action mechanism of hormones. Hormones & hormonoids

1. Mahira Amirova
Associate Professor of Biochemistry Department.
Azerbaijan Medical State University
Year 2020
HORMONES

2. Classification of hormones by
structure

3. Detailed classification
Eucosanoids, cytokines
, TSH
Hormone-like substances:
, TSH

5. OPTIONS OF HORMONAL ACTION:Endocrine,
paracrine, autocrine action

9. Neurocrine action THROUGH
ENDORPHINES, ENCEPHALINES
Endorphins and encefalins

10. Positive and negative feed-back
mechanism of hormonal regulation
Positive freed-
back
Negative
feed-back

11. CONNECTION BETWEEN THE GLANDS:
SYNERGISM of hormones
Adrenalin
and
glucagon
are also
synergists

12. ANTAGONISM OF HORMONES
3.3-5.5 Mmol/L

13. ANTAGONISM of insulin and other
hormones
Insulin is the only
hormone lowering glucose
in the blood

14. CALCITRIOL, GC, ANDROGENS, ESTROGENS,
HESTAGENS act through cellular receptor
Distinction between water- and fat-soluble hormones mechanism of action

15. Membrane, membrane-intracellular, cytosolic
(intracellular) mechanism of action

16. Membrane-intracellular mechanism of
action

17. Membrane-intracellular mechanism
cAMP
Adenylate
cyclase

18. STEROID HORMONES ACTION

19. Steroid hormones affect transcription
and translation

20. Phosphodiesterase
ADENYLATE CYCLASE SYSTEM comprises 3 enzymes:
Adenylate cyclase, Proteinkinase A, Phosphodiestarase
1
2
3

21. Formation and breakdown of cAMP

22. 3’5’-cAMP formation from ATP
cAMP
Adenylate
cyclase

23. PROTEINKINASE OF ADENYLATE-CYCLASE
SYSTEM
A
(adrenalin,
glucagon)

24. GUANYLATE-CYCLASE
GUANYLATE-CYCLASE

25. NO is formed from arginin and
stimulates cGMP formation

27. Statins and liberins
Releasing-hormones
(liberins)
Statins

28. Hormones of hypothalamus
Thalamic hormones
Melanoliberine
Melanostatine
Prolactoliberine
Prolactostatine
Thyroliberin
Gonadoliberin
Somatoliberin
Corticoliberin

29. ADH- VASOPRESSIN from neurohypophysis
affects collecting duct

30. VASOPRESSIN HYPERSECRETION
• PARHON syndrome leads to oedema, which
decreases electrolytes concentration in the
blood.
*Loose of feeling of thirst developes
*Urine density rises, urine becomes thick

31. VASOPRESSIN HYPOSECREHION
• At DIABETES INSIPIDUS urine density falls
below 1.008-1.001
*Diuresis icreases: hypostenuric polyuria
occurs.
*Blood osmotic pressure rises. It leads to
thirst and polydipsia.

33. Raises lipolysis, uptake of glucose and
β-cell regeneration

36. MSH. Lipotropin activates TAG-LIPASE

37. PANHYPOPITUITARISM: (total) pituitary-cerebral
cachexia: STH and GH

38. Pituitary cachexia
• Completely loss of
subcutaneous fat

39. GH stimulates the growth and development of
cells, tissues. Gigantism and dwarfism

40. Raise of GH after puberty.
Acromegaly: an enlargement of body parts
•
Lips gums tounge
The brow ridges, cheekbones, lower jaw, feet and hand increase in
size. Since the skeleton formation and bones calcification is over,
bones are strong and do not grow, therefore GH enlarges soft tissues,

41. Acromegaly
• enlargement of brush
• Diastema of
teeth: teeth
detach
from each other

42. Stress stimulates cortisol secretion

44. In the adrenal gland, mainly MR and
GC are produced

45. Cushing disease (ACTH raises)

46. Hyperpigmentation in Cushing disease

47. (cortisol raises)

48. Glucocorticoids (GC) affect muscle,
bone tissues on the gene level

50. EFFECTS OF Corticosteroids (mainly
GLUCOCORTICOIDS)
the extremities
In the torso (trunk)

51. cortisol
gluconeogenesis

52. MR
MR stimulates Na+ retention in the blood and K+ secretion into urine

53. HYPERALDOSTERONISM

54. Addison disease (Hypoaldesteronism)
: hyperpigmentation on gums
Hyposecretion of MC stimulates ACTH
secretiion
norm
atrophic

55. (Adrenalin)
(Noradrenalin)

58. Fight or flight
Vanillyl-mandelic acid is a last product of catecholamines
methabolism discharged with the urine

59. ( )

61. EPIPHYSIS regulates circadian, daily rhythms and
adapts the body to the intensity of light

62. Melatonin is made from serotonin. It is
an antagonist of pituitary hormones

64. In the epiphysis are prodused:
• *SEROTONIN- synthesised from tryptophan, it is
5-hydroxytryptamine. Constricts arterioles and
rises BP. Promotes sensitivity to kinin-dependent
pain. Stimulates secretion of vasopressin into the
blood and causes antidiuretic effect.
*MELATONIN- darkness increases its synthesis,
while light reduces.
*ADRENOGLOMERULOTROPIN- stimulates
aldosteron secretion
*ANTY-HYPOTHALAMIC PEPTIDE

65. HYPERPINEALISM causes a
temporary inhibitory effect on
the pituitary and hypothalamus
HYPOPINEALISM in children:
*mental development is lagging
behind
*the limbs are short, the body is
relatively long
*the muscles are overdeveloped

66. located in front of the trachea
(larynx), behind the lungs

67. Thymosterin

69. Thymosin stimulates differentiation of
stem cells to T-helpers, T-killers etc.

70. Thymulin action

71. Congenital aplasia of thymus - Di-
George disease
The loss of cell or humoral immunitet is
observed in hypo- and aplasia of thymus, cleft
nose and palate are just visible signs of illness

72. Synthesis of thyroid hormones occurs
in 4 steps:
1) iodine activation
2)Production of MIT and DIT
3) synthesis of T3 or T4
4) secretion
TSH rises:
- iodine penetration into thyrocytes,
- iodization of tyrosine
- secretion of Thyroxine

74. 4 steps of synthesis
Bloodstream

75. Graves disease: 1) Goiter (enlargement of thyroid
glands), 2)exophtalmos (protruding, bulging eyes
coming out of orbits), 3) palpitation – 3 main
signs. Temperature raises and patient is losing
weight

76. Mixoedema – hypothyroidism in adults:
swollen face (broad and puffy) and hands
They have a hoarse voice,
because their vocal cord glycoproteins are not updated.
ATP levels lowers along with temperature,

77. IN MYXOEDEMA:
• Temperature reduced as a result of basal
methabolism decrease
*Bradycardia occurs
*Subcutaneous adipose tissue accrues
*Absorption of glucose in intestine falls and
hypoglycemia occur.
* Catabolism of amino acids increased as they
supply energy instead of glucose

78. A CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
slanting eyes

79. PRE-PROCALCITONIN - Calcitonin

80. PRE-PROPARATHYROID hormone PTH

81. Function of
bone destruction

82. HYPER-PARATHYROIDISM and
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
When HYPER-PARATHYROIDISM , FIBROUS
OSTEO-CHONDRO-DYSTROPHY (
fragility of bones, fractures, false joints) occurs
When HYPOPARATHYROIDISM, SPASMOPHILIA
(LARYNGISM, ASPHYXIA) OCCURs IN the
CHILDREN.
Ca in blood decreases, but phosphates
increase.

83. Main hormones of pancreas

84. Insulin action on liver, fat and muscle
tissues

87. insulin - glucagon
After food intake
To set point (3.3-5.5)
When glucose
levels in the blood
fall below set
point,
And glucose levels raise to set
point

89. Diabetes type I and II

90. IDDM and IIDM

91. Insulin
receptors are
damaged

92. Ag connected with pancreas may destroy it and
cause IDDM- insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus
Ig
Ag
Some reasons of

93. LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT PROTEINS
OF IMMUNE SYSTEM -CYTOKINES

95. DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF CELLS,
produced in, CYTOKINES SORT INTO:
INTERLEUKINS (IL):
-proinflammatory
-anty-inflammatory
-regulators of cellular and humoral immunity
MONOKINEs
CHEMOKINES
INTERFERONS
colony-stimulating factors

97. Ag activated Interleukin formation

98. DEPENDING ON GROWTH STIMULATED CELLS,
CYTOKINES (colony-stimulating factors) SORT INTO:
• GRANULOCYTES CSF (stimulate neutrophils
growth)
*MONOCYTES CSF (stimulate macrofags)
*GRANULOCYTE-MONOCYTIC CSF
*ERYTHROPOETIN
*THROMBOPOETIN

99. THE MOST EFFECTIVE IS
α-INTERFERON

100. TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR -TNF

103. SYNTHESIS OF EUCOSANOIDS

108. z