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1. By – SURESH KUMAR ( Nursing Tutor )
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2. ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Acute glomerulonephritis is defined as
inflammation and subsequent damage
of the glomeruli leading to hematuria,
proteinuria, and azotemia; Glomeruli
remove excess fluid, electrolytes and
waste from bloodstream and pass them
into urine

3. ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Acute glomerulonephritis (GN) comprises a specific set
of renal diseases in which an immunologic mechanism
triggers inflammation and proliferation of glomerular
tissue that can result in damage to the basement
membrane, mesangium, or capillary endothelium. Acute
nephritic syndrome is the most serious and potentially
devastating form of the various renal syndromes.

4. CAUSES OF
ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Many conditions can cause glomerulonephritis.
Infections
Immune diseases
Vasculitis

5. Infections
•Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Glomerulonephritis may develop a
week or two after recovery from a strep throat infection or, rarely, a skin
infection (impetigo). To fight the infection, your body produces extra antibodies
that can eventually settle in the glomeruli, causing inflammation.
• Bacterial endocarditis. Bacteria occasionally can spread through bloodstream
and lodge in heart, causing an infection of one or more of your heart valves.
Bacterial endocarditis is associated with glomerular disease.
•Viral infections. Viral infections, such as the human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV), hepatitis B and hepatitis C, can trigger glomerulonephritis.

6. Immune diseases
•Lupus. Lupus is a systemic autoimmune disease that occurs when your body's
immune system attacks your own tissues and organs, lupus can affect many parts
of your body, including your skin, joints, kidneys, blood cells, heart and lungs.
•Goodpasture's syndrome. A rare immunological lung disorder that can mimic
pneumonia, Goodpasture's syndrome causes bleeding in your lungs as well as
glomerulonephritis.
•IgA nephropathy. Characterized by recurrent episodes of blood in the urine,
this primary glomerular disease results from deposits of immunoglobulin A (IgA)
in the glomeruli. IgA nephropathy can progress for years with no noticeable
symptoms.

7. Vasculitis
• Polyarteritis. This form of vasculitis affects small
and medium blood vessels in many parts of your
body, such as your heart, kidneys and intestines.
•Granulomatosis with polyangiitis. This form of
vasculitis, formerly known as Wegener's
granulomatosis, affects small and medium blood
vessels in your lungs, upper airways and kidneys.

8. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF
ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
puffiness of face in the morning
blood in urine (or brown urine)
urinating less than usual.
 Short of breath and cough
 High blood pressure.
Tachycardia
Visual disturbances

9. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF
ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Lack of appetite
Nausea and vomiting
Tiredness
Difficulty sleeping
Dry and itchy skin
Nighttime muscle cramps
Unconciousness

10. Diagnostic Investigations-
Urine examination for hematuria, specific gravity and
albuminuria.
Blood Examination for Urea and creatinine
Antistreptolysin O titre (ASLO)
ECG

11. Treatment-
Normally there is no treatment for acute
Glomerulonephritis. it is a self limiting disease and
patients recover within two or three weeks. Only
supportive treatment is needed which includes antibiotic
to treat infection, hypotensive drugs to control
hypertension, Magnesium Sulphate in case of
encephalopathy to reduce cerebral edema. sedatives
sometime patient we need dialysis.

12. Nursing Management -
The child may be advised bed rest and activity
limitation which may be started again as condition
improves.
Vital signs are monitored such as heart rate ,
respiratory rate and temperature and recorded.
The balance diet is provided to maintain sufficient
nutritional status.

13. Nursing Management -
Intake output chart should be maintained. Daily
recording of weight, edema and appearance is important
nursing management in acute glomerulonephritis.
Child should be provided with low salt and low
protein diet. Salty chips or wafers should be avoided.
Recreation and play therapy in the bed is important to
divert child’s attention.

14. Nursing Management -
Proper skin care and timely management of skin
wound is to be done.
Parents should be explained about the disorder and
possible treatment to alleviate their anxiety.
Assessment of respiratory status is done and should
be notified in case of deterioration.

15. Nursing Management -
Parents should be explained about need for proper
follow-up visits as and when required.
Other Nursing interventions – includes all nursing
care of hospitalized child that we have discussed in
previous lecture under heading Nursing care of
hospitalized child in the lecture “Child Health Nursing”.

16. By – SURESH KUMAR ( Nursing Tutor )
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