pharmaceutical microbiology

1. FACTORS AFFECTING BACTERIAL
GROWTH
 Physical factors : 1. Oxygen 2. temperature 3. pH 4. osmatic pressure 5.
moisture 6.hydrostatics pressures 7. radiation
 Nutritional factors(biochemical) : 1. carbon 2. nitrogen 3. sulfur 4. phosphorus
5.trace elements 6. vitamins
 PHYSICAL FACTORS :
1. OXYGEN CONCENTRATION :
I. Aerobic bacteria
II. Anaerobic bacteria

2. CLASSIFICATION OF OXYGEN BASE BACTERIA
Aerobic bacteria Anaerobic bacteria
obligate aerobic facultative aerobic obligate facultative
1. AEROBIC BACTERIA : Require oxygen to grow of bacteria
2. Anaerobic bacteria : not require oxygen to grow of bacteria &depend of
carbon dioxide
3. Obligate : only depend on specifics condition
4 facultative : adjustment condition

3. TYPE OF AEROBIC &ANAEROBIC
BACTERIA
 Aerobic bacteria
1. Obligate aerobics : Ex. Pseudomonas
2.Facultative aerobics
 Anaerobic bacteria
1. Obligate anaerobic bacteria Ex. Clostridium botulinum , C. tetanic, bacteroids
2.Facultative anaerobic bacteria Ex. Staphylococcus &Escherichia coli
3. Microaerophiles bacteria Ex. Campylobacter
4. Capnophiles
5. Aerotolerant bacteria Ex . Lactobacillus bacteria
6. Oxidative enzyme dismutase & catalase : obligate aerobic & facultative
anaerobic

4. Pattern use for oxygen
Figure:

5. Temperature
 Most specifics bacteria can grow over a 30degree temp. range
 Type of bacteria base on bacteria :
1. Psychrophilic
2.Meshophiles
3. Thermophiles
 1. pschrophiles : cold loving bacteria
grow best at temp at 15- 20degree
a) Obligate psychrophiles : Ex. Bacillus globisporus & can’t grow above 20
b) Facultative psychrophiles Ex. Xanthomonas pharmicola & best grow
about 20degree

6. TEMPERATURE
3. Live at cold water , soil s
4. Listeria monocytogenes causes spoilage of refrigerated food & disease in
human
 Meshophiles : most of bacteria grow best at temp. 25-40 degree

 Thermophiles bacteria : heat loving bacteria & grow at the temp. 50-
60degree
1 obligate thermophiles : grow only at temp. 3-7degree
Ex. Bacillus strearothermophiles grow only at max. temp. 65-75degree
2. Facultative thermophiles :
3. Thermophiles sulfur bacteria : opt. grow temp .
Ex. Archaebacteria grow at 115

7. CONCENTRATION OF HYDROGEN PH
 pH : acidity & basicity of a medium.
 The microorganism grow best at the optimum pH
 Acidophilus
 Neutrophils
 Alkaliphiles
 Acidophiles : most bacteria grow at 1.5-5.4
Ex. Lactobacillus
Neutrophiles : exist pH 5.4-8.0
Alkaliphiles : pH 7-11.5
EX. Vibrio cholera
Asiatic cholera
Alkaligenes faecales
Soil bacteria : Agrobacteria pH 12

8. OSMATIC PRESSURE
 Bacterial membrane are semipermeable
 Halophorm Bacteria
 RADIATION : Deinococcus radio duress survive at 10,000Gray
 HYDROSTATICS PRESSURE : barophiles
 MOISTURE :

9. NUTRITIONAL FACTOR
 NUTRITINAL FACTORS
1. CARBON SOURCES
2. NITROGEN
3. TRACE ALIMANTS
 VITAMIN
 1. CARBON SOURCES : ENERGY SOURCES
 Synthesizes of cell components
photoautotrophic organism
Autotrophic &heterotrophic
2. NITROGEN : Synthesizes of amino acid , protein , nucleic acids & use in
cell components


10. NUTRITIONAL FACTORS
 SULFURE : Important at cell components & use in sulfur containing amino
acid , protein, coenzymes
 PHOPHOROUS : Obtained from phosphates ions
they synthesize of ATP , phospholipids & nucleic acids
TRACE ELEMENTS : Amount of minerals
copper , iron , cobalt , zinc,
COBALT : Synthesizes of vitamin B12 ( synocobalamine)
IRON : requires as hemoglobin
CALCIUM : requires as gram positive bacteria synthesize of cell wall & forming of
spores
VITAMINS : organic substances& requires in small amounts