building material

1. Cement:
Cement is the mixture of calcareous, siliceous, argillaceous
and other substances. Cement is used as a binding material in
mortar, concrete, etc.
Cement is a building material
for binding bricks, stones or
aggregates.
Used for making mortar or
concrete.
Cements- natural and artificial.
Natural cement-burning and
crushing of stones and lime.
Artificial cement-burning at
high temperature and gypsum
is added.

2. Composition
Lime- excess will decrease the strength. Deficiency will make it set
quickly.
Silica- higher silica increases the strength but setting time is
prolonged.
Alumina- results in quick setting. Excess alumina weakens cement.
Iron oxide- for hardness and strength.
Magnesia- hardness and colour.

4. 13 Types of Cement and their Uses
•Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
•Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
•Rapid Hardening Cement
•Quick setting cement
•Low Heat Cement
•Sulfates resisting cement
•Blast Furnace Slag Cement
•High Alumina Cement
•White Cement
•Colored cement
•Air Entraining Cement
•Expansive cement
•Hydrographic cement

5. 1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
Ordinary Portland cement is the most
widely used type of cement, which is
suitable for all general concrete
construction.
It is the most commonly produced and
used type of cement around the world,
with annual global production of
around 3.8 million cubic meters per
year.
This cement is suitable for all kinds of
concrete construction.

6. 2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
Portland pozzolana cement is prepared by
grinding pozzolanic clinker with Portland
cement. It is also produced by adding
pozzolana with the addition of gypsum or
calcium sulfate or by intimately and
uniformly blending Portland cement and
fine pozzolana.
.
This cement has a high resistance to various chemical attacks on
concrete compared with ordinary portland cement, and thus, it is
widely used.
It is used in marine structures, sewage works, sewage works, and for
laying concrete underwater, such as bridges, piers, dams, and mass
concrete works, etc

7. 3. Rapid Hardening Cement
Rapid hardening cement attains high strength in
the early days;
it is used in concrete where formworks are
removed at an early stage and are similar to
ordinary portland cement (OPC). This cement
has increased lime content and contains higher
c3s content and finer grinding, which gives
higher strength development than OPC at an
early stage.
The strength of rapid hardening cement at the
three days is similar to 7 days strength of OPC
with the same water-cement ratio. Thus, the
advantage of this cement is that formwork can
be removed earlier, which increases the rate of
construction and decreases the cost of
construction by saving formwork cost.
Rapid hardening cement is used in
prefabricated concrete construction, road
works, etc.

8. 4. Quick setting cement
The difference between the quick setting cement and rapid hardening
cement is that quick-setting cement sets earlier. At the same time, the
rate of gain of strength is similar to Ordinary Portland Cement, while
quick hardening cement gains strength quickly. Formworks in both
cases can be removed earlier.
Quick setting cement is used where works is to be completed in very
short period and for concreting in static or running water

9. 5. Low Heat Cement
Low heat cement is produced by maintaining the percentage of tricalcium
aluminate below 6% by increasing the proportion of C2S.
A small quantity of tricalcium aluminate makes the concrete to produce
low heat of hydration. Low heat cement suitable for mass concrete
construction like gravity dams, as the low heat of hydration, prevents the
cracking of concrete due to heat.
This cement has increased power against sulphates and is less reactive
and initial setting time is greater than OPC.

10. 6. Sulfates Resisting Cement
Sulfate resisting cement is used to reduce the risk of sulfate attack on
concrete and thus is used in the construction of foundations where
the soil has high sulfate content. This cement has reduced the
contents of C3A and C4AF.
Sulfate resisting cement is used in construction exposed to severe
sulfate action by water and soil in places like canals linings, culverts,
retaining walls, siphons, etc.
7. Blast Furnace Slag Cement
Blast furnace slag cement is obtained by
grinding the clinkers with about 60%
slag and resembles more or less in
properties of Portland cement. It can be
used for works where economic
considerations are predominant.

11. 8. High Alumina Cement
High alumina cement is obtained by
melting a mixture of bauxite and lime
and grinding with the clinker. It is a
rapid hardening cement with initial and
final setting time of about 3.5 and 5
hours, respectively.
The compressive strength of this
cement is very high and more workable
than ordinary portland cement and is
used in works where concrete is
subjected to high temperatures, frost,
and acidic action.
9. White Cement
It is prepared from raw materials
free from Iron oxide and is a type of
ordinary portland cement, which is
white. It is costlier and is used for
architectural purposes such as
precast curtain wall and facing
panels, terrazzo surface, etc.
and for interior and exterior
decorative work like external
renderings of buildings, facing
slabs, floorings, ornamental
concrete products, paths of
gardens, swimming pools, etc.

12. 10. Colored cement
It is produced by mixing 5- 10% mineral
pigments with ordinary cement. They are
widely used for decorative works on floors.
11. Air Entraining Cement
Air entraining cement is produced by
adding indigenous air-entraining agents
such as resins, glues, sodium salts of
sulfates, etc. during the grinding of clinker.
This type of cement is especially suited to
improve the workability with a smaller
water-cement ratio and to improve frost
resistance of concrete.
The primary use of air-entraining
concrete is for freeze-thaw resistance.
The air voids provide pressure relief sites
during a freeze event, allowing the water
inside the concrete to freeze without
inducing large internal stresses. Another
related use is for deicer-scaling
resistance.

13. 12. Expansive Cement
Expansive cement expands slightly with
time and does not shrink during and after
the time of hardening. This cement is
mainly used for grouting anchor bolts and
prestressed concrete ducts.
13. Hydrographic cement
Hydrographic cement is prepared by mixing
water-repelling chemicals and has high
workability and strength. It has the
property of repelling water and is
unaffected during monsoon or rains.
Hydrophobic cement is mainly used for the
construction of water structures such as
dams, water tanks, spillways, water
retaining structures, etc.

14. •To prepare cement mortar
•To prepare cement concrete
•To build fire proof and thermal proof structures
•To build hydrographic and frost resistant structures
•To build chemical proof structures
•As a grout material
•To construct Cement concrete roads
•To manufacture precast members
•For aesthetic concrete constructio
Uses of cement

15. 1. To Prepare Cement Mortar
Cement mortar is like a paste which is prepared by adding certain quantity of
water to cement and sand mixture.
Cement in this case is denoted as matrix while sand is termed as adulterant.
We know Cement has good binding properties while there are other binding
materials are also available, but cement is mostly used because of its high
strength and water resisting properties.
It is used to create a strong bond between bricks, stones in a masonry.
Plastering is done by cement mortar which
gives smooth finish to the structure.
Cement molds of different shapes can be
made using cement mortar. It is also used
to seal the joints of brickwork and stone
work or cracks.
Generally, the cement sand ratio in a
mortar is in between 1:2 to 1:6. The ratio of
cement and sand mix is decided based on
the importance of work.

16. 2. To Prepare Cement Concrete
Cement concrete is a major building material in the world which is widely using
because of its marvelous structural properties. The ingredients of cement
concrete are cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water respectively.
In general, ordinary Portland cement is used to prepare concrete. But for special
cases or based on different circumstances many types of cements like rapid
hardening cement, high alumina cement etc. are discovered.

17. 3. To Build Fire Proof or Heat Proof Structures
To with stand against high temperatures and to prevent fire
accidents structures should be built with great fire-resistant
materials like cement. High alumina cement is more suitable
material to make concrete for the structures in high
temperature regions.

18. 4. To Build Hydrographic and Frost
Resistant Structures
Most of the hydrographic structures in the
world are built using concrete with cement
as binding material. The structures built in
water or in contact with water should be
very strong against moisture and they
should be water tight.
Many types of cements like hydrophobic
cement, expanding cement, pozzolana
cement, quick setting cement etc. are most
suitable for constructing water retaining
structures. Quick setting cement is very
much useful in the case when there is
limited time to construct under water
structures.
Hydrophobic cement had more resistance
against frost actions, so it can be used to
build structures in snow regions also.

19. 5. To Build Chemical Proof
Structures
In chemical industries, different
chemicals are stored and they may
damage the structure if proper
resistance is not there. Acid
resistant cement is very much
useful in this case.
Similarly, for the constructions
under marine conditions, sewage
carrying structures etc. Sulphate
resistant cement is useful.

20. 6. For Grouting
Grouting is the process of filling cracks,
joints, openings in foundations or any
other structural members to improve
their strength. In general, ordinary
Portland cements is used as grout
material to which required amount of
water and sand is added.
To fill very fine cracks or to fill deep thin
cracks micro fine cement is most
suitable. Micro fine cement contains
very finer particles than the ordinary
Portland cement so it can flow into very
fine and deep cracks in quick time.

21. 7. To Construct Cement Concrete Roads
Cement concrete roads are more
famous as high standard roads which
are stronger than all other types of
roads. They are also called as rigid
pavements because of their rigid nature.
C.C roads have long life span even
without proper maintenance. Load wise
also they are much capable than all
other types.
8. To Manufacture Precast Members
Many precast members are made using
cement as binding material. Cement
concrete pipes are widely used as drains,
pipes under culverts etc. Cement concrete
brick masonry is more famous because of
the size of block, ease of construction and
strength etc.
Water tanks and septic tanks are generally
constructed by cement concrete rings.
Many other things like garden seats, flower
pots, dust bins, lam posts etc. are
manufactured using cement.

22. 9. For Aesthetic Structures
Now a days cement is available in many
colors. This is done by adding coloring
agent while manufacturing cement but the
percentage of coloring agent should be
below 10%. Some of the coloring agents are
iron oxide which gives red or brown, cobalt
which gives blue etc.
The colored cement makes the structure
beautiful without any painting. Colored
cements generally used for floor finishing,
stair treads, window sill slabs, external wall
surfaces etc..

23. PORTLAND CEMENT

24. Manufacturing Process Of Portland Cement
Step 1.
Mixing Of Raw Materials
The major raw materials used in the manufacture of cement are Calcium,
Silicon, Iron and Aluminum. These minerals are used in different form as per
the availability of the minerals.
The Calcareous and Argillaceous Materials used in Manufacturing Process
of Portland Cement are shown in the Table in the Next Slide.

26. Manufacturing Processes Of Portland Cement
There are 2-Types of Processes that can be used to
Manufacture
Portland Cement.
Which are :
1 Wet Process
2 Dry Process

27. DRY Process
• The both calcareous and argillaceous
raw materials are firstly crushed in the
gyratory crushers to get 2-5cm size
pieces separately. The crushed
materials are
again grinded to get fine particles into
ball or tube mill.
• Each finely grinded material is stored
in hopper after screening. Now these
powdered minerals are mixed in
required proportion to get dry raw mix
which is
then stored in silos and kept ready to
be sent into rotary kiln. Now the raw
materials are mixed in specific
proportions so that the average
composition of the
final product is maintained properly.

28. WET Process
• The raw materials are firstly crushed and
made into powdered form and stored in silos.
The
clay is then washed in washing mills to remove
adhering organic matters found in clay.
• The powdered limestone and water washed
clay are sent to flow in the channels and
transfer
to grinding mills where they are completely
mixed and the paste is formed, i.e., known as
slurry.
• The grinding process can be done in ball or
tube mill or even both. Then the slurry is led
into
collecting basin where composition can be
adjusted. The slurry contains around 38-40%
water that is stored in storage tanks and kept
ready for the rotary kiln.

30. Step 2. Grinding Of Clinkers
• The cooled clinkers are received from the cooling pans and sent into mills. The
clinkers are grinded finely into powder in ball mill or tube mill. Powdered gypsum
is added around 2-3% as retarding agent during final grinding.
The final obtained
product is cement that does not settle quickly when comes in contact with water.
• After the initial setting time of the cement, the cement becomes stiff and the
gypsum retards the dissolution of tri-calcium aluminates by forming tricalcium
sulfoaluminate which is insoluble and prevents too early further reactions of
setting and hardening.
3CaO.Al2O3 + xCaSO4.7H2O = 3CaO.Al2O3.xCaSO4.7H2O

31. Step 3.
Storage and Packaging
• The grinded cement is stored in silos, from which it is marketed
either in container load or 50kg bags.

33. FIELD TESTING
LABORATORY TESTING
METHODS OF TESTING

34. Open the bag and take a good look at the cement,
then it should not contain any visible lumps.
Colour of cement should be greenish grey.
Should get cool feeling when thrusted.
When we touch the cement, it should give a smooth
&not a gritty feeling.
When we throw the cement on a bucket full of water
before it sinks the particles should flow.
When we make a stiff paste of cement & cut it with
sharp edges & kept on a glass plate under water there
wont be any disturbance to the shape& should get
strength after 24hours.
FIELD TESTING

35. Fineness test
Standard consistency test
Setting time test
Strength test
Soundness test
Heat of hydration test
Chemical composition test
LABORATORY TESTS