The document provides a historical overview of Brazil from precolonial times to the present. It is divided into several periods: 1) Precolonial period until 1500, 2) Colonial Brazil between 1500-1822 under Portuguese rule, 3) The Empire of Brazil as a constitutional monarchy between 1822-1889, and 4) The Republic from 1889 to the present, except for brief periods of dictatorship from 1930-1934, 1937-1945, and 1964-1985. The document discusses the native peoples, European colonization led by Portugal, the establishment of the empire after independence, and changes to the political system over time.

1. History of Brazil
The traditional periodizationdividesthe wave grabbingBrazil intofourbroadperiods:Precolonial (
until 1500 ) , Colonial Brazil ( between 1500 and 1822 ) , Empire ( 1822 a1889 ) and the Republic (
from 1889 to the present day ) .
There are several theoriesaboutwhowasthefirstEuropeantoreachthe landsthatnow formBrazil.
Among them, highlights the theory that Duarte Pacheco Pereira was between November and
December 14981 2 and the holding was the Spanish Vicente Yanez Pinzon on 26 January 1500.3
But accordingto most historians,the discovererof Brazil wasPedroAlvaresCabral whofirstmade
" officially" the territory on behalf of his country.
Betweenthe sixteenthandnineteenthcenturies,Brazil waspartof the Portuguese colonial empire
using the name of Kingdom of Brazil and having as its capital Salvador . On 7 septiembrede 1822 ,
the country declared independence and became a constitutional monarchy , the Empire of Brazil
and having as its capital Rio de Janeiro. A military coup in 1889 established a republican system .
Since then,Brazil hasbeennominallyademocraticrepublic,exceptforthreeperiodsof dictatorship
expresses : 1930-1934,1937-1945 and 1964-1985 .
Accordingto most historians,the discovererof Brazil wasthe SpanishVicente YanezPinzon3 who
sighted land on 26 January 1500 and arrived in the current region of Cabo de San Agustín
(Pernambuco ) , then to a first scanning the mouth of Amazonas.4 This trip is reflected in
Colombinos.5Lawsuitsin contrast,forthe Portuguesehistoriography,the discovererPedroAlvares
Cabral will ( 23 April 1500 ) , who will "officially" the territory on behalf their country .
Brazil isfrom 1970 to the present(2014 ) , SouthAmerica's largesteconomy,the world'ssixthand
the fifth most populous country . Also part of llamadosBRIC .
The first Brazilian
Main article : Indigenous peoples in Brazil
The territoryof Brazil has beeninhabitedforat least8000 years.The originsof the firstBrazilians,
called " Indians" by the Portuguese, are still a matter of dispute among archaeologists . The
traditional viewisthattheywerepartof the firstwave of immigrantswhocame toAmericahunters
from Siberia , across the Bering Strait.
Los Andesandthe highmountainsof northernSouthAmericacreatedacultural boundarybetween
the agrarian civilizations of the west coast (whence arose the city- state urbanized and the Inca
Empire) and semi-nomadic tribes of the east, whonever developed written recordsor permanent
monumental architecture.Forthisreason,verylittle isknownof the historyof Brazil before 1500.
's (Mainly ceramics) vaguely archaeological remains reveal a complex pattern of regional cultural
developments , internal migrations and similar large federations to occasional statements.

2. By the time the first European explorers arrived , all parts of the
territorywere inhabitedbysemi -nomadicIndiantribeswhosubsisted
on a combination of hunting, fishing,gathering and agriculture. The
population density was much lower ; total numbers have been
estimatedatone millionpeople(butrecentarchaeological discoveries,
such as those mentioned above , seem to indicate a much higher
number ) . Although many Brazilian Indians succumbed to the
massacres , disease, and harsh consequences of slavery and forced
displacement , many others were absorbed into the Brazilian
population,highlightingthatthe PaulistBandeiranteswhoenslavedforthree centuriesnearlyhalf
a millionindios.6afewtribesremainintheirlifestyle inthe remotecornersof theAmazonrainforest
.
Current Brazilian culture owes much to these people , including the development of crops such as
cassava and complex knowledge necessary for survival in the rainforest.
The Portuguese settlershadto defeatthe attemptsof Spanishcolonization( Iguape war ), English,
Dutch franceses7 8 . Other than that they will face the rebellions of black and Indian slaves and
attacks quilombos.9
Besideshavingtoreferto indigenouspeoples between 1556 and 1558 to Caetés Alagoas 10 1558-
1559 to tupiniquimof EspíritoSanto( Ilheuswar) anddeMinasGerais( Paraguaçuwar ), 11 in 1575
to tamoiosRio de Janeiroand Indiansof the Jesuitmissionsof Sergipe ( Aperipe war ), 12 in 1584-
1587 to Paraíba13 potiguares of 1597 and the Rio Grande del Norte, 15 in 1603-1604 to 14 native
Ceará , 16 1663-1664 Urubu the Amazonriver , 17 lostapajósin1665 , 18 in1671 to 19 Anicunsof
Goiás , 20 in 1683-1715 to Carirí Bahia and Piaui , 21 in 1709-1710 to cambebasthe AmazonRiver,
22 1723-1728 toDelrío manaosBlack , 23 1737-1738 to Madeira- Purus24 muras and Guarani War
.
colonial Brazil
1534 : The Brazilian captaincies limited to the west by the line of Tordesillas.
The boundaries between Spain and Portugal were established shortlyafter that in 1492 Spain did
the official " discovery" of the territory now known as America, this first limit was established by
Papal Bull Alejandrina called Inter Caetera , however the Portuguese refused arguing that the ref
wasa pope of Spanishorigin,sothatthe meridianwasrunfurtherwest(iemore territoriesannexed
to Spain ) by the Treaty of Tordesillas , if it was obeyed in the letter by the Portuguese never was
fulfilled in by these facts .
Pedro Alvares Cabral , a Portuguese navigator, is credited as the first European to reach Brazil on
April 22, 1500 , but three months earlier, on January 26, 1500 , the Spanish Navy Vicente Yáñez
Pinzónhadcome to Cape San Augustine andexploredthe coastto the mouth of the AmazonRiver
, where he advanced his cousin Diego de Lepe , whose expedition continued its wake , all before
Cabral.3the countrywasgraduallypopulatedbyPortuguese seekingtoescape poverty,andnobles
who were granted by the Crown colonial privileges . The colonial administration in the next two

3. centurieswasbased on a feudal systeminwhichfavoredindividualsreceivedtitlesof huge blocks
of landcalledcaptaincies;manyof these domainseventuallybecame the current Brazilian states.
1573 : Brazil of " Two States " .
In the firstcenturyafter its Europeandiscovery, the largestexportof
the country,whichgave itsname toBrazil - was" brazilwood",a large
tree ( Caesalpinia echinata ) whose trunk contains a prized red dye ,
which was almost exterminated as a result of overexploitation.
Beginning in the seventeenth century , sugar cane , grown in
plantationscalled"mills"alongthe northeastcoast,becamethe basis
of the Brazilianeconomy,due tothe highdemandforsugarinEurope.
First, the settlers tried to enslave the Indians to work the fields (the
initial exploration of the interior of Brazil was greatly due to
paramilitary adventurers losbandeirantes , who entered the jungle in search of gold and slaves
"Indians" ) . However, the Indianswere unfit as slaves,and so the Portuguese land owners looked
to Africa, from which imported millions of slaves .
1709 : The province of São Paulo to its fullest extent .
Some slavesescapedfromplantationsandtriedto establishindependent
colonies ( brothels ) in remote areas. However, these colonies were
eventually all destroyed by the government and private forces , which in
some cases required long sieges and the use of artillery. So , Africans
became asubstantial sectionof the Brazilianpopulation;andwhenbefore
the end of slavery (1850 ) began to join the Portuguese, as the Indians
above.
Duringthe firsttwocenturiesof the colonial period, attractedbythe vast
natural resources and uninhabited land , other European powers tried to establish colonies in
various parts of the Brazilian territory, in defiance of the papal bull and the Treaty of Tordesillas ,
whichhad dividedthe Newworldintotwoparts,to Portugal and Spain. The Frenchcoloniststried
to settle in Rio de Janeiro today , of 1555th 1567 ( call or France France Antarctique Antarctica ) ,
andthe currentSãoLuís, in1612-1614 ( the call France orFrance équinoxialeEquator) .Little ethnic
or Dutch French culture and influence of these were attempts at colonization .
1789 territorial reorganization during the " Inconfidencia Mineira " .

4. The Dutch finally frustrated intrusion into Brazil was longer lasting and more
troublesome toPortugal.The Dutchprivateersbeganbyplunderingthe coast:
sackedBahiain1604, andeventemporarilycapturedthecapital,SanSalvador.
From 1630-1654 , the Dutch settled more permanentlyin the Northeast and
controlled a long stretch of the coast most accessible to Europe , however ,
without penetrating the interior. But the colonists of the Dutch West India
Company in Brazil were in a constant siege despite the presence in Recife of
the great John Maurice of Nassau- Siegen as governor. After several years of
open warfare , the Dutch formally withdrew in 1661.
During the eighteenth century there were some rebellions against the colonial power that were
harshly suppressed , the first of which was laRevuelta Filipe dos Santos in 1720. 's Inconfidência
Mineira in 1789 , during which he highlighted Tiradentes,was followed by the Bahian Conspiracy
tenyearslater.These twomovementswere markedalreadyintendtoproclaimindependence while
the second came aa claim the abolition of slavery .
The Empire of Brazil (1822-1889)
The Empire of Brazil en1823 Note the limits on the Eastern Missions ,
with limits in Paraguay before the War of the Triple Alliance and the
ríosMbotetey Igurey ; Acre and the Eastern Band , the latter occupied
province under the name of Cisplatin .
In 1808 , KingJohnVI of Portugal (thenstill Prince Regent) , fleeingthe
army of Napoleon I, the seat of government moved to Brazil , Brazil
before it ceased to be colonial status and in that same year of 1808
passedbe the Kingdomof Brazil and , de facto , the mainconstituentof
the UnitedKingdomof Portugal,Brazil andAlgarvebeingeffectiveasUK
capital cityof Riode Janeiro.Partof the royal familyreturnedtoPortugal
in1821 , the interludeledtoagrowingdesire forindependenceamongBrazilians.OnSeptember7,
1822 , the thenPrince Regentproclaimedthe independenceof Brazil ,and was crowned emperor.
PedroI of Brazil , largelydiscreditedbymilitarysetbacksoccurredduringthe Argentina-Brazil War
withthe consequentrelease of the "Province Cisplatina"andthe start of separatistmovementsin
some provinces Republicans abdicated in 1831 , and after interim governments of appointed
regents , his son Pedro II was crowned emperor at fourteen years old. His taste for the common
people,butangeredthe elite,those whobelievedtooliberal,andintellectuals,whofeltitwasnot
sufficiently liberal. The main event of his reign was the abolition of slavery in 1888.
The Old Republic (1889-1930) [ edit]
Main articles : República Velha

5. The transition from Empire of Brazil to the United States of Brazil , notice the limits in the Eastern
Missions( disputedtolaArgentinauntil 1895and thenspreadbetweenRioGrande doSul andSanta
Catarina ) and partly Acreboliviano until 1903 , observing the territoriesalParaguay acquired after
the War of the Triple Alliance ,intermsof territoryandappearsOiapoquelitigadobuiltbyFrance to
Brazil but still not the name but as part of Amapá Pará.
PedroIIwas deposedon November15,1889 by a RepublicanmilitarycoupledbyGeneral Deodoro
da Fonseca,whobecame the firstpresident.The name of the countrybecame the UnitedStatesof
Brazil (which in 1967 was changed to Federative Republic of Brazil ) . From 1889-1930 , the
government was a constitutional democracy , with the presidency alternating between the
dominant states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais.
1943: Border Territories (note Iguaçu and Ponta Pora with territories of Argentina and Paraguay
obtained , Acre and Guapore (current Rondonia ) with territories won from Bolivia and Peru ) .
In 1895 the UK cededthe strategicislandof Trinidadandthe Brazilianstate almostcoetánementea
territory , that of Pirara was litigated betweenBritish Guiana , Venezuela and Brazil ; successes in
international politics also occurred in the Eastern Missions litigation Mesopotamian claimed by
ArgentinaanddelOyapoquesector( approximatelythe currentAmapá) claimedbyFrance.In1903
Brazil 's Acre wasannexedafterbeatingBoliviainthe "War of rubber." Similarlywerefavorable to
Brazil all otherdisputeswithotherneighboringLatinAmericancountries(egPeruandColombia) .
In the late nineteenth century, the cafécomenzó to replace sugar as the main source of export
country. The coffee business caused Brazil to grow economically , attracting many European
immigrants, particularly from Italy and Germany. This influx of work also allowed the country to
develop an industrial economy that expanded offshore .
Thisperiod, knownas the "OldRepublic,"finishedin1930 witha militarycoupthatplacedGetulio
Vargas, a civilian, in the presidency.
It was Vargas (1930-1945) [ edit]
Main article: State Novo
A militaryjuntatookcontrol of the countryin 1930 and GetúlioVargasDornelescame to poweras
interim president. Regime change involvedthe decline of the coffee oligarchy and the rise of the
middle classes and the peripheral oligarchies. Vargas ruled in one form or another continuously,
except for a brief period , until his suicide in 1954. Since 1930 , successive governments managed
the growth of industry and agriculture and the development of the vast Brazilian interior.
Getúlio Vargas ruled as interim president between 1930 and 1934. Military coup suspended the
operation of the Constitution of 1891 , while Vargas had promised the enactment of a new
constitution.In July1932 in São Pauloeruptedcall ConstitutionalistRevolution,whichdemanded

6. the establishment of a constitutional regime and was suffocated in October. In 1934 a new
constitution was proclaimed and Getúlio Vargas was elected president by Congress.
The next three years were progressive political polarization. They gained strength leftist
organizations like National Liberation Alliance or the Brazilian Communist Party ; also emerged a
movement called fascist-inspired Integralismo . In 1935 a revolutionary attempt failed left led by
certainsectorsof the militaryandsome individualslinkedtothe USSR;shortlyafterthe Integralists
attempta putsch . Takingadvantage of the climate of panic , November10 de1937 , a year before
the presidential election,GetúlioVargasgivesacoupandbecomesdictator.The establishedregime
of populist,wascalledEstadoNovo. The October29, 1945 , the militaryforce Vargasfrompower.
Nova Republic (1945-1964) [ edit]
With the resignation of Vargas in 1945 , after a new constitution drawn up in 1946 , restoring
individual rights regarding the above, the period known as Nova Republic starts. This was a
democratic regime , during which the capital was moved from Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia and is
characterized by populism , nationalism and developmentalism .
Main presidentsof thisperiodwere GetúlioVargas,democraticallyelectedin1950 and ruleduntil
hissuicide in1954 and JuscelinoKubitschek( 1956-1961 ) . In 1961 he was electedJânioQuadros,
who resigned in August of that year . He then went on to rule João Goulart VP , who undertook a
policyof social reforms.The traditional oligarchiesandCIA maneuveredtobringabouthisdownfall
. The 1964 coup deposed him and established a repressive military dictatorship.
Military dictatorship (1964-1985) [ edit]
The militarycoupdeposedJoãoGoulart,coolspersonal andpartisanambitionsof anyideologyand
introduces a system of emergency officially last until 1985. Regime had five presidents,who were
civilians but by acting as president , general officers were in reserve . They are, in chronological
order:mariscalesCasteloBrancoandArturda Costa e Silva,and General EmilioMedici Garrastazu,
ErnestoGeisel ,and JoãoBaptistaFigueiredo.Underthe influence of technical andEugenioGudin,
Roberto Campos and Antonio Delfim Netto, the military regime conducted economic, fiscal and
structural reforms, including adopting some of the proposals of João Goulart, such as land reform
and the nationalization of infrastructure companies .
The company was presented initially enthusiastic about the regime consequence of economic
progress,butthe manipulationof the mediathroughcensorshipandofficial propaganda,gradually
was opposing the authoritarian regime.Exaggerations system of political repression, as the death
of journalistandBrazilianCommunistdelPartido(PCB) VladimirHerzog,the presidenthimselftook
Geisel to take strong positions against " hardliners " .
In the 1976 elections the opposition had an increasing number of votes, which led to a "slow ,
gradual and secure " political opening,withthe return of several political exiles,to the pre- press
censorship , amnesty and Diretas Já movement , highly symbolic , celebrations requiring direct
presidential elections , rather than the indirect election held for most of the dictadura.25
New Republic (1985 -present) [ edit]

7. With José Sarney the new democratic regime was
established. Official photo by assuming the
presidencia.26
The first elected civilian president since the coup of
1964 wasTancredoNeves.However,didnottakeoffice
after suffering a postoperative complications that lead
to death on 21 April 1985. Earlier, on March 15 , had
temporarily assumed the presidency José Sarney and
already permanently dying Neves . Democracy was
officially restored in 1988 with the enactment of the
current Constitution Federal.26
Fernando Collor de Mello, Little Party gives National
Renovação , was elected President in 1989 in the first
direct elections since 1964.25 His government lasted
until 1992 when he resigned due to impeachment
proceedings against him following a series of complaints that enveloped Collor on corruption.
Corruption was directed by the treasurer , Paulo César campaign Farias.25 27 The vice president,
Itamar Franco, assumed in its lugar.25
In the governmentof Franco was born on Real Plan, articulatedby hisfinance minister,Fernando
Henrique Cardoso.28 For the success of the plan would Cardoso elected president in 1994 after
being re-elected in 1998. Elections in 2002 , opposition candidate Luis Inácio Lula da Silva of the
Workers Party won Cardoso 's successor in the PSDB , Jose Serra. Again would overcome During
2006 , this time to Geraldo Alckmin also the PSDB.29
The October31, 2010 , in the secondroundof elections,DilmaRousseff ,Lulada Silva's successor
as headof the Workers'Party , waselectedtobecome the firstwomanpresidentof Brazil ,beating
José Serra Social .
Brazilianculture couldbe simplifiedtowhattofilm, architecture anddance ( samba) concerns. As
a result of an intense mixture between peoples, a peculiar cultural reality emerged , which
summarizes the various cultures.
Popularculture andhighculture wasalwaysquite problematicinthe country.Overalongperiodof
history,fromthe discoveryof Brazil untilthe mid- nineteenthandtwentiethcenturies,the distance
betweenpopularculture andhighculture wasquite wide :the firstwas meantto be a true copyof
Europeanstandardsandstyles,the secondwasformedbyadaptingtheculturesof differentpeoples

8. that formed the Brazilian people in a set of values , aesthetic and habits rejectedand despised by
the elites. Much of the modernist aesthetic project was just the rescue in the fields considered
"noble " of culture ( general arts , literature , music, etc. . ) And even daily habits , seeing it as a
legitimate Brazilian culture.
Brazilera - Cultural Training
Within the various peoples who formed Brazil, Europeans were those who exerted the greatest
influence on the formation of Brazilian culture , particularly the Portuguese origin. Duringthe 322
yearsthat the country wasColoniainBrazil , and variousaspectsof Indianculture inheritedbythe
current Brazilian civilization . In addition to managing and Callao Guasipati decline of indigenous
peoples,there wasacatechetical activityandintensemixture ,whichcontributedtomanyof these
cultural aspects were lost. The indigenous influence became stronger in certain regions of the
country where these groups were able to maintain greater distances of these groups colonizing
action as they were strangers.
Brazil is a highly multicultural country, marked by large and diverse migration flows from all
continents including green jungles .
The popularmusicof Brazil isknownglobally,withavarietyof manifestationsandstyleslike samba,
bossanova,choro,axé ,lambada, forró, hinterland ,etc.,butare alsopopularstylesimportedand
Hip -Hop and rock. Some of the best known and most representative international successesof
Brazil couldbe the samba AquareladoBrasil [61 ] ( popular) or bossa - nova " Garota de Ipanema"
(The Girl from Ipanema ) by Antonio Carlos Jobim, well known internationally .
Brazilian literature has featured as the classic exponents larger sociological essay senzala Home (
1933) by GilbertoFreyre ,writerslikeMachadode Assis( "DonCasmurro", " Posthumous Memoirs
of Brás Cubas " ), Jorge Amado ( Dona Flor and Her two husbands , shop for miracles , Gabriela ,
Clove andCinnamon) , JoãoGuimarãesRosa ( Large Sertão: Sidewalks) ÉricoVerissimo(OTempo
eoVento) andFaustoWolff(OPedeDesculpasAcrobat andCai ) .Amongthe highlightspoetsCarlos
Drummond de Andrade, Alphonsus of Guimaraens , Haroldo de Campos, etc. .
The playwrights stand Manuel de Araújo Porto -alegre ( Pitangueira ) Quiet Antônio , Nelson
Rodrigues,amongmanyothers.The cinemaof Brazilisone of the mostdevelopedinLatinAmerica,
in many co-productions with companies and artists from other countries with a large domestic
market as well as films that have received international recognition. From historical films Limit (
1931) by Mario Peixoto and Black Orpheus (1959).
Languages
The Tupi languages are the most widespread family of languages throughout Amazonia .
The official languageisPortuguese andisspokenbyvirtuallytheentirepopulation. Inadditionthere
are some 170 indigenous languages , which have been classified into 20 families of different
languages . The average indigenous language speakers was around 155,000 individuals en1999.1

9. Most Indiansare bilingual inPortuguese,tendingtodisappearmonolingualismamongthe Indians.
The main families of indigenous languages in Brazil are the Tupi languages, Arawak languages,
languages macro -Ye and Caribbean languages .
Because the waves of immigrants from the second half of the nineteenth century , there are
important communities of speakers of italianoque is recognized as ethnic and German language ,
mainly in South Brazil.2 3
Religion [ edit]
Main article : Religion in Brazil
Cathedral of Brasilia.
According to recent surveys and investigations (2009, 2010,
2011 ), approximately 60-70 % of Brazilians are Catholic. Brazil
has the largest Catholic populationin the world, with over 100
million followers.
The number of protesters has grown rapidly and now accounts
for 19-26 % of the population.
Other religions are spiritualism ( 2.1-4.8 %) , Afro- Brazilian
religions (~ 2%), other (~ 2 %), and people without religion ( 7.9-12.8 %). The Jewish population in
Brazil is 100 thousand people. Mainly in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
Minorities are constituted by the Indians who kept their religion and customs, especially in the
Amazon, such as União do Vegetal and Santo Daime .
As a result of black slavery , some African Afro-Brazilian beliefs as practiced animism , and others
such as Umbanda candombléy .
The arrival of immigrants from Asia brought the practice of minority religions following regarding
the comprehensiveness of the country: Buddhism , Confucianism , Taoism , Shinto and Islam ,
growing in the country. Brazil has the second largest number of followers called new Japanese
religions , surpassed only by Japan itself . You mention Seicho -no- Ie , Tenrikyo , Igreja World
Messiânicaandothers,withvaryingdegreesof Judeo- Christianinfluencesofthe EastAsianreligions
( primarily represented native traditions peel Japan ) and calico religions (mainly representedby
(Buddhism ) .
gastronomy
The feijoada is considered the national dish.

10. Main article: Cuisine of Brazil
Braziliancuisinevariesgreatlydependingoneachregion,so
that itreflectsthe mix of native andimmigrantpopulations.
This has defined a national cuisine marked by the
preservation of these differences regionales.12 Among the
best examples are Feijoada , considered the national dish ;
348 349 vatapá, moqueca,polentaandacarajé .Brazil hasa
varietyof candiessuchasbrigadierandbeijiño.The national
beverage is coffee and cachaça , a native Brazilian distilled
beverage . This drink is distilled from sugar cane and is the
main ingredient in the national cocktail, the caipiriña.350
Althoughthe varietyof dishes,atypical Brazilianmeal consistsof rice andbeans, accompaniedby
beef orporkanda salad,or a boiledorfriedegg,fries,orfarofa,made of cornor flourcassavaand
season with salt basically could have oregano, fried onions and bacon frito.351 Thanks to the
tropical climate that prevailsinmuch of its territoryin Brazil a varietyof fruitsare grown , such as
mango,papaya,acai , the cupuaçu,orange ,cocoa,elmarañón,guava,passionfruitandpineapple.
Of all these fruit juices and extracts which are used for manufacturing dechocolates , candies,ice
cream and other postres.352 As in other industrialized countries,the presence of multinational
companiesthat offerfast foodhas increasedare obtained,resultingchangesin dietand nutrition
of the Brazilian population , mainly in areas urbanas.353
Sport [ edit]