Antimicrobial activities and biochemical components of Dates(barai)fruit

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1. INTRODUCTION
Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as date or date palm, is a flowering plant species in the
palm family, Arecaceae, cultivated for its edible sweet fruit called dates. It’s relief from
constipation, it cures anemia, it help to cure diarrhea and abdominal cancer. Dates will boost
energy, relieve intoxication, promote heart health reduce inflammation encourage weight gain.
The species is widely cultivated across northern Africa the middle east and south Asia and is
naturalized in many tropical and subtropical region worldwide phoenix dactylifera is the type of
genus phoenix, which contains 12-19 species of wild date palm Dates have been cultivated in the
Middle East and Indus valley for thousands of years. There is archaeological evidence of date
cultivation in Arabia from the 6th
millennium BCE. The total world production dates amount of
8.5millions metric tons, countries of the Middle East, North Africa being the largest producers
and consumers
Scientific classification
 Kingdom: Plantae
 Clade: Tracheophytes
 Clade: Angiosperms
 Clade: Monocots
 Clade: Commelinids
 Order: Arecales
 Family: Arecaceae
 Genus: Phoenix
 Species: P. dactylifera.
The date provides various kinds of antioxidants to treat different diseases. Antioxidant protects
your cells from free radicals that may cause harmful reaction in your body lead to disease. Dates
are rich in antioxidants including
1. Carotenoids – it is very beneficial for your heart health. It also reduces the risk of eye related
disorder

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2. Flavonoids-It is powerful antioxidant with multiple benefits. It is known for its anti-
inflammatory properties. Studies have been shown that it is used to reduce the risk of diabetes,
Alzheimer’s disease and certain types of cancers.
3. Phenolic acid – it has anti-inflammatory properties and helps to reduce the risk of some
cancers and heart issues.
People all over the world dates are of very importance and are growing in many places in the
world. They are customarily used to break the day long fast during the holy month of Ramadan
(Al Farsi and Lee, 2008; Al-Sahib and Marshall, 2003). Date palms are monocotyledon,
dioeciously and can grow up to an altitude of 1500 m in well-drained soils. Currently they are
cultivated in the Middle East, North Africa, parts of Central and South Amen.
Varieties of dates:
Estimates are that based on the shape and organoleptic properties of the fruits, there are more
than 600 varieties of dates (Ahmed et al., 1995; Zaid, 1999). Some of the important date
varieties grown around the world are Aabel, Ajwah, Al-Baraka, Amir Hajj, Abide Rahim, Barari,
Baht, Bekreri, Bomaan, Bouhattam, Barakawi, Bireir, Deglet Noor, Dabbas, Dayri, Empress,
Fard, Ftimi, Garn ghzal, Halawi, Haleema, Hayany, Iteema, Jabri, Kenta, Khadrawy, Khlas,
Kenta, Kodary, Korkobbi, Khusatawi, Lulu, Maktoomi, Maghool, Manakbir, Mermilla, Medjool,
Mejraf, Mishriq, Nabtat-seyf, Naptit Saif, Nefzaoui, Raziz, Rotab, Rotbi, Sagai, Smiti, Shikat
alkahlas, Sagay, Shishi, Shikat alkahlas, Sokkery, Saidi, Sayir, Sekkeri, Shabebe, Sellaj, Sultana,
Tagyat, Tamej, Thoory, Umeljwary, Umelkhashab, Zahidi and Bericcha Paz- ham (Al Noimi
and Al Amir, 1980; Al-Shahib and Marshall, 2003; Chaira et al., 2009; Chandra et al.,
1992-; Habib and Ibrahim, 2009). Dates are inﬂuenced by environmental conditions and this
has at times led to ‘cultivars’ with similar morphological characters being given the same
varietal name e.g. Khalas Oman and Khalas Bahraini (Al Noimi and Al-Amir, 1980; Fadel et
al., 2006).
Date fruiting and the stage:
The date palm fruits once in a year and post pollination pass through ﬁve stages development
to reach full maturity. The whole process is lengthy and takes approximately seven months.

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When ripe the fruit may be yellow to reddish brown in color. Dates are found in clusters and
each bunch may weigh about 10 kg,The sweetness and texture of date fruit is closely related to
the maturity and ripeness stage (Zaid, 1999). During the growth and development of the date
fruit, several external and internal changes are observed with color and chemical composition.
Based on the Arabic practice dates are classiﬁed in to ﬁve stages viz. Hababouk, Kimri, Khalal,
Rutab and Tamar and the same terms have been internationally accepted (Al-Shahib and
Marshall, 2003; Fadel et al., 2006; Zaid, 1999). Much interest exists today regarding the
successful application of tissue culture techniques to propagation of members of the palm family
(Eeuwens and Blake, 1977; Jones, 1974a-, Reuveni and Lilien-Kipnis, 1974). The date palm
is propagated clonally through offshoots. Offshoots are axillary buds which grow from the trunk
of the tree during its early life. A limited number of offshoots are produced during the lifetime of
a date palm. Before transplanting, the offshoots usually must remain attached to the parent tree
until an adequate root system develops. Production of plantlets through tissue culture may
lessen dependence on dissert Date Palm Propagation Offshoot propagation and substantially
augment the production of clones of superior date genotypes. This paper describes totipotency of
date palm tissue in culture. From time immemorial, fruits constituted a major component of the
human diet. Besides being a part of the regular diet, people also consumed fruits as a part of their
religious practices as well as nutritional therapy in different human traditions around the world.
However, in modern industrialized nations, like the United States (US), human food selections
and dietary patterns are not governed mainly by their nutritional significance or health benefits.
Instead, they have been determined by necessity and economics and influenced by the promotion
of foods more on their merits of taste, cost, or convenience (Heber and Bowerman, 2001). In
the US, the public has recently realized the health benefits of fruits and vegetables and
recognized them as one of the healthiest foods in existence. This is evident from the results of
USDA’s 1994–1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals released in 1998. The
survey reported that Americans eat only two to three servings of fruits and vegetables and a
minority does not eat them at all (Beltsville Human) Between the bottom in the 4th quarter of
1996 and the peak in the first quarter of 2006, real home prices rose 86% nationally in the United
States (Shiller, 2007). However, there was a dramatic fall in house prices beginning mid-2006.
While there was a slight turnaround in late 2009 and early 2010, house prices reverted back to
record lows in the latter half of 2010 “Housing is the business cycle” (Leamer, 2007). What

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goes on in the housing sector has a significant impact on the real sector of the economy. Housing
prices affect GDP growth both directly via new home construction and indirectly through
changes in private household wealth, leading to changes in consumer spending (Ducca et al.,
2011). Given the significant share of housing wealth in the overall private household wealth, it is
not surprising that the severe downturn in the housing market ushered in the worst recession
since the Great Depression of the 1930s. As the slump in the housing market continued due to
the overhang of distressed and foreclosed properties, tight credit conditions, and ongoing
concerns among potential borrowers and lenders about continued decline in house prices, the
economic recovery process became slow and erratic (Bernanke, 2011).In this backdrop,
forecasting house prices has become even more important than ever before. But what types of
forecasting models should be used? Our literature search indicates that relatively few studies
have conducted house price forecasting exercises using alternative modeling techniques. The
pioneering work in this respect was carried out by Case and (Shiller1989), in which they
performed tests of market efficiency for the housing market using their weighted repeat sales
price index for the first time. Existing studies on house price forecasting have mostly used time
series models. For example, Zhou (1997) and Guirguis et al. (2005) utilized multivariate time
series modeling approach, which presupposes an underlying theoretical relationship. Zhou used a
Vector Error Correction (VEC) model to forecast sales and median prices of existing single
family homes in the US between 1991 and 1994 using national data. He found that the predicted
values of sales and prices fitted the actual data well and hence would be useful in guiding policy
decisions. Guirguis et al. ,(2005) acknowledged that modeling house price appreciation has been
a challenge for theoreticians and econometricians alike due to the strong vulnerability of the
housing sector to structural changes, macro policies, regime switching, and market
imperfections. They justifiably questioned the validity of constant coefficient approaches of prior
studies to forecast house prices and instead first tested for parameter instability in the sub-
samples using a sequence of Chow tests and Ramsey’s RESET tests. Their findings confirmed
coefficient instability in the house price equation. Subsequently, they applied time-varying
coefficients approach to estimate GARCH, AR, Kalman filters, and VEC models from 1975-
1985 and generated forecasts of house prices from 1985-1998. Based on Mean Square Forecast
Error (MSFE) comparisons, a rolling GARCH model as well as a Kalman filter model with
autoregressive representation outperformed the rest.By contrast, Crawford and Fratantoni

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(2003), and subsequently (Miles2008), adopted a univariate time series approach with a special
focus on nonlinear price dynamics in the housing market. Crawford and (Fratantoni2003) used
a Markov regime switching model to capture the boom-bust cycle of the housing market. The
underlying intuition addressed the price dynamics that may vary between booms and busts,
resulting in discrete changes in time series properties of house prices over different cycles. They
estimated the Markov model using state-level data on repeat transactions home price indices for
California, Florida, Massachusetts, Ohio, and Texas. They compared the model’s forecasting
performance with that of ARIMA and GARCH models, and while Markov regime switching
model performed better in-sample, simple linear ARIMA model generally performed better out-
of-sample. (Miles 2008) built upon the study of Crawford and Fratantoni (2003) by using the
same state- level data. In view of the poor out-of-sample performance of Markov regime
switching models, Miles (2008) employed a few other nonlinear modeling techniques, including
the Threshold Autoregressive (TAR) and Generalized Autoregressive (GAR) models. He failed
to find any empirical evidence for TAR effects in house price data for the sample. GAR
performed generally better than ARIMA and GARCH models in out-of-sample forecasting. His
general conclusion was that GAR performs substantially better than Markov switching models at
forecasting house prices, particularly in states associated with high home price volatility.In this
study, we also focus on nonlinear price dynamics in the housing market but use a very different
modeling technique. We explore alternatives to Markov regime switch type models since
Crawford and (Fratantoni 2003) findings in this regard (that Markov regime switching did not
perform as well in out-of-sample compared to linear ARMA type model) were also corroborated
by Bessec and (Bouabdallah2005) in a simulation based study1. On the other hand, while
Miles’ GAR modeling approach performed the best in out-of-sample forecasting exercise, such a
model lacks the theoretical underpinning of the Markov model as it is primarily a data fitting
technique. Instead, in the presence of extremely sharp and unprecedented upturns and downturns
in the housing market, we ask if the house price series has undergone fundamental structural
shifts during this period.Our literature search indicates that the issue of structural break in time
series data has been studied to some extent in the financial market literature, especially in the
aftermath of the Asian or Russian financial crisis in 1997 and 1998, to analyze dynamic market
linkages before and after the crisis. For example, see Andreou and Ghysels (2002), Ho and
Wan (2002), Gerlach et al. (2006), Tsouma (2007), Lucey and Voronkova (2008) in this

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regard. However,existing literature has not looked into the issue of structural change in house
price series. And yet some of the explanations offered for the recent housing crisis have made it
imperative that we examine the possibility of structural breaks in house price series before
conducting forecasting experiments. For example,(Shiller 2007).characterized the housing boom
that lasted till 2006 as a classic speculative bubble driven largely by expectations of unusually
high future price increases. This speculative psychology, in turn, brought forth institutional
changes in the form of proliferation of new mortgage credit institutions, deterioration of lending
standards, growth of subprime loans among others. Similar views were also expressed by
(Bernanke 2010), Kohn (2007), and Dokko et al. (2009). In the end, the market dynamics were
such that they created a vicious cycle in which the expectation of rapidly rising house prices fed
mortgage credit expansion, which in turn pushed housing prices up even further until it became
unsustainable (Obtsfeld and Rogoff, 2009). Hence it is worth asking whether the institutional
changes that took place in the financial market in the first half of the last decade prior to the
onset of the housing crisis may have fundamentally altered the time series properties of house
price series.To the best of our knowledge, our paper is the first attempt in endogenously
modeling structural break in house price series. In a similar vein to Crawford and (Fratantoni
2003), as well as (Miles 2008), we also use a univariate time series modeling approach in this
paper. However, our empirical analysis differs from Crawford and (Fratantoni 2003), and
(Miles 2008) ,in the following respects: First, by concentrating on a very recent time period that
encompasses the current housing crisis, we incorporate not only a period of prolonged sharp
upturn but also a period of sharp downturn in house prices. Second, as (Shiller 2007), observed,
the last boom in the housing market differed from prior booms in that it was more of a
nationwide event rather than a regional event. Therefore we use an aggregate compositeUsing
Monte Carlo study on a wide range of specifications, (Besecand Bouabdallah2005), found
Markov regime model to perform poorly in general in out-of-sample forecasting due to its failure
to predict future regimes. Their findings lend empirical support to the theoretical results obtained
by Dacco and Satchell (1999).house price index instead of state-level data. Third, we perform
tests for multiple structural breaks in the house price series using the recent Bai-Perron
methodology (Bai and Perron, 1998, 2003), that endogenously determines break points.Using a
10-City Composite S&P/Case-Shiller aggregate monthly seasonally adjusted house price index
for the time period 1995-2010, our results indicate that the nonstationary house price series has

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undergone important structural changes during the sample period. Fundamental structural shifts
in the series have occurred at February 2001, October 2003, April 2006, and August 2008, with
the last shift coinciding with the recent housing market collapse. Hence any time series
forecasting exercise that ignores the structural break possibility may run into model
misspecification.
Next we compare the forecasting performance of nonstationary models (with break related
information incorporated) to four competing models – namely, Random Acceleration (RA),
simple ARMA as well as Self-Exciting Threshold Autoregressive (SETAR) and Smooth
Transition Autoregressive (STAR) models. In view of the fact that the S&P/Case-Shiller house
price index series is found to be I(2), we model the first difference in house price series to follow
a random walk; i.e., the RA model. ARMA type model is most widely used in the literature for
the purpose of forecasting and has become the standard specification. We apply the SETAR and
STAR models as alternatives to Markov Regime Switch model to capture nonlinear price
dynamics in the housing market.2Comparison across alternative models using Root Mean Square
Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) criteria indicates that the nonstationary model
with break in trend outperforms all other models in terms of in-sample forecasting. In that sense,
it is the best fitted model for the given time series. However, the structural breaks model does not
yield the best results in out-of-sample forecasting. Further, in terms of performance by the
modified Diebold-Mariano test (see Harvey et al., 1997), none of the models performs
significantly better than the rest. This may have been due to the fact that the house price series
has undergone yet another structural change in the hold-out period during 2009-2010 which
could not be investigated due to trimming considerations associated with the Bai-Perron
methodology. Furthermore, while ARMA has typically outperformed the Markov in out-of-
sample forecasting in the literature, we do not find empirical evidence of ARMA outperforming
SETAR and STAR in our empirical study. Our overall findings clearly demonstrate that models
of house prices have not remained stable during the sample period. We strongly recommend
taking such nonlinearities into account when conducting forecasting exercises and formulating
housing policy. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Moroccan population used traditional
herbal medicines to prevent this disease. Although we have no facts about the biological effects
on the coronavirus, these plants have innumerable benefits because of the diversity of the
secondary metabolites which they contain. These plants are rich in bioactive substances. The

8
majority of these compounds, especially essential oils, are well known for their positive
biological effects on respiratory and circulatory functions. The current work focuses on the study
of medicinal plants used for the prevention purposes during the Covid-19 in Morocco (Aninane
2018).The search for new, bioactive chemical compounds have received a great interest, either in
drug development or in the food industry. In fact, production of natural drugs or fungicides from
plant sources has become an essential element in developing countries, bordering on high rate of
health and environmental problems, and related infectious diseases (Sashi and et al., 2003).
Therefore, the therapeutic properties of plants have become an essential element of healthcare all
over the world. Consequently, new bioactive molecules merit consideration for their best
therapeutic uses, such as antibiotics and antifungal medication, as well as to preserve the
environment and people's health. Based on the World Health Organization’s (WHO)
investigation, almost 80% of African populations rely exclusively on plants for their primary
healthcare needs (Sujatha, 2005), while about 61% of herbal medicines are commercialized all
over the world (Patel and Kumar, 2008). Furthermore, essential constituents of plants are not
only used as plant extracts for therapy, but they are also used in the search for precursors of
potential active chemical compounds and in drug development (Cragg ,et al., 1997).Due to the
alarming increase in the number of pathogenic microorganisms which are resistant to drugs and,
therefore, compromise the existing antibiotic and antifungal agents, updating of antibiotic and
antifungal formula or addition of a new active agent has become a challenging research field
(Boulenouar and et al., 2009).Phoenix dactylifera L. (date palm) is specie belonging to
Arecaceae family represents a source of food interest for populations of desert regions. It is
distributed in arid areas, particularly in South Asia, North Africa and parts of Central America
(Zaid and De Wet, 1999).
In Algeria, various parts of date palm as well as the date fruits and seeds are used for prophylaxis
and treatment of many human diseases. According to an ethnobotanical study, parts of date palm
are traditionally used to treat anemia and demineralization, in infusion for cold, as a gargle for
sore throat, crushed in water to treat hemorrhoids, constipation and jaundice. Green dates are
toning, aphrodisiac and can treat intestinal disorders such as diarrhea (Benchelah and Maka,
2006). Date palm syrup is useful in the treatment of broncho-pulmonary infections and is also
used as a sedative. The powdered seeds are used as food supplements, and as coffee substitute
(Bellakhdar, 1997).The date palm pulp is used as a sweetener in the preparation of beer as well

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as in other industrial processes, especially in the production of syrup and confectionery
(Rahman and et al., 2007). Date palm seed meal has beenmarketed to replace coffee powder
(Martin-Sanchez and al., 2013). Some researchers have described the importance of date pollen
in traditional medicine. It is widely used to treat male infertility. Indeed, the aphrodisiac effect of
date palm pollen extract may be attributed to the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins
in the extract (Abedi and et al., 2014).Baliga and co-workers (Baliga and et al., 2011) reported
the beneficial effects of phenolic compounds from date fruits. They are considered as
antioxidants, anti-carcinogenic, anti-microbial, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory agents, and
they reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. The Pseudomonas phage ATCC 14209-B1 is
known as a resistant germ to disinfection. However, it is known that the natural extract of date’s
seeds have a strong ability to inhibit the infectivity of this germ (Jassim and Naji,
2007).Moreover, extraction and purification of organic molecules from many natural sources
have become essential. Some of these compounds are used by the pharmaceutical and food
industries as safe additives and functional foods (Shahidi and Naczk, 2004) and to prevent
serious systemic infections of plants (Boulenouar and et al., 2009).
The current study was conducted in order to identify some bioactive compounds extracted from
date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds and pollen, and to evaluate their antibacterial and
antifungal properties. Regular consumption of dates increases the blood circulation and is ideal
for purification of blood. - Dates are an effective remedy for problems related to menstruation
and anaemia. - It helps to increase the rate of haemoglobin in pregnant women.
Benefits of Dates with Milk at Night:
 Reinforces and refreshes the skin.
 Thickens and strengthens hair texture.
 It helps prevent anemia and better blood circulation.
 Improve eyesight and eye health.
Benefits of Dates soaked overnight in water:
Soak them overnight and consume them the next morning. The results have been great for weak
hearts. Overnight soaked dates reduce heart strokes and other heart-related diseases. The same
overnight soaked dates are helpful in reducing alcoholic intoxication and hangovers. Dates exude

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natural cooling effect and pacify the body besides boosting immunity. Traditional medical
practitioners recommend soaking 4 to 6 dry dates overnight and consuming it daily in the
morning, along with water for boosting immunity. Ayurveda describes that the phytohormones
present in these tasty fruits mimic the functioning of oxytocin often touted as a cuddle or love
hormone. If you are on a weight-gain regimen, bring home dry dates to expedite the process.
Researchers believe that the sugars in this fruit are complex carbohydrates, heavy to digest and
aid in slow release of energy into the bloodstream by keeping you satiated for a long time and
that’s why Ayurveda strongly recommends eating soaked dry dates before eating lunch or dinner
to feel food and cut down on food. Dry Dates For Children:
. The constant of making date syrup through traditional methods:
 Sanitation principles are not a big part of the production and packaging.
 The product is not suitable and has a very dark color.
 The production rate is low.
 The syrup is not concentrated enough.
 The syrup doesn’t taste ideal because of unwanted minerals.
Properties and nutritional of date syrup:
Acidity Date syrup should have an acidity of 0.5-1.3% of acetic acid.
Color Date syrup is transparent if produced in natural and healthy conditions.
Ph The syrup should have a pH of 3.5-4.3.
Soluble Solids: The allowed amount of soluble solids in the date syrup is 67-73.
Ash The syrup should have a maximum of 1.5% ash.
Reducing Sugars The amount of reducing sugars in date syrup is 58%.

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2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Phoenix dactylifera commonly known as the date palm is a primeval plant and has been
cultivated for its edible fruit in the desert oasis of the Arab world for centuries. The fruits are a
rich source of carbohydrates, dietary fibers, certain essential vitamins and minerals. The date pits
are also an excellent source of dietary fiber and contain considerable amounts of minerals, lipids
and protein. In addition to its dietary use the dates are of medicinal use and are used to treat a
variety of ailments in the various traditional systems of medicine. Fruit quality is strongly
affected by genotype and harvest date. In this study, parameters regarding fruit quality, bioactive
compounds, and antioxidant capacity of different dates cultivars at three harvesting dates were
quantified to elucidate the influence of genotype and harvest date on strawberry quality(Min
yong 2022). Phytochemical investigations have revealed that the fruits contain anthocyanins,
phenolics, sterols, carotenoids, procyanidins and flavonoids, compounds known to possess
multiple beneficial effects. Preclinical studies have shown that the date fruits possess free radical
scavenging, antioxidant, antimutagenic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective,
hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, anticancer and immunostimulant activities. Date fruit is an
excellent source of nutritional and health benefits. The chemical composition of dates includes
carbohydrates, dietary fibre, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins, enzymes, phenolic acid and
carotenoids, all of which are directly linked to nutritional and health benefits for
consumers(Salam A Ibrahim 2020) This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the
phytochemistry and validated pharmacological properties of date fruits and the seeds.(Yen2010).
Adventitious plantlets were obtained from lateral buds, shoot tips, embryos, and pieces of stem
and rachilla tissue of Phoenix dactyl“fera L. cultured on a modified Murashige and Skoog
medium containing 3 mg 1 ' N-(d 2-isopenty1)adenine, 0- 1— I €D mg l ' e-naphthaleneacetic
acid or 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and 3 g 1 ' activated charcoal. Additions of auxins were
necessary to induce esplants to produce callus, adventitious plantlets, and roots. Plantlets were
obtained from explants cultured months in vitro. No difference in growth responses between
mate and female explants was observed during culture. Complex addenda of activated charcoal
and polyvinyl- pyrrolidone were tested in the nutrient media at various concentrations to prevent
explant browning. Activated charcoal fostered satisfactory growth by reducing the browning
and inhibition of growth of explants(Brent tissert, 1979).

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Date palm is one of the oldest trees cultivated by man. In the folk-lore, date fruits have been
ascribed to have many medicinal properties when consumed either alone or in combination with
other herbs. Although, fruit of the date palm served as the staple food for millions of people
around the world for several centuries, studies on the health benefits are inadequate and hardly
recognized as a healthy food by the health professionals and the public. In recent years, an
explosion of interest in the numerous health benefits of dates had led to many in vitro and animal
studies as well as the identification and quantification of various classes of phytochemicals. On
the basis of available documentation in the literature on the nutritional and phytochemical
composition, it is apparent that the date fruits are highly nutritious and may have several
potential health benefits. Although dates are sugar-packed, many date varieties are low GI diet
and refutes the dogma that dates are similar to candies and regular consumption would develop
chronic diseases. More investigations in these areas would validate its beneficial effects,
mechanisms of actions, and fully appreciate as a potential medicinal food for humans all around
the world. Therefore, in this review we summarize the phytochemical composition, nutritional
significance, and potential health benefits of date fruit consumption and discuss its great
potential as a medicinal food for a number of diseases inflicting human beings. (Praveen K. and
Vayalil, 1998).
The antioxidant activities of the hydromethanolic extract of Phoenix dactylifera (HEPD) fruit
(Arecaceae). The antioxidant activities of extract have been evaluated by using a range of in vitro
assays and in vivo hepatoprotective model. In case of in vitro studies the IC50 values were found
to be 160, 1400, 1115, 1050 μg/ml in DPPH, nitric oxide, superoxide, hydroxyl radical
scavenging assays, respectively. In case of in vivo studies the levels of liver enzymatic, non-
enzymatic systems [serum glutamate oxalo-acetate transaminases (SGOT), serum glutamate
pyruvate transaminases (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, total protein,
catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD)] and lipid peroxidation (LPO)
were restored towards the normal value in HEPD treated carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats.
The free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities may be attributed to the presence of
phenolic (pyrocatechol and gallic acid contents are 6.2 and 2.906 μg/mg, respectively), vitamin C
(ascorbic acid content is 0.66 μg/mg) and flavonoid compounds (4.79 μg/mg) present in HEPD.
The results obtained in the present study indicate that the Phoenix dactylifera fruit is a potential
source of natural antioxidant. (Naskar, 2009).

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Phoenix dactylifera belongs to the Arecaceae family; its leaves, barks, pits, fruits and
pollens have antioxidant, anticancer, hepatoprotective, n europrotective, nephroprotective,
gastrointestinal protective, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, sexual improvement and
antimicrobial potentials. The broad pharmacological effects of P. dactylifera may be attributed to
the powerful and beneficial ingredients including phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins,
minerals, amino acids, fatty acids and organic acids. This review was conducted to explain the
pharmacological preventive and curative potentials of P. dactylifera by searching through
PubMed and Google scholar databases until January, 2016 by selection of some unique studies
under each pharmacological potential of Phoenix. dactylifera.(Hafez, 2016).
Pollen is a male flower gametophyte located in the anthers of stamens in angiosperms and a
considerable source of compounds with health protective potential. In the present work,
phytochemical screening was carried out as well as analysis of the antioxidant and antibacterial
properties of pollen extracts from Micromeria fruticosa, Achillea fragrantissima, and Phoenix
dactylifera growing wild in Palestine. Phytochemical screening examined the total flavonol,
flavone and phenolic content. The DPPH (1,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (ferric
reducing antioxidant power) methods were used to assess antioxidant propriety, and disc
diffusion, minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration tests were used to test the pollen
extract’s antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates. The highest
level of total phenolic was found in the extract of Micromeria fruticosa (56.78 ± 0.49 mg GAE
(Gallic Acid Equivalent)/g). The flavone and flavonol content of samples ranged from 2.48 ±
0.05 to 8.03 ± 0.01 mg QE (Quercetin Equivalent)/g. Micromeria fruticosa pollen with IC50
values of 0.047 and 0.039 mg/mL in the DPPH and FRAP assays, respectively, showed the
greatest radical scavenging action. In addition, this pollen showed a mild antibacterial action
against the microorganisms studied, with MICs varying from 0.625 to 10 mg/mL and inhibition
diameters ranging from 13.66 ± 1.5 to 16.33 ± 1.5 mm.(Omar sadeq, 2021).
COVID-19 was first reported in late 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has since spread extensively in
worldwide. The World Health Organization recognized this disease as a pandemic on 11 March
2020. During this pandemic, Moroccan population used several medicinal plants for the
prevention purposes. The current work focuses on the study of the most medicinal plants used
during this pandemic in Morocco. In early March 2020, preliminary information was obtained

14
through interviews with herbalists. In response to the progression of the Covid-19 epidemic,
Moroccan's state of health emergency came into effect 20 March 2020. For this reason, survey
data was collected with a Google Form. The participants were selected because of their
knowledge of the use of medicinal plants. During this study, we identified a total of 23 medicinal
plant species belonging to 11 botanical families used during the Covid-19 pandemic. The most
important families were that of the Lamiaceae, Cupressaceae and Zingiberaceae. The most used
plants were Allium Sativum, Olea europaea, Allium cepa, Zingiber officinale, Thymus
maroccanus, Eucalyptus globules, Foeniculum vulgare, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Phoenix
dactylifera, Rosmarinus officinalis, Thymus satureioides, Mentha pulegium and Pimpinella
anisum. Information on the biological effects and on the most abundant secondary metabolites in
the 23 plants was given. According to several studies the majority of these plants are used to treat
many respiratory diseases causing symptoms and signs similar to coronavirus symptoms. These
plants have innumerable benefits because of the diversity of the secondary metabolites which
they contain. The majority of these compounds, especially essential oils, are well known for their
positive biological effects on respiratory functions. But some plants may contain toxic
substances which can cause various overdose intoxications and disorders.(Abdulrezzak alalami
,2021).
The boom-bust cycle in U.S. house prices has been a fundamental determinant of the recent
financial crisis leading up to the Great Recession. The risky financial innovations in the housing
market prior to the recent crisis fueled the speculative housing boom. In this backdrop, the main
objectives of this empirical study are to i) detect the possibility of multiple structural breaks in
the US house price data during 1995-2010, exhibiting very sharp upturns and downturns; ii)
endogenously determine the break points and iii) conduct house price forecasting exercises to see
how models with structural breaks fare with competing time series models – linear and
nonlinear. Using a very general methodology (Bai-Perron, 2003). we found four break points in
the trend in the S&P/Case-Shiller 10 city aggregate house-price index series. Next, we compared
the forecasting performance of the model with structural breaks to four competing models –
namely, Random Acceleration (RA), Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA), Self- Exciting
Threshold Autoregressive (SETAR), and Smooth Transition Autoregressive (STAR). Our
findings suggest that house price series not only has undergone structural changes but also

15
regime shifts. Hence, forecasting models that assume constant coefficients such as ARMA may
not accurately capture house price dynamics.
Tracheal stenosis is one of the worst complications of endotracheal intubation, but timely
diagnosis can change its natural history. Management of these patients places a great burden on
the health care system and the well-being of the patients and their families. Therefore, discharged
intensive-care-unit (ICU) patients who underwent more than 24 hours of intubation should be
actively followed-up 3 months after extubation and screened for post-intubation tracheal
stenosis. The present study was aimed at assessing the impact of post-discharge follow-up call
interviews on increasing successful screening for post-intubation tracheal stenosis.(Mohammad
gholami, 2016).
Natural resources have been the crucial origin of chemical elements. They have been used in
many traditions as alternative medicines. The chemical profiling of some plant extracts and
essential oils related to different plants were followed to unveil their most active components. In
this paper, Phoenix dactilyfera L was selected as a host plant to investigate the composition of
different organs with different cultivars(Najila bentrad, 2017).
Dates, the staple food in many Gulf countries and they are the fruits with high nutritional values,
besides highly perishable, so there is a need for a better preservation technique which will
prevent the dates from deterioration and also in the extension of shelf life of dates. Dates, the
fruit of date palm provide not only the essential nutrients but also health benefits. They can be
consumed by adding in coffee, milk or yoghurt and the dates which are processed can be used as
paste, syrup, pickles, jams, and jellies and also used in bakery and confectionary products along
with chocolate, coconut, honey, vinegar and other.(Sreedar, 2018).
Dates having the very small amount of protein and lipid, but after drying the content will
increase because of moisture removal. The fresh dates having 1.50 g/100 g of protein and that of
dried dates are 2.14 g/100 g The lipids are present in very small fractions but they have
physiological importance, these are present in the skin dates the lipid content is 0.14/100 g).
The seed of the dates contains dietary fibre and small fractions of mannose and maltose and a
source of antioxidant.(Almana,1994). Most active cosmetic ingredients come from natural
sources such as fruit, fish, and dairy, and recent research shows that date extract and seed oil help

16
to reduce melanin, eczema, acne, and dry patches, while increasing skin moisture and elasticity.
This review details the bioactive compounds and nutraceutical properties of date fruit and seed,
and their use as cosmetic ingredients.(Khlood Lafi, 2021). Date palm fruits (Phoenix
dactylifera) contain high levels of fructose and glucose sugars. These natural sugar forms are
healthy, nutritional and easily assimilate into human metabolism. The successful production of
soluble date sugar powder from nutritious date fruits would result in a new food product that
could replace the commercial refined sugar. In this work, a novel process technology based on
the supercritical extraction of sugar components from date pulp was modeled and simulated
using Aspen Plus software. The process model consisted of three main steps that were
individually simulated for their optimal working conditions as follows: (a) freeze-drying of the
date pulp at −42 °C and 0.0001 bar; (b) supercritical extraction of the sugar components using a
6.77 wt.% water mixed CO2 solvent system at a pressure of 308 bar, temperature of 65 °C, and
CO2 flow rate of 31,000 kg/h; and (c) spray-drying of the extract using 40 wt.% Gum Arabic as
the carrier agent and air as drying medium at 150 °C. The overall production yield of the process
showed an extraction efficiency of 99.1% for the recovery of total reducing sugars from the date
fruit. The solubility of the as-produced date sugar powder was improved by the process
selectivity, elimination of insoluble fiber contents, and the addition of Gum Arabic. The
solubility of the final date sugar product was estimated as 0.89 g/g water (Naushad Ahamed
2022).

17
3. SCOPE AND PLAN OF WORK
This article describes the purpose of antimicrobial activity, phytochemical activities, and total
antioxidant test, health and medicinal studies of dates
Plan of work
3.1 Collection of the sample –date fruit(Phoenix dactylifera) barari
3.2 Extraction of phytochemical by solvent extraction method
3.3 Screening for phytochemicals
3.4 Antimicrobial activity of extract
3.5 DPPH assay
3.6 Screening by paper chromatography
3.7 UV analysis
3.8 GC/MS analysis

18
4. MATERIALS AND METHODS
4.1 Sample collection
Dates fruit of Barari variety was purchased from the local grocery shop situated in Tenkasi.
4.2 Extraction of metabolites
The different extracts from date fruits were obtained by:
4.2.1 Acid hydrolysis
First order, an acid hydrolysis was performed on 5 g dry plant material blinded with 40 mL of
hydrochloric acid (2N HCl). The mixture prepared was transferred into Erlenmeyer flasks and
was boiled in water bath at 100 °C for 40 minutes. (Lebreton and co-workers -1967)
4.2.2 Extraction of bioactive compounds
At the end, the acid mixture was separated twice into two fractions with diethyl ether (60-60
mL). The organic fraction containing the metabolites was collected and used for further analysis.
4.3 PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF EXTRACT
Phytochemicals (from Greek Phyto, meaning “plant”) are chemical produced by plants through
primary or secondary metabolism. The screening was performed for triterpenes/ steroids,
alkaloids, anthraquinones, coumarins, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and phenolic acids. The
colour intensity or the precipitate formation was used as analytical responses to these tests.
4.3.1. FLAVONOIDS TEST
Flavonoids (from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their color in nature) are a class of plant
and fungal secondary metabolites. Flavonoids are reduced risk of cancer, heart disease, asthma
and stoke. They play a vital role in protecting the brain.
PROCEDURE
1. 0.1g of each sample were taken in test tubes and 2ml of ethy1 acetate was added The
mixture was boiled at 60▪c for 3 minutes using water bath.
2. After that filtrate was separated from the mixture of solution. 1% of diluted Ammonia
was added in each tube.
3. The color change was observed and OD was taken using colorimeter. A positive
observation is indicated by the development of yellow color.
4.3.2. TANNIN TEST:

19
The term tannin originated from the word tanna, which is an Old High German word meaning of
oak or fir tree. The words ‘tan’ and ‘tanning’ are also named for the treatment of leather. Tannins
were water-soluble polyphenols that were present in many plant foods.
PROCEDURE
1. 0.25g of each sample were taken in sterile test tubes and 10 ml of boiled distilled water
was added in each tube.
2. The tubes were mixed well.
3. Finally, 1% of ferric chloride was added in each tube.
4. The color change was observed and read out OD value was observed in colorimeter. The
positive observation is indicated by the development of blue-black and blue green
precipitate.
4.3.3. PHENOLIC COMPOUND (FERRIC CHOLORIDE TEST)
Phenolic compounds are mostly found in vascular plants. It is one of the secondary metabolites
of plants. Natural phenolic compounds play an important role in cancer treatment and
prevention.
PROCEDURE
1.1g of each sample were taken in sterile test tubes and 5ml of ethanol was added in each tube.
The tubes were mixed well.
2. The filtrate from the mixture of solution was separated out. 5% of ferric chloride was added
drop by drop in each tube.
3. The color change was observed and OD value was observed in a colorimeter (650nm) Positive
result in indicated by the development of brown and green color change.
4.3.4. TERPENOIDS TEST
Terpenoids are organic chemicals that are naturally produced by many plants. Plants terpenoids
are used extensively for their aromatic qualities and play a important role in traditional herbal
remedies. mostly used in perfumes. It is the starting material for the synthesis of vitamin ‘A’
PROCEDURE
1. 1ml of each extract was taken in sterile test tubes and 2ml of chloroform was added in
each tube.
2. 3ml of concentrated sulfuric acid was added in each tube.
3. Positive result is indicated b the formation of a reddish-brown layer at the interface.

20
4.3.5.SAPONINS TEST: Saponins area a class of chemical compounds found in particular
abundance in various plant species. Commercially, saponins appear in beverage and cosmetics as
emulsifier or sweeteners.
PROCEDURE
1. 5ml of each extract were taken in sterile test tubes and 5ml of sterile distilled water was
added in each tube.
3. Positive result is indicated by froth appearance while shaking the tube.
4.3.6. CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES TEST
Cardiac glycosides are a class of organic compounds that increase the output force of the heart
and decrease its rate of contraction by acting on the cellular sodium potassium ATPase pump.
PROCEDURE
1. 5ml of each extract were taken in sterile test tubes and dissolved in 2ml of glacial acetic
acid. A drop of ferric chloride solution was added in each tube.
2. Finally added 1ml of concentrated sulfuric acid in each tube.
3. Positive results in indicated by a violet ring. In some case the violet ring can be
accompanied by a brown ring which in appear in the bottom layer of the tubes. (The
appearance of a green ring indicated the presence of acetic acid)
4.3.7. PROTEIN TEST / BIURET TEST
The biuret test (Piotrowski’s test) is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of peptide
bonds.
PROCEDURE
1. 3ml of each extract were taken in sterile test tubes and 3ml of sodium hydroxide was added in
each tube.
3 .finally added few drops of 1% copper sulfate in each tube.
4 .positive results is indicated by the appearance of dark brown color change and a blue colored
ring formation in the upper layer with precipitation.
4.3.8. SALKOWSKI’S TEST
Salkowski’s test is to detect the presence of cholesterol in samples.

21
PROCEDURE
1ml of each extract were taken in sterile test and 1ml of sulfuric acid was added in each tube.
Positive result in indicated by the appearance of dark reddish-brown color change.
4.3.9. STEROID TEST
Plant sterols and steroid hormones the Brassinosteroids (BRs) are compounds tat exert a wide
range of biological activities. They are essential for plant growth reproduction and response to
various abiotic and biotic stresses.
PROCEDURE
1. 2ml of each extract were taken in sterile test tubes and 2ml of chloroform was added in
each tube.
3. Finally added few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid.
4. Positive result in indicated by the development of red ring in the lower part of the tube
and if golden yellow color is formed it denote the presence of triterpenes
4.3.10. ANTTHROQUINONES TEST
A naturally occurring aromatic organic compound anthraquinone which can be found in some
plants, fungi and insects contributes to the coloring pigment used for manufacturing dye and
medicine industry.
PROCEDURE
1. 3g of each sample were taken in sterile test tube and 5ml of benzene was added in each
tube. Incubate for 10 minutes at room temperature.
2. Filtrate was separated from mixture of sample solution. Finally added 5ml of 10%
ammonia solution in each tube. Each test tube was shaken vigorously for 30 seconds.
3. Positive result in indicated by the pink, violet or red color
4.4. DETERMINATION OF 1,1 dipheny 2-Picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)
RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITIES
The DPPH radical scavenging assay was performed using 1,1 diphenyl 2-picrylhydryzl
(DPPH) according to the method described by Brand Williams et al. with some modification
Briefly five different concentration was studied (0.0625,0.125,0.25,0.5 and 1mg/ml) were
prepared in methanol ( analytical grade). The same concentration were also prepared for L-
ascorbic acid, which was used as standard antioxidant. 1ml of each studied extract was

22
transferred into a clean test tube into which 0.5 ml and 0.3mmM DPPH in methanol was added.
The mixture was shaken and left to stand the dark at room temperature for 15 minute. Blank
solution comprising of the studied extract solutions (2.5 ml) and 1 ml of methanol were used as
baseline. After incubation in the dark, the absorbance values were measured at 517nm using a
spectrophotometer.
4.5. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Chromatography technique that uses paper sheets or strips as the adsorbent being the stationary
phase through which a solution is made to pass is called paper chromatography. It is an
inexpensive method of separating dissolved chemical substances by their different migration
rates across the sheets of paper. It is a powerful analytical tool that uses very small quantities of
material. Paper chromatography was discovered by Synge and Martin in the year 1943.
Selecting a suitable filter paper: Selection of filter paper is done based on the size of the pores
and the sample quality.Prepare the sample: Sample preparation includes the dissolution of the
sample in a suitable solvent (inert with the sample under analysis) used in making the mobile
phase.Spot the sample on the paper: Samples should be spotted at a proper position on the paper
by using a capillary tube.
Chromatogram development: Chromatogram development is spotted by immersing the paper in
the mobile phase. Due to the capillary action of paper, the mobile phase moves over the sample
on the paper. Paper drying and compound detection. Once the chromatogram is developed, the
paper is dried using an air drier. Also, detecting solution can be sprayed on the chromatogram
developed paper and dried to identify the sample chromatogram spots.
4.6. UV ANALYSIS
UV-Vis Spectroscopy (or Spectrophotometry) is a quantitative technique used to measure how
much a chemical substance absorbs light. This is done by measuring the intensity of light that
passes through a sample with respect to the intensity of light through a reference sample or
blank.
4.7. GC/MS ANALYSIS
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, or GC/MS analysis, is an analytical method that
combines the features of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different
substances within a sample component matrix. GC/MS analysis is generally considered one of
the most accurate analyses available.

23
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5.1. Extraction of the samples
Acid hydrolysis First order, an acid hydrolysis was performed on 5 g dry plant
material blinded with 40 mL of hydrochloric acid (2N HCl). The mixture prepared was
transferred into Erlenmeyer flasks and was boiled in water bath at 100 °C for 40 minutes.
(Lebreton and co-workers -1967)
5.2. Phytochemical screening the samples result was tabulated in the table 1
5.2.1. Flavonoid test:
. The color change was observed and OD was taken using colorimeter. A positive
observation is indicated by the development of yellow color. Table 1 shows that flavonoid
test is negative
5.2.2. Tanin test:
The color change was observed and read out OD value was observed in colorimeter. The
positive observation is indicated by the development of blue-black and blue green precipitate
Table 1 shows that tannin test is positive
5.2.3. Phenolic compound (Ferric chloride test):
The color change was observed and OD value was observed in a colorimeter (650nm)
Positive result in indicated by the development of brown and green color change. Table 1 shows
that phenolic compound is positive
5.2.4. Terpenoids test:
Positive result is indicated by the formation of a reddish-brown layer at the interface.
Table 1 shows that terpenoid test is positive
5.2.5. Saponins test:
. Positive result is indicated by froth appearance while shaking the tube. Table 1 shows
that saponins test is positive
5.2.6. Cardiac glycoside test:
Positive results in indicated by a violet ring. In some case the violet ring can be
accompanied by a brown ring which in appear in the bottom layer of the tubes. (The

24
appearance of a green ring indicated the presence of acetic acid) Table 1 shows that
cardiac glycoside test is positive
5.2.7. Protein test / biuere test:
positive results is indicated by the appearance of dark brown color change and a blue
colored ring formation in the upper layer with precipitation. Table 1 shows that protein test is
positive
5.2.8. Salkowski’s test:
Positive result in indicated by the appearance of dark reddish-brown color change. Table
1 shows that salkowski’s test is positive
5.2.9. Steroid test:
Positive result in indicated by the development of red ring in the lower part of the tube
and if golden yellow color is formed it denote the presence of triterpenes. Table 1 shows
that steroid test is positive
5.2.10.Anthroquinone test:
.Positive result in indicated by the pink, violet or red color. Table 1 shows that
Anthroquinone is positive
5.3. ANTIMICROBIAL TESTING OF THE EXTRACT OF DATE PALM
(BARARI)
5.3.1. E.coli sp. Cultivated in the muller hinton agar:
Antimicrobial activity of E.coli sp. in date extract (barari) plate 1 having four
zones in the muller hinton media by, using well cut method 4th zone is greater than other
zones(0.6mm) and plate 2 consist of four wells 4th zone is larger than other 3 zones
(1.5mm)and plate 3 consist of 2 zones and 2nd
zone forms maximum in size(1mm)
5.3.2. Pneumonia sp. cultivated in muller hinton agar:
Antimicrobial activity of pneumonia sp. in date extract ( barari) plates
have four zones in the muller hinton media by using well cut method plate 4 having 4
zones 4 th zone is greater than other 3zones (2.0mm) and plate 5 consist of 5 wells and
4th
zone is larger (3.0mm) and plate 6 consist of 2 zones 2nd
zone in maximum in
size(3.4mm)

25
5.3.3. Streptococcus sp. cultivated in the muller hinton agar :
Antimicrobial activity of streptococcus sp. in date extract (barari) plate 7
have four zones in the muller hinton media by using well cut method 4th
zone is greater
than others (2.00mm) and plate 8 consist of four wells 4th
zone is larger than other 3
zones (3.2mm) and plate 9 consist of 2 zones 2nd
zone forms maximum in size(3.4mm)
5.3.4. Enterococcus sp. cultivated in the muller hinton agar:
Antimicrobial activity of Enterocccus sp. in date extract (barari) plate 10
have 4 zones in the muller hinton media by using well cut method 4 th zone is greater
than other zones (1.00mm) and plate 11 consist of four wells 4th
zone is larger than other
3 zones (3.0mm)and plate 12 consist of 2 zones 2nd
5.3.5. Pseudomonas sp. cultivated in the muller hinton agar :
Antimicrobial activity of pseudomonas sp. in date extract (barari) plate 13
have four zones in muller hinton media by using well cut method 4th
zone is greater than
other zones (0.9mm) and plate 14 consist of four wells 4th
zone is larger than other 3
zones (3.1mm) and plate 15 consist of 2 zones 2nd
5.4. DPPH assay:
The DPPH radical scavenging assay was performed using 1,1 diphenyl 2-
picrylhydryzl (DPPH) according to the method described by Brand Williams et al. with
some modificationBriefly five different concentration was studied (0.0625,0.125,0.25,0.5
and 1mg/ml) were prepared in methanol ( analytical grade).
o/o Inhibition – Absorbance of control- Abscorbance of sample x100
Abscorbance of control
 OD value 1 shows 1.69 in 517 nm so it is positive
 OD value 2 shows that 1.22 in 517 nm so it is positive
= 1.69-1.22 x100
1.69
= 96.81%
Total antioxoidant assay is confirmed in extraction of date palm is verified and it
gives positive values

26
5.5. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY:
Make up solutions in 4:1:5 butanol, acetic acids, and water
Retention factor of date extract (barari)
=Distance travelled by solute
Distance travelled by solvent
= 1x 1.8
5.5
=0.18(Lysine)
=1.8
5.5
=0.32(Threonine)
5.6. Ultra violet analysis:
on Uv spectrophotometric analysis peaks were observed at 234nm and 254 nm
which corresponds to polyphenols and cholestol shown in graph 1 and graph 2

27
5.7. GC/MS components maximum should explained
The extracted was analysed using GC/MS various components
were found to be present in the extract.
(Component founded in GC/Ms)
PK RT COMPONENTS
1 6.575 Nonadecane
2 7.220 Nitrobenzylidene
3 8.609 3- Cyclohexane 1- methanol
4 9.531 Eicosane
5 9.653 Pentamethyl cyclopentadienyl
Accordingly to our studies, dates are used for prophylaxis and treatment of many huma diseases.
According to an ethnobotanical study, parts of date palm are traditionally used to treat anemia,
and dimmenrilization, infusion for cold, as a gargle for sore throat crushed in water to treat
hemmorhoids, constipation and jaundice.

28
6.PHOTOS
DATE FRUIT(BARARI)

29
EXTRACTION OF DATE FRUIT (BARARI) USING Hcl
(HYDROCHLORIC ACID)

30
7. TABLES
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS FOR EXTRACTION OF DATE SAMPLE (BARARI)
TABLE-1
S.NO PHYTOCHEMICAL TEST RESULTS
1 Flavonoid test -
2 Tanin test +
3 Phenolic compound test -
4 Terpenoid test +
5 Saponin test +
6 Cardiac Glycoside test +
7 Protein test +
8 Salkowski’s test +
9 Steroid test +
10 Anthroquinone test +

31
TABLE-2 ANTIMICROBIAL TESTING OF THE EXTRACT AGAINST
ESCHERCHIA COLI SP.
TEST ORGANISM CONCENTRATION OF
SAMPLES
ZONE OF INHIBITION in
Diameter(mm)
E.coli SP.
10 0.3
20 0.4
30 0.5
40 0.6
50 0.7
60 0.8
70 0.9
80 1.5
90 1
100 1
STREPTOCOCCUS SP.
SAMPLES
ZONE OF INHIBITION IN
Diameter(mm)
Streptococcus sp.
10 0.1
20 1.3
30 1.6
40 2.0
50 2.5
60 2.8
70 3.0
80 3.2
90 3.3
100 3.4

32
PNEMONIAE SP.
TABLE-5 ANTIMICROBIAL TESTING OF EXTARACT AGAINST
PESUDOMONAS SP.
SAMPLES
DIAMETER(mm)
Pneumonia SP.
10 0.1
20 0.2
30 0.3
40 2.0
50 2.3
60 2.5
70 2.7
80 3.0
90 3.2
100 3.5
SAMPLES
ZONE OF IMNHIBITION
IN DIAMETER(mm)
Pseudomonas sp.
10 0.5
20 0.6
30 0.7
40 0.9
50 2.2
60 2.3
70 3.0
80 3.1
90 3.3
100 3.4

33
TABLE-6 ANTIMICROBIAL TESTING OF EXTRACT AGAINST THE
ENTEROCOCCUS SP.
SAMPLES
DIAMETER (mm)
Enterococcus sp.
10 0.2
20 0.5
30 0.7
40 1.0
50 1.3
60 2.0
70 2.5
80 3.0
90 3.2
100 3.5

34
Analysis of different antibiogram of phtochemical compounds from date palm (barari)
Z
1. Flavonoid test 2. Tanin test 3. Phenolic compound test
4.Terpenoid test 5.Saponin test 6.Cardiac glycoside test

35
7.Protein test 8.Salkowski’s test
9.Steroid test 10.Anthroquinone test

36
8. PLATES
Plate number: (1,2,3)
This Plates shows the antimicrobial activity of Date palm extract against various
concentration of the E.coli sp .in MH media
Plate-1 plate-2
Plate-3
0.01ml
0.02ml
0.03ml 0.04ml
0.05ml
0.06ml
0.07ml 0.08ml
0.09ml 0.10ml

37
Plate: (4,5,6)
This plates shows the antimicrobial activity of Date palm extract against various concentration
Pnuemoniae sp.in MH media
Plate-4 plate-5
Plate-6
0.01ml
0.02ml
0.03ml
0.04ml
0.05ml 0.06ml
0.07ml
0.08ml
0.09ml 0.10ml

38
Plate: (7, 8, 9)
This plates shows the antimicrobial activity of Date palm against various concentration of
streptococcus sp. in MH media
Plate-7 Plate-8
Plate-9
0.01ml 0.02ml
0.03ml 0.04ml
0.05ml 0.06ml
0.07ml 0.08ml
0.09ml
0.10ml

39
Plate: (10,11,12)
This plates shows the antimicrobial avtivity of various concentration of
Enterococcus sp. in MH media
Plate-10 plate-11
Plate-12
0.01ml 0.02ml
0.03ml 0.04ml
0.05ml 0.06ml
0.07ml
0.08ml

40
Plate:(13,14,15)
This plates shows the antimicrobial activity of Date palm against various concentration of
Pseudomonas sp. in MH media
Plate-13 plate-14
Plate-15
0.01ml
0.02ml
0.03ml
0.04ml
0.05ml
0.06ml
0.07ml 0.08ml
0.09ml 0.10ml

41
ABSORBANCE OF DPPH FOR TREATED EXTRACT OF DATE PALM FRUIT (BARAI)
OD VALUE-1
ABSORBANCE OF STANDARD SOLUTION ABSCORBIC ACID
OD VALUE-2

42
PAPER CHROMATOGRAM FOR EXTRACT OF DATE FRUIT (BARAI)

43
9.GRAPH
GRAPH-1(UV ANALYSIS DATE PALM FRUIT BARARI, WITH WATER)
Sample Name : PCMUV
File Name : PCMUV1
Run Date : 2022/03/16 16:14
Operator :
Spectrophotometer
Model : UH5300 Spectrophotometer
SERIAL No. : 3048-007
(CPU1)Program No. : 3J15300-04
(CPU2)Program No. : 3J15310-10
Option : 6 Cell

44
GRAPH-2 (UV ANALYSIS IN nm)
Sample Name :PCMUV
File Name : PCMUV2
Run Date : 2022/03/16 16:25
Operator:
Spectrophotometer
Model : UH5300 Spectrophotometer
SERIAL No. : 3048-007
(CPU1)Program No : 3J15300-04
(CPU2)Program No.: 3J15310-10
Option : 6 Cell

45
GRAPH-3 GC/MS ANALYSIS FOR
Abundance Scan 224 (6.575 min): GC-MS-3-5688.Ddata.ms
57.1
5000 85.1
128.3 159.1 206.5 247.5 281.0309.3 341.2 379.2 416.2 453.3 490.4 531.6
0
m/z--> 20 40 60 80 100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400420440460480500520540
m/z 57.10 100.00%
6.50
m/z 56.20 48.06%
6.50
Abundance #112044: Nonadecane
57.0
5000 85.0
29.0
113.0141.0 268.0
169.0197.0225.0
0
m/z--> 20 40 60 80 100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400420440460480500520540
m/z 71.20 44.19%
6.50
Abundance #144473: Docosane
57.0
5000 85.0
29.0 113.0141.0169.0197.0225.0253.0281.0310.0
0
m/z--> 20 40 60 80 100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400420440460480500520540
m/z 85.10 41.47%
6.50
Abundance #112043: Nonadecane
57.0
85.0
5000
29.0
113.0141.0169.0197.0 268.0
0
m/z--> 20 40 60 80 100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400420440460480500520540
m/z 55.10 27.13%
6.50
Sample : T-17590-1-PURITY
Peak Number: 1 at 6.575 min Area: 1684 Area % 2.23 The 3 best hits from each library.
Ref# CAS# Qual
C:DatabaseNIST08.L
1 Nonadecane 112044 000629-92-5 60
2 Docosane 144473 000629-97-0 53
3 Nonadecane 112043 000629-92-5 49

46
57.1
5000
93.2
147.1176.0 207.2
237.8266.7 299.6 344.9 377.8 429.2 460.2489.0517.9546.7
0
m/z--> 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
m/z 57.10 100.00
7.00 7.50
m/z 71.20 80.31
7.00 7.50
Abundance #151259: 2-[N'-(3-Nitro-benzylidene)-hydrazino]-2-oxo-N-(tetrahydro-furan-2-ylmethyl)-acetamide
71.0
5000
192.0 250.0
41.0 101.0
151.0 221.0 290.0320.0
0
m/z--> 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
m/z 56.20 52.12
7.00 7.50
Abundance #108425: Sulfurous acid, 2-ethylhexyl pentyl ester
57.0
5000
27.0 113.0
0
m/z--> 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
m/z 55.00 30.12
7.00 7.50
Abundance #20865: 1-Pentanol, 4-methyl-2-propyl-
57.0
5000
27.0
111.0
0
m/z--> 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
m/z 69.20 23.94
7.00 7.50
Ref# CAS# Qual
C:DatabaseNIST08.L
1 2-[N'-(3-Nitro-benzylidene)-hydr... 151259 327999-27-9 58
2 Sulfurous acid, 2-ethylhexyl pen... 108425 1000309-18-9 53
3 1-Pentanol, 4-methyl-2-propyl- 20865 054004-41-0 53

47
57.2
5000 121.2
207.1
92.2 167.0 241.1 281.3311.2 348.2 389.4 443.0 488.3 521.2
0
m/z--> 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
m/z 57.20 100.00
8.50 9.00
m/z 59.10 66.48%
8.50 9.00
Abundance #26443: 3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol, .alpha.,.alpha.4-trimethyl-
59.0
93.0
5000 136.0
27.0
0
m/z--> 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
m/z 56.20 55.49%
8.50 9.00
Abundance #69418: Propanamide, N-(1-cyclohexylethyl)-2-methoxy-
44.0
5000
129.0
214.0
81.0 183.0
0
m/z--> 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
m/z 121.20 45.60
8.50 9.00
Abundance #126360: 2,4,6,8,9,10-Hexathiaadamantane, 1,3,5-trimethyl-
59.0
5000
18.0 88.0 118.0
150.0
195.0 227.0
286.0
0
m/z--> 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
m/z 93.10 42.31%
8.50 9.00
Ref# CAS# Qual
C:DatabaseNIST08.L
1 3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol, .alpha... 26443 000098-55-5 41
2 Propanamide, N-(1-cyclohexylethy... 69418 1000142-14-4 38
3 2,4,6,8,9,10-Hexathiaadamantane,... 126360 014870-38-3 38

48
57.2
5000 85.1
113.4 155.0 207.3 252.8281.1 326.9 359.9388.7 425.8454.6 487.5 524.6
0
m/z--> 20 40 60 80 100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400420440460480500520540
m/z 57.20 100.00
9.50
m/z 71.10 81.78%
9.50
Abundance #122932: Eicosane
57.0
5000
85.0
29.0
113.0141.0169.0197.0225.0253.0282.0
0
m/z--> 20 40 60 80 100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400420440460480500520540
m/z 85.10 49.26%
9.50
Abundance #37486: Undecane, 5-methyl-
43.0
71.0
5000
112.0
0
155.0
m/z--> 20 40 60 80 100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400420440460480500520540
m/z 55.20 25.46%
9.50
Abundance #37485: Undecane, 2-methyl-
43.0
5000 71.0
99.0 127.0155.0
0
m/z--> 20 40 60 80 100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400420440460480500520540
m/z 69.10 18.96%
9.50
Ref# CAS# Qual
C:DatabaseNIST08.L
1 Eicosane 122932 000112-95-8 83
2 Undecane, 5-methyl- 37486 001632-70-8 80
3 Undecane, 2-methyl- 37485 007045-71-8 72

49
57.1
5000
91.1 127.3 176.8206.9
238.5
281.4 341.4 395.1 436.2 473.3 526.9
0
311.4
m/z--> 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
m/z 57.10 100.00
9.50 10.00
m/z 56.10 48.09%
9.50 10.00
Abundance #215098: .eta.-Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl-ethylisonitril-(N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethin-1,2-diamin)-molybdaeniodid
29.0
5000
59.0 97.0
133.0
358.0
414.0
472.0
164.0194.0
224.0
266.0 316.0
527.0
0
m/z--> 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
m/z 55.10 33.88%
9.50 10.00
Abundance #217207: Octatriacontane, 3,5,23-trimethyl-
57.0
5000
98.0
505.0 547.0
238.0
365.0 461.0 577.0
0
m/z--> 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
m/z 71.10 29.51%
9.50 10.00
Abundance#215975: 2-Pyrimidinamine, 4-[4-[3-[1-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidin-4-yl]propyl]piperidino]-6-methyl-N-(5,6-dichloro-1,3(
42.0
5000
96.0 514.0
223.0
126.0
156.0
186.0 258.0
288.0
321.0 389.0 445.0 480.0 545.0
0
m/z--> 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
m/z 53.00 17.49%
9.50 10.00
Ref# CAS# Qual
C:DatabaseNIST08.L
1 .eta.-Pentamethylcyclopentadieny... 215098 1000288-06-1 10
2 Octatriacontane, 3,5,23-trimethyl- 217207 013897-16-0 9
3 2-Pyrimidinamine, 4-[4-[3-[1-(2-... 215975 042389-10-6 4

50
10. SUMMARY
In the current work, to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of dates (barari) dates companies was
checked by subjecting the selected products to diverse physical, chemical preservative,
adulteration and biological test generally employed in dates industries as per FSSAI in addition
to their antioxidant role.
Natural resources have been the crucial origin of chemical elements. They
have been used in many tradition as alternative medicenes. The chemical profiling of small
plants extracts and essential oils related to different plants were followed to unveil their most
active components. Phoenix dactylifera was selected as a host plant to investigate the
composition of different organs with different cultivars.
The microbiological parameter recorded in the current work raises efficiency
of antimicrobial activity employed during the production due to the growth of E.coli
sp.,streptococcus sp., Enterococcus sp.,pneumonia sp., pseudomonas sp.,. There may be several
reasons for the poor microbial quality.
Pseudomonas sp., distribution was noted in the product as good design.
Screening effect of antibacterial role in MH media at different concentration showed the
increased antibacterial effect in response to concentration of supernatant against streptococcus
sp., and pseudomonas sp.,
From the current works, it was found the dates gurantees the fibre, nutrients,
sugar content but with some threat from biological agents. It could be avoided only
throughstorage, handling transport and distribution. Government should be more vigilant
regarding the quality of eatables.
More care should be given to justify the reliability of the consumers on the
product. Making the manufacture to produce quality products and their supply and better
future.Which could be possible only through these kind of applied research.
Accordingly to our studies, date fruits are used for prophylaxis and treatment of many huma
diseases. According to an ethnobotanical study, parts of date palm are traditionally used to treat
anemia, and dimmenrilization, infusion for cold, as a gargle for sore throat crushed in water to
treat hemmorhoids, constipation and jaundice

51
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.
.

56
12. APPENDIX
MH AGAR (MULLER HINTON AGAR)
Beef extract - 2.00gm
Acid Hydrolysate of casein - 17.50gm
Starch - 1.50gm
Agar - 17.00gm
Distilled water - 1000ml
Final PH - 7.3 + or- 0.1 at 25 degree Celsius
SALKOWSKI’ REAGENT
Ferric chloride - 0.5m
Perchloric acid - 35%
SAPONIN REAGENT
Diosgenin - 10mg
Methanol - 16ml
Distilled water - 4ml
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE TEST
Kedde reagent - 2%
Aqueous solution of KOH - 7.5%

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