Woodward
W10076145
Laccino, Ludovico. 2016. South Sudan conflict: Five reasons why the civil war is happening. International Business Times.
February 12: https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/south-sudan-conflict-five-reasons-why-civil-war-happening-1540189

37. South Sudan
Ajanbo, Doreen. 2018. Tired of war South Sudanese pray for latest peace deal. Religious News. October 17.
https://religionnews.com/2018/10/17/tired-of-war-south-sudanese-pray-for-latest-peace-deal/
• Capital: Juba
• Population: 11.2 million
• Prior to 2011, South Sudan was part of Sudan
• Recent independence makes it the world’s newest country
• Unstable economy: the South Sudan currency is in a state
of constant decline making it now one of the poorest
countries in the world
• Hunger is a large issue, in 2018 more than 6 million South
Sudanese didn’t have enough food to sustain themselves in
2018
• The ongoing civil war broke out in 2013
World Vision. South Sudan conflict, hunger: Facts, FAQs, and how to help. Retreieved October 18,
2019: https://www.worldvision.org/refugees-news-stories/south-sudan-conflict-facts
Worldometers. South Sudan population. Retrieved October 18, 2019:
https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/south-sudan-population/

38. Causes of civil war
• Civil war was triggered in 2013
• Troops loyal to then-vice president Riek Machar
clashed with forces loyal to president Salva Kiir
• Marchar left the government
• He began to lead the SPLM-IO against Kiir
• The result  a bloody civil war
• The civil war has killed an estimated 300,000 civilians
over the past 5 years in a nation of 12.3 million
Blackpast. The South Sudanese Civil War. Retrieved 18 October, 2019: https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/south-sudanese-civil-war-2013/
Aljazeera. South Sudan rebel leader Reik Machar. Retreieved 18 October, 2019:
https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/2013/12/profile-south-sudan-riek-machar-20131230201534595392.html

39. Causes continued…
• The conflict is a struggle for power between two political leaders
• BUT the conflict is also an ethnic between two major ethnic groups
• The Dinka and the Nuer are longtime rivals competing for power
• It is still unclear how long the fighting will last
• Numerous truces hoping to ease the conflict resulted in escalated
violence, the fighting is likely to continue before conditions improve in
South Sudan.
Fisher, Max. 2014. Screenshot from BBC video showing a sign directing new arrivals at a displaced persons camp to divide by ethnicity. The
Washington Post. November 10: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/01/10/this-depressing-photo-sums-up-
why-things-are-so-bad-in-south-sudan/

40. Economic consequences
• Investors saw huge economic potential in the world’s newest state
after South Sudan seceded from Sudan in 2011,
• Economic potential in:
Agriculture
Oil
Transport companies, traders, banks, airlines globally entered South
Sudan with high hopes
• Oil production halted after disagreements with
Sudan
• South Sudan was robbed of 98% of it’s total income
Global Witness. South Sudan. Retrieved November 11, 2019:
https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/south-sudan/#more

41. Economic consequences continued…
• South Sudan’s economic appeal has faded massively
• International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimate the economy contracted by at least
15% in 2014
• Civil war has slashed oil production by 1/3
• The UN has warned that 6.4 million people in South Sudan will face food insecurity-
needing $1.8 billion to combat
• South Sudan is now becoming an economic burden to its neighbors
Mulupi, Dinfin. 2015. The cost of war: How the South Sudan conflict is impacting the entire East Africa. How we made it in Africa. November 10:
https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/the-cost-of-war-how-the-south-sudan-conflict-is-impacting-the-entire-east-africa/46106/

42. Human consequences =;’’
• Death
• 383,000 (Sep 2018), not including those
dying of starvation and disease
• 113 aid workers
Specia, Megan. 2017. 383,000: Estimated Death Toll in South Sudan’s War. The New York Times. November 10: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/26/world/africa/south-sudan-
civil-war-deaths.html
• Displaced
• 4.3 million people displaced including refugees, internally displaced people, and asylum seekers
UNHCR. South Sudan refugee crisis. Retrieved November 10, 2019: https://www.unrefugees.org/emergencies/south-sudan/
• Hunger
• 60% of the population face severe hunger
• Close to 2 million people almost starved, but famine was never declared
• Disease
• Disease heightened during times of conflict
• One of the world’s poorest countries home to many diseases such as malaria, river blindness,
nodding syndrome, visceral leishmaniasis- unheard of outside South Sudan
Kathryn, Reid. 2019. Refugees entering Uganda from South Sudan. World Visio
November 11: https://www.worldvision.org/refugees-news-stories/south-sud
conflict-facts

43. Effects on neighbors
• Over a period of five years the conflict is estimated to have cost Kenya,
Ethiopia, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda $53bn
• Long term conflict makes it the second failed state in East Africa
• Increased negative effects in the region following Somalia’s civil war
• Compromised regional security, peace and stability in surrounding states
Mercy Corps. What you need to know about the South Sudan crisis. Retrieved November 11, 2019:
https://www.mercycorps.org.uk/articles/south-sudan/south-sudan-crisis

44. Refugees
• Of the 4.3 million displaced:
• 63% of refugees from south Sudan are children
• 1.6 million people taking refuge in neighboring countries
• 6 million people in need of humanitarian assistance
• Camps and settlements
• The majority of South Sudanese refugees live in camps,
only 8% live in individual accommodations
• The majority of South Sudanese children in Kenya's
Dadaab and Kakuma refugee camps only have access to
primary education.
• Limited supplies such as cash and fuel in camps
• Bidi Bidi is Uganda’s largest refugee camp, home to over
285,000 people
Samaritan’s purse. Embattled South Sudanese Civilians Find Refuge in Uganda. Retrieved November 11, 2019:
https://www.samaritanspurse.org/article/embattled-south-sudanese-civilians-find-refuge-in-uganda/

45. Why we should be concerned
• Largest refugee crisis in Africa
• Third largest refugee crisis in the world
• Over 80% of those fleeing the conflict are women and children
• The same amount of people have fled South Sudan that have fled the
Venezuelan crisis
• Risk of famine
• There have been many unsuccessful peace protests
• More humanitarian access is needed – aid has been cut off in many areas
Jenssen, Thale. 2018. Five things you should know about the conflict in South Sudan. Norwegian Refugee Council. November 11:
https://www.nrc.no/news/2018/june/five-things-you-should-know-about-the-conflict-in-south-sudan/