Nowadays the energy sources generation is getting more difficult by using the enhanced and advanced level of technology around the world and as non-renewable energy oil and gas industries have become the largest and most demanded supplements of energy generation. In brief, this project utilizes two types of EOR methods which use to produce heavy oil. The first method is the TAHI method which use steam to reduce the viscosity. The second method is the VAPEX method which use solvent to produce the heavy oil with economical way and friendly environment. It has bee got the RF for VAPEX IS around 62%, and for THAI is 71%. After comparing the both results in term of ability, now will compared it in terms of economics, the THAI method has profit which is 211.96×10^6 Dollars, and the VAPEX method is around 184.04×10^6$. So, the best method for this reservoir is the THAI method.

1. By: MAHMOOD
HEBAH
RESRVOIR SIMULATION

2. • Introduction
• Problem statement
• Aim & objectives
• Literature review
• Overall block diagram of the entire system
• Working Principle
• Software Results
• Project Testing
• Conclusion
• References
• Q&A
2

3. Nowadays the energy sources generation is getting more difficult
by using the enhanced and advanced level of technology around
the world and as non-renewable energy oil and gas industries
have become the largest and most demanded supplements of
energy generation.
3

4. 1. THAI cause CO2 emission, and this might affect in human life
and in the environment.
2. Cost required to run this method is so expensive this problem
may affect the NPV of the project compared with VAPEX
method
3. The RF of the VAPEX is very low in some reservoir, so it need to
do reservoir simulation to know if this method is applicable to be
applied

5. The aim of this research is to
enhance the oil recovery factor by
using two new method of heavy
oil THAI, and VAPEX method
with considering the cost required
to run each method.
1. To construct THAI method based on the real data to
evaluate Enhanced Oil Recovery obtained from this
method.
2. To construct a VAPEX model to show the miscibility
effect on Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR).
3. To evaluate the production outcome for each injection
method besides the profit of each method including
facilities cost
Aim Objectives
5

6. 6

7. 7

8. 8

9. 9
VAPEX injection process
THAI injection process

10. 10
Temprature effect
Oil RF
AL
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 500 1000 1500 2000
CP
0F
Temprature Vs Pressure

11. 11
Test 1: THAI method test
Test 2: VAPEX method test
Test 3: Slim tube test
Test 4: Win Prop test
Test 5: Heat loss test

12. 12
Test 1: THAI method test
Steam temperature =
650 ℉
Steam temperature =
600℉
Steam temperature =
400℉
Temperatu
re
140 ℉ Temperatur
e ℉
140 Temperature
℉
140
Material
Balance
error
0.37% Material
Balance
error
0.24% material
Balance error
0.22%
Max
change
in pressure
-9.98 psi Max change
in pressure
-15.6
psi
Max change
in pressure
- 10.7
psi
Cumulativ
e
Oil
production
3.95e+6
bbl
Cumulative
Oil
production
3.6e+6
bbl
Cumulative
Oil
production
2.4e+6
bbl
RF 71.4% RF 65.01 % RF 44.9 %
Production
rate
5000
bbl/d
Production
rate
5000
bbl/d
Production
rate
5000
bbl/d
Results by THAI method

13. 13
Cumulative production set at ST= 650
Results for WC & Oil Rate set at ST= 650
RS
Cumulative production set at ST= 600
Results for WC & Oil Rate set at ST= 600

14. 14
Oil Saturation for 2026
Oil Saturation for last year
RS
Oil Saturation for first year

15. 15
Test 2: VAPEX method test
Results by VAPEX method
C3H8 = 30
BENZEN= 70
C3H8 = 50
BENZEN= 50
Temperature 140 ℉ Temperature ℉ 140
Material
Balance error
0.0015% Material Balance
error
0.0014%
Max change
in pressure
-0.74 psi Max change
in pressure
-750 psi
Cumulative
Oil production
2.7e+6
bbl
Cumulative
Oil production
1.68e+6
bbl
RF 62 % RF 55.5 %
Production
rate
1000
bbl/d
Production rate 1000
bbl/d
WC 0.025 % WC 0.11 %

16. 16
COP for C3H8 = 30%, BENZEN= 70%
WC for C3H8 = 30%, BENZEN= 70%
RS
COP for C3H8 = 50%, BENZEN= 50%
WC for C3H8 = 50%, BENZEN= 50%

17. 17
Oil Saturation for 2026
Oil Saturation for last year
RS
Oil Saturation for first year

18. 18
Test 3: Slim tube test
Results by Slim tube
Initial Slim Tube Pressure 2450
Reservoir Temperature(°F) 140
1.2 PV CO2 injected 27 ft3
Total Oil in Place (STB) 6.7bbl
Pressure (psi) Cumulative Oil
Recovery (bbl)
500 0.04
1000 0.3
1500 0.8
2000 1.33
2500 1.76
3000 2.177
3500 2.18
4000 2.2
4500 2.18
5000 2.19
Pressure versus cumulative oil recovery
generated by GEM

19. 19
MMP
RS
COP
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
(bbl)
(psi)
MMP
Miscible

20. 20
Test 3: WinProp test
Trinary diagram for VAPEX Method
First Multiple contact calculation for MPP at 2650 psi

21. 21
Multiple contact calculation at the achieved miscibility pressure
RS
WinProp MMP Results

22. 22
Test 3: Heat loss test
Heat Loss result
Heat Loss result

23. 23
Temperature Vs Depth
RS
Temperature Vs viscosity by prosper

24. 24
Temperature Vs Viscosity in CMG software
RS
Oil viscosity generated from the PVT correlation
Temperature F Viscosity of oil cp
41 1231.8
77 353.872
131 78.8706
158 42.4931
446 1.13182
590 0.52409
734 0.323346
1022 0.190073
1238 0.15425
1382 0.140629
1526 0.131301
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 500 1000 1500 2000
CP
0F
Temprature Vs Pressure

25. In brief, this project utilizes two types of EOR methods which use to produce heavy oil.
The first method is the TAHI method which use steam to reduce the viscosity. The
second method is the VAPEX method which use solvent to produce the heavy oil with
economical way and friendly environment. It has bee got the RF for VAPEX IS around
62%, and for THAI is 71%. After comparing the both results in term of ability, now will
compared it in terms of economics, the THAI method has profit which is 211.96×10^6
Dollars, and the VAPEX method is around 184.04×10^6$. So, the best method for this
reservoir is THAI method.
25

26. 1. WEI, W. WANG, J. AND GATES, I. (2019) New Insights into Kerrobert Toe-to-Heel Air Injection (THAI)
Production Analysis. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers. 5 (3). p. 1 -5.
2. MUHAMAD, H., UPRETI, R. S., LOHI, A. AND DOAN, H. (2015) Optimal control study to enhance oil
production in labscale Vapex by varying solvent injection pressure with time. Journal of Optimal control
application and method. 20 (3). p. 1-15.
3. ESMAEILI, A. AND AYOUB, M. (2017) Local thermal effect on vapor extraction (VAPEX) for heavy oil
enhanced recovery. International Field Exploration and Development Conference.12(4). p. 1-25.
4. LOWMAN, J. (2018) Development of a predictive model for the VAPEX process. Waterloo, Ontario,
Canada: University of Waterloo.
5. MUHAMMAD, R. AND AYOUB, M. (2020) This is an open-access article published under an ACS Author
Choice License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article or any adaptations for non-
commercial purposes. OCS omega 11 (7). p. 1-11.
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