2. The genetic information is stored in
the form of DNA
book human genome
volume chromosome
chapter gene
word codon
letter nucleotide
language DNA
genome геном gene ген nucleotide нуклеотид
chromosome хромосома codon кодон DNA ДНК
The human genome is 3.3 billions of nucleotides long
Image from http://elcaminogmi.dnadirect.com/grc/patient-site/array-cgh-for-
developmental-abnormalities/index.html
3. C value paradox
There is no correlation between the size of the genome
and the complexity of the organism
Type Species Genome size,
bp
Bacterium Nasuia
deltocephalinicola
112,091
Bacterium Escherichia coli 4,600,000
Plant Arabidopsis thaliana 135,000,000
Plant Paris japonica 150,000,000,000
Fish Tetraodon nigroviridis 385,000,000
Fish Protopterus aethiopicus 130,000,000,000
Mammal Mus musculus (mouse) 2,700,000,000
Mammal Homo sapiens 3,289,000,000
Amoeba Polychaos dubium 670,000,000,000
Image from
https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Genome_Size_Variati
on.html
4. The genome contents
Image from http://book.bionumbers.org/how-many-
genes-are-in-a-genome/
contents состав protein белок intron интрон
gene ген to code кодировать miscellaneous разнообразный
5. The role of the introns
DNA ДНК protein белок intron интрон
RNA РНК splicing сплайсинг (вырезание фрагментов РНК) exon экзон
6. 1. How long is the human genome
i. 3.3 billions of nucleotides
ii. 3.3 billions of nanometres
iii. 3.3 billions of genes
iv. 6.6 billions of nucleotides
2. Choose the correct statement:
i. Mammals always have larger genomes than fish
ii. Mammals always have smaller genomes than fish
iii. Genome sizes vary greatly within one group of
organisms
iv. Genomes of all organisms have the same size
3. The part of a gene that codes for a
protein is called
i. intron
ii. exon
iii. RNA
iv. LINE
One gene can code for several proteins4.
due to
transcriptioni.
translationii.
splicingiii.
transpositioniv.
7. Is our genome a story or a song?
The Old Man and the Sea
He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in
the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days
now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a
boy had been with him. But after forty days
without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that
the old man was now definitely and finally salao,
which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy
had gone at their orders in another boat which
caught three good fish the first week.It made the
boy sad to see the old man come in each day with
his skiff empty and he always went down to help
him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and
harpoon and the sail that was furled around the
mast.The sail was patched with flour sacks and,
furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat.
The old man was thin and gaunt with deep
wrinkles in the back of his neck.The brown
blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun
brings from its reflection on the tropic sea were
on his cheeks.The blotches ran well down the
sides of his face and his hands had the deep-
creased scars from handling heavy fish on the
cords. But none of these scars were fresh.They
were as old as erosions in a fishless desert.
Be My Baby
The night we met I knew I needed you so
And if I had the chance I'd never let you go
So won't you say you love me
I'll make you so proud of me
We'll make 'em turn their heads every place we go
So won't you, please
(Be my, be my baby) Be my little baby
(My one and only baby) Say you'll be my darlin'
(Be my, be my baby) Be my baby now
Wha-oh-oh-oh
I'll make you happy, baby, just wait and see
For every kiss you give me, I'll give you three
Oh, since the day I saw you
I have been waiting for you
You know I will adore you 'til eternity
So won't you, please
(Be my, be my baby) Be my little baby
(My one and only baby) Say you'll be my darlin'
(Be my, be my baby) Be my baby now
Wha-oh-oh-oh-oh
verse куплет chorus припев refrain рефрен (здесь - синоним «куплет»)
8. Imagine the refrains were able to
increase in number…
Love, love, love
Love, love, love
Love, love, love
There's nothing you can do that can't
be done
Nothing you can sing that can't be sung
Nothing you can say but you can learn
how to play the game
It's easy
Nothing you can make that can't be
made
No one you can save that can't be saved
Nothing you can do but you can learn
how to be you in time
It's easy
All you need is love
All you need is love
All you need is love, love
Love is all you need
Love, love, love
Love, love, love
Love, love, love
All you need is love
All you need is love
All you need is love, love
Love is all you need
Nothing you can know that isn't known
Nothing you can see that isn't shown
Nowhere you can be that isn't where
you're meant to be
It's easy
All you need is love
All you need is love
All you need is love, love
Love is all you need
All you need is love (All together, now!)
All you need is love (Everybody!)
All you need is love, love
Love is all you need
Love is all you need (Love is all you need)
Love is all you need (Love is all you need)
Love is all you need (Love is all you need)
Love is all you need (Love is all you need)
Love is all you need (Love is all you need)
Love is all you need (Love is all you need)
Love is all you need (Love is all you need)
Love is all you need (Love is all you need)
Love is all you need (Love is all you need)
Love is all you need (Love is all you need)
Love is all you need (Love is all you need)
Yee-hai! (Love is all you need)
Love is all you need (Love is all you need)
Yesterday (Love is all you need)
Love is all you need (Love is all you need)
Love is all you need (Love is all you need)
Love is all you need (Love is all you need)
Oh yeah! (Love is all you need)
She loves you, yeah yeah yeah (Love is all you
need)
She loves you, yeah yeah yeah (Love is all you
need)
verse куплет chorus припев refrain рефрен (здесь - синоним «куплет»)
9. Imagine they could increase in number by
the copy-and-paste mechanism
Love, love, love
Love, love, love
Love, love, love
There's nothing you can do that can't be done
Nothing you can sing that can't be sung
Nothing you can say but you can learn how to
play the game
It's easy
Nothing you can make that can't be made
No one you can save that can't be saved
Nothing you can do but you can learn how to
be you in time
It's easy
All you need is love
All you need is love
All you need is love, love
Love is all you need
Nothing you can know that isn't known
Nothing you can see that isn't shown
Nowhere you can be that isn't where you're
meant to be
It's easy
Love is all you need (Love is all you need)
Yee-hai! Oh yeah! (Love is all you need)
She loves you, yeah yeah yeah (Love is all you need)
She loves you, yeah yeah yeah (Love is all you need)
copy-and-paste копирование-вставка chorus/refrain куплет, рефрен
10. And even insert into other verses or
refrains
Love, love, love
Love, love, love
Love, love, love
There's nothing you can do that All you need is
love
All you need is love
All you need is love, love
Love is all you need can't be done
Nothing you can sing that can't be sung
Nothing you can say but you can learn how to
play the game
It's easy
Nothing you can make that can't be made
No one you can save that can't be saved
Nothing you can do but you can learn how to
be you in time
It's easy
All you need is love
All you need is love
All you need is love
All you need is love
All you need is love, love
Love is all you need
All you need is love, love
Love is all you need
Nothing you can know that isn't known
Nothing you can see that isn't shown
Nowhere you can be that Love is all you need
(Love is all you need) isn't where you're meant
to be
It's easy
Love is all you need (Love is all you need)
Love is all you need (Love is all you need)
Yee-hai! Oh yeah! (Love is all you need)
She loves you, yeah yeah yeah (Love is all you need)
She loves you, yeah yeah yeah (Love is all you need)
copy-and-paste копирование-вставка to insert вставлять
11. Retroelements increase in number by
the copy-and-paste mechanism
retroelement/retrotransposon ретроэлемент (геномный элемент, способный
размножаться по механизму копирования-вставки)
12. Retroviruses use a similar mechanism
Image from http://visual-
science.com/projects/hiv/illustrations
Image from Laskey, 2014
retrovirus ретровирус HIV ВИЧ
13. “Junk” DNA
A large portion of our genome looks like a cemetery for
old retroelements
junk рухлядь, мусор SINE класс ретроэлементов cemetery кладбище
LINE класс ретроэлементов LTR класс ретроэлементов
14. “Selfish” DNA – the genomic
“parasites”
Our genome is a “habitat” for the genomic “parasites”.
A mutation is beneficial for the “parasite” if
It doesn't harm the organism
It increases the probability of the parasite preservation in genome
selfish эгоистичный habitat среда обитания preservation сохранение
parasite паразит harm вред
16. 1. Retroelements can increase in number by
the
i. cut-and-paste-mechanism
ii. copy-and-paste-mechanism
iii. recombination
iv. translation
2. Most retroelements of the human
genome are
i. highly active
ii. “dead”
iii. removed from the genome
iv. LTRs
The DNA that has no particular function3.
is often called
symbiotici.
retardedii.
uselessiii.
junkiv.
17. “Altruistic” DNA – the DNA bodyguards
Non-coding DNA can defend the genes from mutagens
bodyguard телохранитель free radical свободный радикал
non-coding некодирующий defend защищать
18. Some of our retroelements are
domesticated retroviruses…
… same as dogs are domesticated wolves
exogenous – no
endogenous – yes
exogenous – yes
endogenous – no
exogenous – yes
endogenous – no
exogenous – no
endogenous – yes exogenous – no
endogenous – yes
Image from van der Kuyl, 2012
domesticate одомашнивать exogenous экзогенный endogenous эндогенный
19. How to use an old retovirus?
… Why not to use it in placenta formation?
Stoye & Coffin, 2000
placenta плацента protein белок
20. 1. Retroelements can possibly protect the
cell genome from
i. bacteria
ii. moral decay
iii. mutagens
iv. flu virus
2. Some human retroelements are relatives
of the
i. flu virus
ii. HIV
iii. tuberculosis
iv. common cold virus
Some proteins coded by an endogenous3.
retrovirus are used for
placenta formationi.
brain developmentii.
immune system developmentiii.
regulationiv. of sleep
28. 32
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