This document discusses satellites and provides information about different types of orbits. It begins by defining what a satellite is and provides examples of natural and man-made satellites. It then lists the first 10 countries to launch satellites and the dates of their first launches. The document concludes by describing and comparing the 4 main types of orbits for satellites: geostationary Earth orbit (GEO), low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), and high Earth orbit (HEO). For each orbit type, it provides details on altitude, period, examples of applications, and distinguishing characteristics.

1. CITY UNIVERSITY
Faculty of Science and Engineering
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Spring 2021
Assignment On
Computer Network
Submitted to:
Pranab Bandhu Nath
Lecturer
Department of CSE
Submitted by:
Mahabuba Alam Mitu
1834902625

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SATELLITE
What Is a Satellite?
NASA has more than a dozen Earth science satellites in orbit. They help NASA study the oceans, land and atmosphere.
Credits: NASA
The Jason-2 satellite orbits Earth. It carries tools and sensors to help scientists study the oceans.
Credits: NASA

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The Sputnik satellite was about the size of a basketball and weighed 183 pounds.
Credits: NASA
This article is part of the NASA Knows! (Grades 5-8) series.
A satellite is a moon, planet or machine that orbits a planet or star. For example,
Earth is a satellite because it orbits the sun. Likewise, the moon is a satellite
because it orbits Earth. Usually, the word "satellite" refers to a machine that is
launched into space and moves around Earth or another body in space.
First launch by country
Order Country Date of first launch Rocket Satellite(s)
1 Soviet Union 4 October 1957 Sputnik-PS Sputnik 1
2 United States 1 February 1958 Juno I Explorer 1
3 France 26 November 1965 Diamant-A Astérix
4 Japan 11 February 1970 Lambda-4S Ohsumi
5 China 24 April 1970 Long March 1 Dong Fang Hong I
6 United Kingdom 28 October 1971 Black Arrow Prospero

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First launch by country
Order Country Date of first launch Rocket Satellite(s)
7 India 18 July 1980 SLV Rohini D1
8 Israel 19 September 1988 Shavit Ofeq 1
– [1]
Russia 21 January 1992 Soyuz-U Kosmos 2175
– [1]
Ukraine 13 July 1992 Tsyklon-3 Strela
9 Iran 2 February 2009 Safir-1 Omid
10 North Korea 12 December 2012 Unha-3 Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2
11 South Korea 30 January 2013 Naro-1 STSAT-2C
12 New Zealand 12 November 2018 Electron CubeSat
TYPES OF SATELLITE
1. GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit)
2. LEO (Low Earth Orbit)
3. MEO (Medium Earth Orbit)
4. HEO (High Earth Orbit)

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1. GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit)
o If a satellite should appear in fixed in the sky, it requires a period of 24
hours. Using the equation of distance earth and satellite, r =
(g.r2
/2.r.f)2
)1/3
and the period of 24 hours f = 1/24 h. the resulting
distance is 35,786 km. the orbit must have an inclination of 0 degree.
o Geostationary satellites have a distance of almost 36,000 km to the earth.
Examples are almost all TV and radio broadcast satellites, any weather
satellites and satellites operating as backbones for the telephone network.
2. LEO (Low Earth Orbit)
o As LEOs circulate on a lower orbit, it is obvious that they exhibit a much
shorter period (the typical duration of LEO periods are 95 to 120 minutes).
Additionally, LEO systems try to ensure a high elevation for every spot on
earth to provide a high quality communication link.
o Each LEO satellite will only be visible from the earth for about ten minutes.
3. MEO (Medium Earth Orbit)
o A MEO satellite situates in orbit somewhere between 6,000 km to 20,000 km
above the earth's surface.
o MEO satellites are similar to LEO satellites in the context of functionality.
o MEO satellites are similar to LEO satellite in functionality.
4. HEO (High Earth Orbit)
o The High Earth orbit satellite is the only non-circular orbit of the four types.
o HEO satellite operates with an elliptical orbit, with a maximum altitude
(apogee) similar to GEO, and a minimum altitude (perigee) similar to the
LEO.