1. OILSEEDS DIVISION
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, COOPERATION & FARMERS’ WELFARE
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE & FARMERS’ WELFARE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
KRISHI BHAWAN, NEW DELHI
www.nmoop.gov.in
GROUNDNUT
2. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
Family :Leguminoceae/(Fabaceae)
Sub-family :Papilionoideae
Common Name: Groundnut
Scientific Name: Arachis hypogaea L
Origin: Northern Argentina and
South Bolivia and Brazil in which
majority of the species are found.
Bolivia has the second largest
number of species follow Paraguay,
Argentina and Uruguay.
3. SEASON AND CLIMATE
Warm and moist conditions are highly congenial for
groundnut cultivation.
Temperature, light intensity, rainfall and humidity
significantly influence the productivity of
groundnut.
Optimum temperature of 25-35 °C is required for
good germination, flowering and pod formation.
Sandy-loam soils rich in organic matter is
considered best for the crop.
Sowing time of kharif groundnut is June to July
subject to onset of monsoon and rabi groundnut is
November as well as summer groundnut February
to March
3
4. CROP DESCRIPTION
Arachis species belongs to family Leguminoceae (Fabaceae)
sub-family Papilionoideae
Flowers borne on axils of leaves on branches
Self-pollinated with some cross pollination (0-6% ) by bees
Elongated gynophores develop into pods
Pods contain 2-5 seeds/kernel
Kernel weight ranges from 0.15 to >1.3 g/kernel
Virginia / runner types are spreading in nature and suitable
for rainfed condition
Valencia / Spanish type are erect in nature and more
suitable for irrigated conditions
Oil contents varies from 42 to 55 % of kernel/seeds
4
5. GLOBAL SCENARIO (2013-16)
Country Avg. Area
(lakh ha)
Avg. Production
(lakh tonnes)
Avg. Yield
(Kg/ha)
China 46.27 166.33 3595
India* 49.45 79.61 1610
Nigeria 25.43 31.37 1233
USA 5.30 23.21 4376
Sudan 18.64 15.32 822
Myanmar 8.90 13.78 1549
Indonesia 5.90 11.43 1939
Senegal 9.30 8.17 878
Niger 7.47 3.43 460
Cameroon 4.44 6.09 1370
Others 66.36 59.65 899
World 247.47 418.39 1691
Source: FAO/USDA. *As per the estimates of DES, DAC&FW 5
6. NATIONAL SCENARIO (2013-16)
State Avg. Area
(lakh ha)
Avg. Production
(lakh tonnes)
Avg. Yield
(Kg/ha)
Gujarat 15.51 31.66 2041
AP 10.65 9.44 886
Rajasthan 4.94 9.92 2009
Tamil Nadu 3.44 9.01 2618
Karnataka 6.34 5.38 850
MP 2.25 3.47 1538
Maharashtra 2.67 2.92 1096
Others 3.35 5.00 1492
All India 49.15 76.80 1563
6
7. AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD TRENDS
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
1950-51 1960-61 1971-72 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2010-11 2015-16
Area in million ha
Production in million tonnes
Yield in qtl/ha
7
8. HIGHER YIELD AND BETTER QUALITY IN
RABI/SUMMER
States Area (Lakh ha) Prod. (Lakh tonnes) Yield (Kg/ha)
Kharif
2015
Rabi/
summer
2015-16
Kharif
2015
Rabi/
summer
2015-16
Kharif
2015
Rabi/
summer
2015-16
AP 6.82 0.93 5.98 2.04 877 2194
Gujarat 13.55 0.59 22.41 1.17 1654 1983
Karnataka 4.10 1.81 2.73 2.12 666 1171
Maharashtra 1.86 0.54 1.81 0.56 973 1037
Tamil Nadu 2.11 1.40 4.76 4.06 2250 2900
Telangana 0.13 1.14 0.21 1.85 1615 1623
West Bengal 0.03 0.82 0.02 1.98 960 2415
Others* 9.33 0.39 15.48 0.52 1659 1333
All India 37.93 7.62 53.40 14.30 1408 1877
*Includes major Kharif groundnut States of Rajasthan and MP. 8
9. POTENTIAL DISTRICTS
State Potential district (>50,000 ha area)
AP (04) Anantpur, Chittoor, Kurnool, YSR Kadapa,
Gujarat (08) Junagadh, Jamnagar, Rajkot, Amreli,
Bhavanagar, Porbandar, Kutch, Sabarkantha
Karnataka (07) Chitradurga, Tumkur, Gadag, Bijapur, Belgaum,
Bellary, Koppal.
Maharashtra (02) Kolhapur, Satara
Rajasthan (02)
Bikaner, Jaipur
Tamil Nadu (03) Thiruvanamalai, Viluppuram, Vellore
Telangana (01) Mahabubnagar
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10. STATE WISE YIELD GAP UNDER FLDs (IN KHARIF)
State
SAY FLD –
Kharif-
2013
Yield
Gap
(%)
Varieties used in FLD during
Kharif 2013
AP 892 1722 93 K-6, Dharani
Gujarat 2716 1873 -45 GJG-9, GJG-17, GJG-22
Karnataka 863 1660 92
Chintamani-2, TPG-39, JSP-
39, Dh-36, GPBD-5
Maharashtra 1248 2417 94
AK-303, TGK-Bold, Phule
Unnati, JL-501, Phule-6021,
TAG-24, KDG-128
Rajasthan 1992 2931 47 TAG-24, Mallika
West Bengal 917 1982 116 TAG-24, TG-51
All India 1764 2021 15 K-6, Dharani 10
11. STATE WISE YIELD GAP IN RABI/SUMMER
State
SAY FLD Yield
Gap
(%)
Varieties used in FLD during
Rabi 2012-13
AP
1906 2787 46 Kadari-6, Kadari-9, Harithandra,
Dharani, TCGS-1043, Anantha
Gujarat 2013 2535 26 GJG-31, TG-37-A,
Karnataka
760 2851 275 GPGD-5, GPGD-4, Dh-216, Kadari-
9, Dh-101, TGLPS-3, Chintamani-2
Maharashtra
1455 2272 56 JL-501, TPG-41, Phule-6021, TKG-
Bold
Rajasthan 1258 2593 106 TG-37-A
Tamil Nadu 2998 2130 -40 VRI (Gn)-6,
West Bengal 2585 3190 23 TG-24, TG-51
All India 1812 2654 46 11
13. PACKAGE AND PRACTICES
Sandy-loam soil rich in organic matter is best.
Use of well decomposed FYM @ 10 tonnes /ha.
Broad-Bed-Furrow System for yield improvement.
Sowing of Kharif groundnut in June to July subject to
receipt of rains; Rabi –November; Summer –
February/March.
Seed rate of 100-110 kg pod /ha. for bunch type and 95-100
kg pod /ha. for Spreading type.
Every one tonne of groundnut pods removes 63 kg N, 11 kg
P2O5, 46 kg K2O, 27 kg CaO and 14 kg MgO .
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14. PACKAGE AND PRACTICES (contd)
Water Management
Crop is largely (80%) cultivated under rainfed conditions
during kharif.
Crop could withstand a dry spell of 25 days after
emergence.
Rainfall/protective irrigation is necessary at flowering
(20-40 DAS), pod formation (40-70 DAS) and pod filling
(70-100 DAS).
Sprinkler irrigation best suited for sandy soils.
Eight irrigations are adequate for optimal yield during
Rabi / Summer season.
Drip irrigation increases yield (40-50%), quality, and
saves water (25-40%).
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15. PACKAGE AND PRACTICES (contd)
Water Management (contd)
Adopting right spacing between rows and within the
row
Mulching the soil surface in between rows with crop
residue material like straw etc to prevent the
germination of weed seeds
Adoption of crop rotation and intercropping
Two hand weeding, first around 20 days after sowing
and 2nd at about 35 days after sowing
Inter-culture starts around 10 days after emergence
and continues up to 35 DAS at 7– 10 days interval 15
16. PACKAGE AND PRACTICES (contd)
Insect/Pest
Name pests Scientific name Yield losses (%)
Leaf Miner Aproaererma modicella (Deventer) 16-92
Tobacco Caterpillar Spodoptera litura (Fab.) 15-30
Hairy Caterpillars Amsacta albistriga (Walker), A. moorei
(Butler) and Spilosoma obliqua (Walker)
26-100
Thrips Caliothrips indicus Bagnell, Frankliniella
schultzei Trybom, Thrips palmi Karny and
Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood
15-28
Aphids Aphis craccivora Koch Up to 40
Leafhoppers/
Jassids
Empoasca kerri Pruthi, Balclutha
hortensis Lindb.
9-22
White grub Holotrichia consanguinea Blanch and H.
serrata (Fab.)
20-100
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17. PACKAGE AND PRACTICES (contd)
Insect/Pest (contd)
Name pests Scientific name Yield losses (%)
Collar rot Aspergillus niger van Tieghem. 28 – 47
Stem rot Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Teleomorph: Athelia
rolfsii (Curzi) Tu & Kimbrough.
27
Early Leaf Spot Cercospora arachidicola S. Hori.
Teleomorph: Mycospharella arachidis
Deighton)
Up to 60
Rust Puccinia arachidis Speg. 10-52
Alternaria Leaf
Blight & Leaf Spot
Alternaria alternata, A. tenuissima and A.
Arachis
up-to 22
Peanut Bud
Necrosis Disease
Peanut Bud Necrosis Virus (Tospovirus) 30-90
Root knot Meloidogyne arenaria,
M. hapla and M. Javanica
21.6
Kalahasti Malady Tylenchorhynchus Brevelineatus 40-50
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18. PACKAGE AND PRACTICES (contd)
IPM
Deep ploughing during April-May to expose pupae to
sunlight and predatory birds.
Clean cultivation by rouging out weed hosts and off type of
plants.
Growing of resistant varieties.
Install pheromone traps @ 10 traps/ha for Spodoptera and
Helicoverpa and 25 traps/ha for leaf miner. Erect bird
perches @ 10-12/ha.
Spray neem oil @5ml/lt water along with suitable surfactant
like soap powder @ 1g/lt or NSKE 5% .
Release Trichogramma chilonis @ 50000/ha, two times at 7-
10 days interval followed by release of Bracon hebetor @
5000/ha two times at 7-10 days against Leaf Miner and
Defoliators.
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19. PACKAGE AND PRACTICES (contd)
Inter-croppings
Intercropping system States
Groundnut + Red gram AP, Gujarat, Karnataka, MP,
Groundnut + Cotton Karnataka and Tamil Nadu
Groundnut + Sorghum/Ragi Karnataka and Maharashtra
Groundnut + Pearl Millet AP and Rajasthan
Groundnut+Cowpea/Blackgram/
Greengram
AP and Tamil Nadu
Groundnut + Castor AP, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu
Groundnut + Sesame/Sunflower Gujarat, MP, Tamil Nadu and
Rajasthan
Groundnut + Soybean MP
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20. MSP Vs MARKETING PRICES
State/MSP Avg. Price of November and December
2013 2014 2015
MSP (Rs. / qtl.) 4000 4000 4030
AP 4000 4100 4400
Gujarat 3390 3812 4042
Karnataka 2668 3000 3403
Rajasthan 3580 3475 3898
Tamil Nadu 4437 3445 3520
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21. EXPORTS / DEMAND
(Quantity in tonnes and value Rs. in crores)
Products 2013-14 2014-15
Qty Value Qty Value
Groundnut 509750 3187.66 708390 4675.38
Food products 7944 71.46 13096 119.02
Groundnut oil 6511 58.94 38952 343.15
Oil cakes 8711 22.72 4147 21.90
Total 532916 3340.78 764585 5159.45
Source: Oilseeds statistics – A compendium – 2015 from ICAR- IIOR
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22. NUTRITIVE VALUE
Groundnut is considered as low sodium food. Groundnut are
free from cholesterol and contains less than 20% saturated
fatty acid hence heart friendly.
Groundnut seed contains 44-55% oil and 22-30% protein on
a dry seed and is a rich source of mineral (phosphorus,
calcium, magnesium and potassium) and vitamins E, K and B
group
Groundnut oil also contains some palmitic acid, arachidonic
acid, behenic acid, lignoic acid and other fatty acids
Groundnut has lowest Glycaemic index (GI) a measure of the
rate at which carbohydrate from a particular food break
down and release glucose in blood stream
Groundnut contains 26% protein, which is higher than egg,
meat, fish and dairy products
23. RESEARCHABLE ISSUES
Development of varieties / technologies for control
of Peanut Bud / Stem Necrosis/Clamp virus disease.
The old varieties like TMV-2 & TAG-24 in Southern
states and GG-20 in Gujarat are still preferred
because of their better performance under adverse
weather conditions and market preference.
Use of cytoplasm/gene from such varieties for
development of high yielding varieties.
Development of effective control measures for
white grub for Rajasthan and Gujarat
Resistant varieties/technology for aflatoxin
management.
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24. ISSUES / ACTIONABLE POINTS
Development of varieties / technologies for control
of Peanut Bud / Stem Necrosis /Clamp virus disease
of groundnut.
Development of substitute for the old varieties like
TMV-2 & TAG-24 in Southern states and GG-20 in
Gujarat which are preferred because of their better
performance under adverse weather conditions and
market preference.
Development of effective control measures for
white grub in Gujarat, Rajasthan and UP.
Resistant varieties / technology for aflatoxin
management.
