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1. Urbanization
Causes and Effects

2. Urbanization
Urbanization refers to a process in which an
increasing proportion of a society live in cities and the
suburbs of cities. Historically, it has been closely
connected with industrialization.
Industrialization is a process that extensively uses
inanimate sources of energy to enhance human
productivity.
Following industrialization, surpluses increased in both
agriculture and industry. Larger and larger proportions
of a population could live in cities. Economic forces
were such that cities became the ideal places to locate
factories and their workers.

3. City or Urban Settlement
O $ %city% refers to a place of relatively
dense settlement -- dense enough so
that city residents can not grow their
own food resources. $ city
population, therefore, is always
dependent upon its %hinterlands% to
provide it with food resources.

4. Causes of Urbanization
O Industrial Revolution
O Industrialization following the Industrial
Revolution
O Emergence of large manufacturing
centers
O (ob )pportunities
O $vailability of easy transportation
O *igration

5. Chicago in 1820
Population 15

6. Chicago in 1898
Population 16,98,575

7. Effects of Urbanization
4 Positive
4 5egative

8. Pluses
O 6enefits include reduced transport
costs, exchange of ideas, and sharing
of natural resources.
O Cities act as beacons for the rural
population because they represent a
higher standard of living
O Cities offer opportunities to people not
available in the countryside

9. Pluses
O Social 7 Religious taboos8 sanctions
disappearing
O Education is a tool to eradicate social
evils
O Industrialization, Urbanization,
Education, Legislation, Secularization-
se9uence of development
O Diffusion of urban culture to rural areas

10. *inuses
O Industrial cities were difficult places to live in due to;
O Public health issues resulting from contaminated water
and air and the spread communicable diseases due to
overcrowding.
O Unemployment and under employment
O Severe shortage of housing
O <ransportation-commuting issues, lack of public
transport, no ade9uate investment
Social effects - poverty, lack of opportunities,
psychological problems, alcoholism, drugs, crime,
violence and other deviant behaviors
O

11. Public health
O Sanitation - the settlements were ill e9uipped to
handle large populations and their sanitation needs
O Pollution = Caused by effluents, smoke and smog
O Fire hazards = due to use of flammable materials
and proximity8 congestion
O Epidemics - due to spread of communicable
diseases caused by contaminated water 7 air

12. Unemployment
O Unemployment is the condition of
willing workers lacking >obs or %gainful
employment%. 6efore industrialization
unemployment has been said not to
have been recognized as an issue in
rural areas, despite the %disguised
unemployment% of rural laborers having
little to do, especially in conditions of
overpopulation

13. Impact of unemployment on
society
O Individual = failure to meet financial
obligations such as purchasing food to
feed oneself and one?s family, and
paying one?s bills, failure to make
mortgage payments or to pay rent
may lead to homelessness.
O Societal - rising unemployment
increases the crime rate

14. Housing
O )vercrowding
O Loss of privacy
O Lack of housing contributes directly to
crime, stress, and family breakdown
O Shortage of livable housing leading to
growth of slums
O Human beings have a right to lead a
life of dignity

15. <ransportation
O Transport or transportation is the
movement of people and goods from
one place to another.
O 6ecause of the much higher densities
of people and activities in cities,
transportation is a key issue.
Inade9uate8 lack of public transport
creates commuting problems leading
to loss of efficiency.
O

16. Social Effects - Poverty
O Poverty is generally defined at the
individual or family level as not having
enough money to buy basic necessities.
O Poverty is caused by lack of opportunities
O Poverty causes malnutrition and illness@ it
is a ma>or source of mental stress and
loss of self-esteem which may lead to
depression, and have a further negative
impact on health.

17. Social Effects - Crime
O Financial insecurity
O 5o welfare systems in place
O Lack of meaningful work ALow importance
to meaningful work and high importance
to higher profits and greater efficiencyB
O $nonymity -direct correlation between
higher crime rate and higher rootlessness

18. Urbanization in India

19. O In India, about 38D of the population
lives in cities.
O <he process of urbanization is still
nascent in the Indian context.

20. O $ncient India was a civilized society with
many urban centers and centers of learning.
O
Early Urbanization - *ohen>odaro
Harappa
O Capitals - Kanau>
- U>>ain
O Religious Centers - 6odh Faya
- Garanashi
O University towns - <akshasila
5alanda

21. O *ughal Cities
•$gra
•Lahore
•Fatehpur Sikri
•<he seven cities of Delhi

22. O Colonial Cities = Delhi, Pondicherry,
Foa
O Cantonment <owns = 6angalore,
Secunderabad, 5agpur,Lucknow
O Hill Resorts = Shimla, 5ainital,
Dar>eeling, )oty, Kodaikanal
O Ports = Surat, *umbai, Calicut,
Kolkatta, Gizag, Chennai

23. Effects of Colonization
O Introduction of Western systems of
education
O *acaulization Aafter Lord *acaulayB of
Indian Education
O Development of labor force- skilled8
unskilled

24. O Independent India
•$dministrative capitals = Center 7
State
•Industrial <owns = 6hilai, Rourkela,
(amshedpur, $hmedabad, Surat,
Kolar

25. O <oday
O *egacities = *umbai, Delhi, Kolkatta,
Chennai, 6angalore, Hyderabad
O Rapid Urbanization- rate of
urbanization increasing

26. O <he process of urbanization is still
nascent in the Indian context.
O <his explains the focus of global
attention on the developing nations.
O <here are huge profits to be made in
the process of development.