Discussion thread computer science background experienceIn thi

Discussion thread: computer science background/ experience
In this discussion, describe any and all computer experience you
have entering this course. Include items such as (but not limited
to):
· Experience in office products (i.e. Word, Excel, PowerPoint).
· Social media experience.
· Mobile applications experience.
· Any Programming Experience.
· Any Database Experience.
· Any Data Networking experience.
· Would you classify yourself as a Novice user, Competent user
of Highly competent user? And explain why.
· Any certifications.
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initial thread. Your post needs to be a complete essay type
response.
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Discussion Assignment Instructionsprior to posting. You may
also click the three dots in the upper corner to Show Rubric.
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2
American Public University
Charles Town, WV

Introduction Comment by Chris Martinez: You need an
introduction to your study. Think of it as a background, current
situation, or setting the table for your problem, purpose, and
question you wan to explore Comment by Ronald Punzalan:
Resolved
Terrorism has become a significant issue in the United
States since the 2001 attack (Wright, 2016). Terrorism and
religion have been connected for as long as human history can
be traced. Civilizations and empires in ancient times are perfect
examples of true extremist believers who have engaged in wars
to defend, promote, and spread their faith. Rink and Sharma
(2016) asserted that the contemporary era is witnessing
escalating religious terrorism in its frequency, the scale of
violence, and global reach. Indeed, previous studies show that
religious radicalization is the genesis of violence justification
(Rink & Sharma, 2016). The choice of target is influenced by
existing and loose interpretations of religious doctrine or based
on defending one's religious group. Religious radicalization is
globalized, unlike ethnic radicalization, and involves
sophisticated networks, making it challenging to tackle the
militia groups (Rink & Sharma, 2016). The United States is not
immune to terrorism resulting from religious radicalization.
Some authors have found a relationship between religious
radicalization and individual-level psychological trauma related
to social relations and process-oriented factors (Rink & Sharma,
2016). Comment by Chris Martinez: This is an improvement
Comment by Ronald Punzalan: Resolved
A report published by the Center for Strategic and
International studies indicated that out of the 893 terror
incidents analyzed between 1994 and 2020, 15.6% were
committed by religious terrorists (Jones, 2022). The same data
showed that religious terrorism significantly increased from
2015 to 2019 (Jones, 2022). Religious terrorism also results i n
significant fatalities across the United States (Jones, 2022).
Considering the recent growth and increase in the number of
radicalized youths by their religions, it is necessary to conduct

studies that will examine the causes of radicalization and why
many people are embracing religious radicalization. Therefore,
the research will focus on domestic terrorism with particular
attention to religious radicalization, which supports extreme
views, that prompt people to commit terrorist activities.
Statement of the Problem Comment by Chris Martinez:
PROBLEM
A problem statement is a broad overview of specific questions
that will be addressed in a given area of research. It outlines the
description of the issue(s), includes a vision, suggests the
method(s) used to solve the problem
. The problem that will be investigated in this study is to
explore how the government of the United States, in particular,
can combat religious radicalization and eliminate domestic
terrorism resulting from radicalization. Presently, the world is
experiencing many domestic terrorism incidents connected to
religious radicalization. However, governments have not
implemented the right interventions and policies to curb
religious radicalization, especially among the Muslim
communities according to Rogers et al. (2007), radicalized
people are likely to inflict terror on the masses and destroy
national infrastructures as one way of achieving their terrorism
goals. Domestic terrorism encompasses violence against the
citizens or the national infrastructure. As the number of
radicalized youths and people increases, domestic terrorism
incidents are likely to increase. For this reason, the authorities
have to devise ways to combat religious radicalization in
America and worldwide (Smith, 2021). The problem is that
many of the policies and interventions implemented in America
are perceived to be discriminatory. For this reason, they are not
effective in combating religious radicalization (Shapiro &
Maras, 2018). Through the literature review and evaluation of
data and recommendations from different government agencies,
the current study will seek to solve the problem by providing
advice that can be implemented to combat religious

radicalization. This paper presents a research proposal on the
perspectives of domestic terrorism through religious
radicalization. Comment by Chris Martinez: This should be the
first sentence and needs to be narrower.
Comment by Ronald Punzalan: Resilved Comment by
Chris Martinez: Says who? Cite this
Did you look at the document I sent you on constructing a
problem statement Comment by Chris Martinez: Ensure you
address this assertions with a citation Comment by Chris
Martinez: I will send you a document on constructing your
problem statement
Purpose Statement
The current qualitative research study aims to investigate
religious radicalization motivating factors. Through a literature
review and analysis of other documents on domestic terrorism
related to religious radicalization, the study will understand
why many youths are opting for radicalization. The study will
also provide recommendations on how the government can
combat religious radicalization and reduce domestic terrorism.
Comment by Chris Martinez: Address this in your next
submission or we cannot move forward Comment by Chris
Martinez: You have not address this Comment by Chris
Martinez: The purpose of the qualitative case study research is
to explore…..
Why are you researching the topic Comment by Ronald
Punzalan: Resolved
Research Question
To better understand the significance of radicalization to
terrorism, this research develops research questions that will
help to answer some of the concerns about domestic terrorism
(Smith, 2021). Comment by Chris Martinez: Alignment needed
Comment by Chris Martinez: You do not have alignment
with problem, purpose, and questions Comment by Chris
Martinez: This is better aligned…well done…leave me a

comment that you have addressed it.
Comment by Ronald Punzalan: Issue resolved.
1. What factors enhance youths’ involvement in religious
radicalization in the United States?
1. How does religious radicalization contribute to the current
rising number of domestic terrorism incidents in the United
States?
1. What measures can the United States implement through its
different institutions, agencies, and government branches to
combat religious radicalization?
Literature Review Comment by Chris Martinez: The meet and
potatoes of your document is your literature review and where
you will cut your teeth as a researcher.
A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources (such as
books, journal articles, and theses) related to a specific topic or
research question. It is often written as part of a thesis,
dissertation, or research paper, in order to situate your work in
relation to existing knowledge. Part of your review covers the
theory you will use to address your problem.
I have provided a few documents which may assist you.
Comment by Chris Martinez: This area needs to be more
expansive Comment by Ronald Punzalan: Resolved
Different scholars and researchers have utilized literature
reviews to investigate social issues for many years. Qualitative
studies give researchers leeway of using literature or previously
published studies to solve prevailing problems on similar
subjects. According to Wilner and Dubouloz (2010), terrorism is
a global problem affecting developed, developing, and non-
developing countries. European countries and the United States
have been affected by terrorist activities, both external and
homegrown, since the dawn of the 21st century (Venkatraman,
2007; Jones, 2022; Wilner & Dubouloz, 2010). The literature
review explores the common themes of terrorism radicalization
and the various theories and conceptual frameworks applied to
explain the current trends in violence. The articles included in
the literature review are peer-reviewed. The findings will form

a basis for a further research study. Comment by Chris
Martinez: Says who? Cite this Comment by Chris Martinez:
Please address each track change Comment by Chris
Martinez: Like this…well done Comment by Ronald
Punzalan: The issue has been addressed. Comment by Chris
Martinez: explore Comment by Ronald Punzalan: Resolved
Religious Terrorism Comment by Chris Martinez: use sub
sections to accentuate themes Comment by Ronald Punzalan:
Ressolved.
Religious terrorism is common today because of radicalization
in the house of worship. Many religious groupings have
resolved to religious radicalization as one way of advancing and
procuring followers today. According to Rink and Sharma
(2016), most scholars associate religious terrorism with
psychological trauma, which occurs in their lives as children,
youths, or adults (Rink & Sharma, 2016). Rink and Sharma
(2016) The authors conducted a qualitative study in Kenya to
understand compelling reasons that pushed youth to join
religious terror groups, particularly Al-Shabaab. Through
interviews, they found that exposure to violence in adulthood
and constrained social relationships prominently prompted them
to religious radicalization. Similar sentiments were shared by
Rogers et al. (2007), who noted that many youths opt for
radicalization because they are exposed to strain social
relationships in society. Interaction with radical groups or
individuals through social media platforms or physically also
contributed to participants' joining radical groups (Rink &
Sharma, 2016). Other scholars also found an association
between religion, social relations theory, and rational choice
theory. Religious fundamentalism also contributes to domestic
terrorism (Rogers et al., 2007). In the United States, Christians
are guided by a sense of patriotism and a rising immigrant
population. At the same time, the Muslims are outraged by what
they perceive as an encroachment on their religious values by
Western cultures (Rogers et al., 2007). Thus, the
fundamentalism views held by each side can form a basis for

religious extremism leading to religious radicalization and
subsequent domestic terrorism.
Religious Radicalization and Strain Theory Comment by
Chris Martinez: You may want to have a sub section just for the
theory you will expore
Comment by Chris Martinez: Have you address this?
Without your comments, I don’t know if you have resolved the
issue Comment by Ronald Punzalan: The issue has been
resolved.
Scholars have also used the social learning theory to investigate
the spread of religious radicalization and terrorism in the United
States. Shapiro & Maras (2018) studied how women in the
United States were radicalized and joined Islamic State of Iraq
and Syria (ISIS) terror groups through the social learning
theory. Data used was obtained from open-source court cases.
The study involved thirty-one participants in assessing how they
became radicalized and extremists. They discovered that the
women joined terror groups through due social interactions with
radicalized individuals (Shapiro & Maras, 2018). Most religious
terrorist acts have been associated with the Islamic religion.
The connection between Islamic faith and violence is due to an
extreme understanding of the Quran and the influence of Islamic
Revivalism (Venkatraman, 2007). Consequently, intrinsic
sociological and psychological factors compel the Muslim
followers to violence as a form of defending their religion and
extending it (Venkatraman, 2007). Geopolitical factors
influence religious radicalization and the motivation to join
terror groups. Indeed, it is clear from the studies mentioned
above that the tenets of strain theory can be used to explain why
many youths opt for religious radicalization. Comment by
Chris Martinez: spell out all acronyms first time Comment by
Ronald Punzalan: Resolved
Islam and Religious Radicalization
It is not new for the Islamic religion to be associated with
religious radicalization and terrorism (Wright, 2016). The
question that many scholars seeking to understand is why is

Islam associated with terrorism? Scholars have researched why
most religious terrorism is associated with the Islamic religion.
According to Rogers et al. (2007), one of the reasons is that
Muslims show high self-reported fundamentalism compared to
adherents of other religions such as Christians. Indeed, most
Muslims have strong resilience for their religion, and they will
do anything to protect the values of their religion. Religious
fundamentalism is where religious followers have fundamental
beliefs. Wright (2012) noted that Muslims show a high religious
commitment to protecting their religious beliefs compared to
other religions. Consequently, they are ready to defend their
religion, including violence. The current political landscape,
driven by Western ideologies, contradicts Islamic believers'
self-concept and acts as a "push" factor to religious
radicalization and terrorism. Whereas it is fundamental to
commit to one’s religious beliefs, studies have shown that some
Islamic social institutions are extreme, and their teachings
radicalize their followers. The Islamic religion is more
homogenous than other religions, such as Christians,
characterized by many denominations with different beliefs
(Wright, 2016). Thus, religious terrorism can be understood by
assessing religious-specific factors.
Domestic Terrorism and Behavioral Change
Whereas domestic terrorism has been highly associated with
The behavioral change approach is also used to explain the
spread of religious terrorism, and it can be addressed. The
United States, like Europe, has witnessed a growing number of
domestic terrorism resulting from religious beliefs. According
to the perpetrators, killing other people to defend one's religion
is (Wilner & Dubouloz, 2010). Subsequently, any religious
terrorism is done to protect or expand religious beliefs. The
perpetrators are emotionally and mentally motivated with a set
of beliefs to orchestrate violence against those they believe
oppose their faith. Many varied issues of Islamic violence can
prompt them to kill other individuals (Wilner & Dubouloz,
2010). A lack of political homogeneity also catalyzes the

radicalization process leading to terrorism. People unwilling to
fit into the broader political society align themselves with
smaller social groups and form a network that grows into
homegrown terror groups in the United States (Wilner &
Dubouloz, 2010).
Current studies have explored numerous issues explaining
domestic violence's emergence, spread, and occurrence resulting
from religious radicalization. Psychosocial trauma and
complicated interpersonal relations are some reasons that lead
to religious radicalization and violence (Rink & Sharma, 2016).
Another cause of violence based on the literature review is
extreme interpretations of the Quran that 'push" believers to
become extremists. Also, the existing social media platforms act
as a ground for religious radicalization and extremist influence
(Venkatraman, 2007). The authors use various theories to
explain the occurrence and spread of domestic violence and
religious radicalization. The ideas discussed include social
relations theory, social learning theory, behavioral change
theory, and rational choice theory. Most of the studies are
qualitative and quantitative, and thus, there is a need for policy
evaluation studies to understand how they relate to terrorism.
Again, none of the studies focuses on the strain theory, which
can explain why terrorism occurs and the reasons for religious
radicalization among various groups (Venkatraman, 2007).
Therefore, the focus of the study will be to explore the
influence of strain theory on domestic terrorist radicalization.
Comment by Chris Martinez: continue to build on what
you have created here
Theoretical Framework Comment by Chris Martinez: A
theoretical framework consists of concepts, together with their
definitions, and existing theory/theories that are used for your
particular study. The theoretical framework must demonstrate
an understanding of theories and concepts that are relevant to
the topic of your research paper and that will relate it to the
broader fields of knowledge in the class you are taking.
The theoretical framework is not something that is found readily

available in the literature. You must review course readings and
pertinent research literature for theories and analytic models
that are relevant to the research problem you are investigating.
The selection of a theory should depend on its appropriateness,
ease of application, and explanatory power.
The theoretical framework strengthens the study in the
following ways.
An explicit statement of theoretical assumptions permits the
reader to evaluate them critically.
The theoretical framework connects the researcher to existing
knowledge. Guided by a relevant theory, you are given a basis
for your hypotheses and choice of research methods.
Articulating the theoretical assumptions of a research study
forces you to address questions of why and how. It permits you
to move from simply describing a phenomenon observed to
generalizing about various aspects of that phenomenon.
Having a theory helps you to identify the limits to those
generalizations. A theoretical framework specifies which key
variables influence a phenomenon of interest. It alerts you to
examine how those key variables might differ and under what
circumstances.
Terrorism and religion have been connected for as long as
human history can be traced. Civilizations and empires in
ancient times are perfect examples of true extremist believers
who have engaged in wars to defend, promote, and spread their
faith. Rink and Sharma (2016) asserted that the contemporary
era is witnessing escalating religious terrorism in its frequency,
the scale of violence, and global reach. Indeed, previous studies
show that religious radicalization is the genesis of violence
justification (Rink & Sharma, 2016). The choice of target is
influenced by existing and loose interpretations of religious
doctrine or based on defending one's religious group. Religious
radicalization is globalized, unlike ethnic radicalization, and
involves sophisticated networks, making it challenging to tackle
militia groups (Rink & Sharma, 2016). The United States is not

immune to domestic terrorism resulting from religious
radicalization. Some authors have found a relationship between
religious radicalization and individual-level psychological
trauma related to social relations and process-oriented factors
(Rink & Sharma, 2016).
A report published by the Center for Strategic and International
studies indicated that out of the 893 terror incidents analyzed
between 1994 and 2020, 15.6% were committed by religious
terrorists (Jones, 2022). The same data showed that religious
terrorism significantly increased from 2015 to 2019 (Jones,
2022). Religious terrorism also results in significant fatalities
across the United States (Jones, 2022). Several theories have
explained why many individuals opt to join radicalization
institutions irrespective of their backgrounds and religion. In
many instances, radicalizations that are linked to terrorism are
religious-oriented. Religious beliefs instigate the principles that
are involved in radicalization. However, among the many
studies that have been done to investigate the link between
religious radicalization and terrorism, a few of them have
jointly placed their diverse hypothesis to scrutinize them using
empirical data of findings. Lack of knowledge of the different
beliefs has created a gap in the literature that serves as an
obstacle to studying the subject. Again, the lack of empirical
evidence to validate the diverse idea has resulted in a lack of
common stance on the issue (Alimi, 2016). Therefore, the
current study will use the radicalization theory and the strain
theory to synthesize knowledge that can be used to explain the
link between religious radicalization and terrorism. Using
empirical data from intensive research, the current study will
add knowledge to the available literature, bridging the existing
gaps on the topic.
The Theory or Model to Be Used in The Study Comment by
Chris Martinez: Stain Theory…just use this as the subsection
title Comment by Ronald Punzalan: Resolved
A critique of the recent literature on the use of strain-based
theory to explain terrorism drawing from the strain theory has

yielded a lot of knowledge relating to the understanding of
radicalization. The current study draws from the general strain
theory and other research to explain how strain theory tenets
relate to radicalization and terrorism. According to Merton’s
strain theory, terrorism is likely to occur when people
experience collective strains that take the following parameters
(Alimi, 2016). The joint strain must be high in magnitude and
affects the civilians. Secondly, collective pressure should be
unjust, and finally, it must be perpetrated by suggestively more
significant others, including ‘complicit’ civilians, with whom
associates of the strained collectivity have weak ties. Strain
theory explains that collective strains increase the likelihood of
terrorism for several different reasons or factors. However, it is
imperative to understand that the elements in play here do not
lead to terrorism in all cases because their effects are
conditioned by different factors (Tusini, 2019). Focusing on the
religious tension between Christians and Muslims worldwide
and especially in America, the current study will distill great
micro, meso, and macro-level hypotheses that explain the
present spike in religious radicalization leading to extremism
and terrorism or violence for that matter. The theoretical
framework implemented will adopt the empirical strategy that
will compare responses from the Christian and the Muslim
respondents. The respondents will have different degrees of
religious radicalization exposure to effectively test the
hypothesis (Dalgaard-Nielsen, 2010). Other studies that have
adopted a similar framework have revealed that religious
radicalization is not predicted macro-level political and
economic shortfalls or grievances. Again, some have shown that
religious radicalization leading to terrorism is strongly linked to
individual-level psychological trauma, including historically
troubled social relations and process-oriented factors,
particularly religious identification and exposure to radical
networks (Tusini, 2019). Considering the findings of different
studies, it is apparent that radicalization and involvement in
terrorism are not macro-level influenced since they are

individual-level process-oriented. Therefore, it is evident from
the analysis that radicalization and the subsequent involvement
in terrorism can be well understood using the relational, ideal -
driven framework. Comment by Chris Martinez: Ok…this is
appropriate Comment by Ronald Punzalan: Resolved
Comment by Chris Martinez: Year needed Comment by
Chris Martinez: Redundant....change Comment by Ronald
Punzalan: Resolved Comment by Chris Martinez: By who…cite
Comment by Chris Martinez: Provide a background on
strain theory and how it applies to your study Comment by
Ronald Punzalan: Resolved
Statement of Hypotheses
The current study was guided by two hypotheses based on the
nature of the study subject or the problem under investigation.
Considering the model adopted incorporating strain theory, it
was apparent from the definition and explanation of the strain
theory related to religious radicalization and terrorism (Tusini,
2019). Focusing on the religious tension between Christians and
Muslims worldwide and especially in America, the current study
will distill great micro, meso, and macro-level hypotheses that
explain the present spike in religious radicalization leading to
extremism and terrorism or violence for that matter. Different
studies that have adopted a similar framework have revealed
that religious radicalization is not predicted macro-level
political and economic shortfalls or grievances (Rogers et al.,
2007). Again, some have shown that religious radicalization
leading to terrorism is strongly linked to individual-level
psychological trauma, including historically troubled social
relations and process-oriented factors, particularly religious
identification and exposure to radical networks. The study
hypothesis statement will therefore revolve around the two
identified hypotheses. Radicalization theory which assumes a
process through which people turn to violence because of
radical or extreme beliefs has also been used to explain
radicalization. In the current study, the process of religious
radicalization in America will be analyzed using the tenets of

Merton’s strain theory as an interpretative factor (Borum,
2011). Although many other approaches can be used to test the
hypotheses identified in the current study, applying Merton’s
theory to this area means selecting to deal with it mainly from a
sociological perspective, considering its political, economic,
structural, and social features and entrenching the individual
tracks within this structure.
Although the strain theory is not directly related to religious
radicalization and terrorism involvement, its historical
background provides an excellent foundation to study why
people opt to be radicalized. Strains theory conceived a means -
and-goals pattern which is the central theme of the idea. Strain
theory was first used to test some of the factors that encouraged
Americans to pursue aims that, in many ways, were related to
the American dream (Borum, 2011). This was a dream in which
the tenets of the theory were used to measure the success of
individual Americans based on material possession and wealth
accumulated. To test the current hypotheses using the strain
theory tenets, the researcher will hold the idea that people
define legitimate goals hypothetically feasible for all regardless
of their demographics. As noted in theory, it is easy to test the
hypotheses identified herein using the idea because it provides
guidelines on variables on which the process can be done. The
procedures involve identifying the different combinations of
(legitimate and illegitimate) goals and means conformity
(pursuing legitimate purposes through socially approved
means); novelty (using socially unapproved or eccentric means
to obtain customarily agreed goals); ritualism (refusing
culturally accepted plans but using legitimate means for
achieving more modest goals respect to those socially proposed)
(Rogers et al., 2007). Others include retreatism (rejecting both
cultural purposes and means, finding a way to seepage from
society); rebellion (rejecting or accepting the artistic goals and
standards to replace them with a revolutionary change; 1949).
Analysis of the factors that promote religious radicalization
indicates that relative deficiency and unmet prospects are

among the imperative push factors involved in radicalization
and subsequent terrorism. Studies have already noted or
revealed that the social adjacent environment and peer group
relationships play a significant role in the religious
radicalization pathways (Alimi, 2016). However, while
individual and interpersonal ones are undoubtedly essential but
variable factors, operational ones seem to have a continuous
role in every America affected by the phenomenon of
radicalization. When focusing on the pull and push elements, it
is essential to investigate religious radicalization concerning
Islamic State (IS) and its effective propaganda to radicalize and
recruit Muslim youths to join radicalized and terrorist groups.
Radicalization, in this perspective, is done by the IS speak to
disappoint Muslims with migratory backgrounds in western
countries, America included (Borum, 2012). Tents of the
radicalization theory, which has borrowed insights from the
strain theory, will conclude that most Muslims in Western
countries choose to be radicalized because they are second-third
generation young born and living in European countries. Their
label gives them little chance in life, does not offer them any
brilliant opportunity, and disregards them (economically,
culturally, socially, and urbanistically).
Again, analysis or testing of the hypothesis leads to socio-
economic considerations. The relative socio-economic
deficiency translates to a lack of identification. This is very
common among the IS, which is perceived by the youths who
lean towards the ideologies of the terrorist group. Many believe
that the group has something to fill the void: the possibility of
acquiring a complete identity by participating in a radical Pan-
Islamic political-religious project that restores their humiliated
souls (Borum, 2012). Some studies have already tested the study
hypothesis because they have revealed that when a political
system turns out to be unnavigable on some sweltering public
issue, radicalization can be a rational, individual, or collective
response. Again, studies have revealed that there is no linear
correlation between radicalization and terrorism or domestics.

Furthermore, no suicide bomber or terrorist attack would likely
have occurred without Islamic State calling. The young Western
Muslims’ dissatisfaction would find different channels of
expression (Alimi, 2016). Radicalization and involvement in
terrorism are not macro-level influenced since they are
individual-level process-oriented. Therefore, it is apparent from
the analysis that radicalization and the subsequent involvement
in terrorism can be well understood using the relational, ideal-
driven framework.
Research Design Comment by Chris Martinez: DESIGN
The research design refers to the overall strategy that you
choose to integrate the different components of the study in a
coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively
address the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the
collection, measurement, and analysis of data.
This paper is qualitative and programs evaluation research
that will focus on the common themes in domestic radicalization
to terrorism cases. This research aims to advance knowledge on
the "real" cause of terrorism and address them appropriately.
The variable is terrorism attack, and it will be compared with
other variables such as country/state, religion, weapons, targets,
and type of the attacks. After identifying the variables, the next
stage is the operationalization of variables. In this part, the
variables will get measured using various means. The variables
will be placed on different scales, with one thing in common,
ten survey questions about factors that facilitate terrorism
attacks and historical data questions on measures that can be put
in place/ government interventions of policies to curb terrorism
attacks. Furthermore, the research will assess the influence of
strain theory on domestic terrorism radicalization. The study
will be a program evaluation of government interventions or
policies both within the United States and outside to determine
their impacts. After the 2001 attacks, the United States settled
on military invasions of Muslim countries to deal with militia

groups and end terrorism. However, since sending troops to
Afghanistan, terrorists have formed novel militia groups and
expanded to other parts of the world, including Africa, North
America, and Europe. Terrorism has become more localized and
domestic (Drevon & Khalifa, 2021). Because of such
developments, the researcher will evaluate American policies
and government opinions on Islamic religion to determine if
these factors act as strains that prompt the emergence of more
terrorist activities domestically. Comment by Chris
Martinez: This is background but doesn’t tell the reader how to
duplicate your study Comment by Chris Martinez: What are
they? Comment by Chris Martinez: You will need IRB
approval to do this…see the module on IRB application and
dealing with human subjects Comment by Ronald Punzalan:
Resolved. Stick to data collections and historical surveys.
Comment by Chris Martinez: Ok
Comment by Chris Martinez: The researcher will
Policy evaluation involves gathering data and analyses to
assess policy outcomes or processes. There are various reasons
for choosing policy evaluation research over other quantitative
and qualitative methodologies. First, countering terrorism is an
issue that involves government and its agencies and not
individuals. Therefore, it is easier to assess how government
policies contribute toward ending or expanding terrorism
networks both within and outside the United States (My-Peer
Toolkit, n.d). Some groups may perceive some policies as
discriminatory or limiting some religious groups from their
fundamental beliefs, which is one of the strains that lead to
rebellion.
Justification of the Cases Used Comment by Chris Martinez:
You will need to remove this Comment by Ronald Punzalan:
Removed (Sampling Plan)
The validation will primarily rely on soundness,
methodological, and a systematic method for case study design,
execution, and analysis and evaluation among the cases used.

This research aims to answer two main questions, why and how.
First, there are two case studies: experiment and historical
studies. The historical studies are more suitable than the
experiments study in this type of research because of the
conditions of this study. Afterward, two kinds of validity will
be done in the studies, internal and external validity. In the
inner reality, tests will be done to make inferences from the
findings made in the case study (McDermott, 2011). In the
external validity, the if problems will be tested. It will be
achieved by formulating replication logic for several case
studies (McDermott, 2011).
Data Collection/Sources Comment by Chris Martinez: remove
The primary data sources will be participants' views. As
such, in-depth interviews and focused group discussions will be
used. During interviews, participants will be asked questions
related to the area of interest, and they will be required to give
immediate responses. On the other hand, the participants will be
placed into groups during focused group discussions. The
interviewer will converse with the group individuals regarding
their opinions, perceptions, and attitude toward the terrorism
topic. Comment by Chris Martinez: In order to interview
participants you will need APUS IRB approval which can take
time. I suggest you stick with historical data and analyze the
data based on your purpose and questions
Summary of Analysis Procedures
After the data from the participants are gathered, they will
be compared with one another. Those that have the same view
will be grouped. Afterward, they will be compared against those
who give the opposite opinions. Also, the findings will be
compared against the initial studies conducted by other
researchers.
Limitations
Limitations for the studies will mainly come from the data
collection methods. For example, during the interviews, the
respondents will be required to give an immediate response.

They are not given enough time to think of the most underlying
course and reliable proposals. Accordingly, the methods do not
guarantee that the respondents will provide honest opinions,
which can compromise the validity of the research (John et al.,
2010).
Findings
Domestic militants in the United States of America appear to be
radicalized by individual-level causes and processes. In
comparison to the overall number of participants, 24 individuals
(or 29% of cases) exhibited signs of individual-level
radicalization. Individual mechanisms differ according to
circumstance. Others had a history of abuse and neglect,
resulting in serious challenges with self-esteem and identity.
Certain radicals were diagnosed with formal mental diseases,
while others had a history of abuse and neglect. Only a few
individuals exhibited mild vengeance or narcissism.
Comment by Chris Martinez: Take a look at the link I will
send you on tables and figures
Also look at APA 7th edition
You need to introduce the figure and add a reference
Grupal dynamics is the most effective approach in the United
States for radicalizing both converts and non-convert
homegrown militants, and both groups employ it. According to
the study's findings, 77 of 83 participants, or 93 percent of the
cases, demonstrate signs of group-level radicalization. As the
episodes show, group radicalization can take place in three
ways: top-down radicalization by movement recruiters, top-
down radicalization via internet intermediaries, and horizontal
radicalization via social media. Comment by Chris
Martinez: See APA on presenting numbers
Discussion
It confirms and extends past findings. Pre-radicalized Al
Muhajiroun members, Wiktorowicz believes, had "cognitive
apertures." Wiktorowicz thinks illness or loss of a loved one
can inspire "religious longing." Radicals are more likely to

"identify with a religion or need profound significance." Rather
than a single incident, a series of events frequently leads to
radicalization. Many radicalized people have had horrible life
events or mental health issues. Extremist Islam can help persons
like Jamie Paulin-Ramirez. "In class, everyone picked on
Jamie," Paulin-mother said (Kleinmann, 2012). (Ramirez) A
family friend claims she had a hard life. She said she was lonely
after three abusive marriages (one undocumented Mexican
immigrant, two who battered and mistreated her). She read
about Jihad on a radical Jamie met his Algerian wife online
before conversion. Pauline-Ramirez married and relocated to
Ireland. 5 Michael Finton seems to have benefited from radical
Islam. Finton's troubled past includes foster care, robbery, and
violence. Those who admired him thought him "an idiot and an
eccentric." Finton "made earnest efforts to build a bond" with
Muslims, says a Muslim friend. Finton proclaimed his hatred for
"permissive" American society and desire to be a martyr in his
ramblings. Finton was charged with attempting to detonate a
bomb. It's unclear how individual-level mechanisms relate to
radicalization. Daniel Boyd's father abandoned his mother and
brothers. Boyd later led a radical gang plotting to attack the
Quantico Marine base in Virginia. Victimization by the Marines
could explain Boyd's radicalization. "Loner" Mohammad Reza
allegedly tried to run over schoolchildren (Kleinmann, 2012).
He sneered at his lecturers, bragged, and drove recklessly in
public. The college newspaper received roughly 30 critical
emails from Reza. Maybe you crave attention or are a risk-
taker. This study's findings appear to contradict widely held
beliefs regarding terrorist logic. Terrorists are violent
intellectuals, according to set's Terrorism specialist Bruce
Hoffman. The Hezbollah and left-wing German organizations
rarely face axis I and II challenges (Schizophrenia or Antisocial
Personality Disorder). For example, Hoffman and others say
many local Sunni radicals are mentally sick or have low IQs.
The US Army found him "disturbed" and rejected him.
Mohamad Alessa, who has been seeing a therapist since he was

six years old; Matin Siraj, who has an IQ of 78; is "analytical.
There are no rational political activists or aggressive lecturers
pursuing idealism (Kleinmann, 2012). Like these folks, many
suicidal or low-IQ persons may seek pathological behavior or
causes they cannot control. However, similar personal behavior
among American Sunni extremists is rare in general culture. The
NIMH defines BPD as "insecure in oneself and others...
However, only 1–3% of persons have an antisocial personality
disorder (Kleinmann, 2012). Comment by Chris Martinez:
What is it? Comment by Chris Martinez: Citation needed
Comment by Chris Martinez: Minimize the use of
quoations…synthezise and cite Comment by Chris Martinez: Is
this a discussion on your findings?
Some extremists use movement recruiters to meet and radicalize
others. However, five stand out due to the enormous
radicalization. Then came two internet recruitments. The
Taliban recruited one of five young men from Northern Virginia
after Ahmed Abdullah Minni made provocative remarks on
YouTube in 2009 (Kleinmann, 2012). Prisoner arrests in
Pakistan. Invade Pakistan, Syed Haris Ahmed and Ehsanul
Islam Sadequee appear to have met with two other known
terrorists online, including Younis Tsouli (Irhabbi007). Those
who wished him harm' motivated' him. Recruiters appear to
have taken these individuals to meet other terrorists. They
radicalized them all in person, usually at a mosque. Ali Al
Timimi met 11 guys who had studied under Osama bin Laden's
spiritual mentor in Falls Church, Virginia (Kleinmann, 2012).
Al-Timimi motivated the men. One man went to Pakistan to join
LTT. IDM (LeT). So did Afghan mujahidin Kemal Derwish in
Lakawana, NY. Derwish's teachings sent six guys to terrorist
training camps in Afghanistan. Habis Abdulla Al Saoub, a
Jordanian terrorist. Our findings mirrored previous social
movement studies on radicalization. Jett Klausen discovered a
shared network linking four sheiks. These five recruiters
account for radicalized Sunni militants. Donatella Della Porta
and Quintan Wiktorowicz argue that social connections to

movements and leaders are essential for radicalization. Social
media exposes extreme groups. Al-Timimi and Derwish's
testimonies demonstrate they attracted recruits. Toxic top-down
radicalization might be aided by Only incidents of radical
clergy or violent propagandists online. The radicalizer and the
priest rarely interact. Usually, the radicalizer downloads media.
It's dubbed "self-radicalization" since the cleric is passive. The
result of militant propaganda is radical websites. Anwar al -
Awlaki enflames American Sunnis. Like Paul and Nadia
Rockwood and Hassan Nidal. The non-converts also need
horizontal radicalization. Persons were radicalized by family or
friends. This study has a lot of horizontal radicalization. A
social networker often radicalizes friends or family before
radicalizing outsiders (Kleinmann, 2012). JIS and Newburgh
Four radicalized independently. Comment by Chris
Martinez: Capitalization? Comment by Ronald Punzalan:
Removed Capitalization
Lessons from the US domestic terrorist war are both optimistic
and disheartening. As a result, authorities' options for dealing
with radicalization are restricted. Combating radicalization
requires understanding that it is often the result of movement
recruitment or radical relatives. America's war against terror is
challenging. Confusion develops when violent radicalization
resembles ideological radicalization. Actions precede thoughts.
The US Constitution protects that. We need less extreme beliefs
and behaviors. Many people are enraged. It is legal in the US to
watch and sympathize with terrorist attacks. Terrorists must be
anticipated by law enforcement and intelligence agencies.
Policy actions may dissuade converts to extremist groups.
Others seem driven by a desire to belong or be respected.
However, as this study shows, individual motivations are
insufficient for radicalization. Group procedures also afford
additional radicalization options. Police-Muslim community
interactions are being actively investigated by La Sheriff's
Muslim Community Affairs Section. Los Angeles' Muslim youth
confront discrimination and gang brainwashing. Comment by

Chris Martinez: This is discussion
The Muslim community is wary of cops. Efforts like these can
educate the public on radicalization symptoms, outside
recruiters, and how the public may aid.
Other US intelligence and law enforcement activities inform
Muslim leaders. Others have condemned terrorism and reported
suspected behavior. A.G. Eric Holder claims Muslim-Americans
thwarted 16 terrorism plots by May 2010.
Relationships between the government and the Muslim
community must be improved. Local Muslim leaders can spot
terrorist recruitment. For example, moderate Muslim leaders'
counternarratives have kept terrorist recruiters out of some
neighborhoods. Muslim leaders can thereby counteract
radicalism. And they're inexpensive and easy. Most community
outreach projects do not require as many highly educated
specialists as deradicalization or counter-ideology programs.
US policy repercussions of simple mass-level impact are
enormous. Nobody is poor or oppressed. Parity among citizens
is good for society but not always for preventing radicalism.
Spending money on targeting extremist networks and recruiters
is a waste.
Reference List Comment by Chris Martinez: You have 4 of 5
peered reviewed journal articles on this list this is a good
start...strive for 80 percent.
Also, each reference needs to be cited in the document or
removed. Continue to add references exponentially as your
research grows…heavily cite your document while synthesizing
what others have said.

Look at APA 7th edition…remove the word “list”
Alimi, E. Y. (2016). The relational context of radicalization:
The case of Jewish settler contention before and after the Gaza
pullout. Political Studies, 64(4), 910-929. DOI: 10.1111/1467-
9248.12226.https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427899036002001
Borum R. (2012), Radicalization into Violent Extremism I. A
Review of Social Science Theories, «Journal of Strategic
Security», 4, 4, pp. 7-36. DOI: 10.5038/1944-0472.4.4.1
Borum, R. (2011). Radicalization into violent extremism I: A
review of social science theories. Journal of strategic security,
4(4), 7-36.
Dalgaard-Nielsen A. (2010), Violent Radicalisation in Europe:
What We Know and What We Do Not Know, «Studies in
Conflict and Terrorism», 33, 1, pp. 797-814. DOI :
10.1080/1057610X.2010.501423
Drevon, J., & Khalifa, D. (2021, June 16). They are exploiting
disorder: Al-Qaeda and the Islamic state. Crisis Group.
Retrieved February 24, 2022, from
https://www.crisisgroup.org/global/exploiting-disorder-al-
qaeda-and-islamic-state
John, F. A. S., Edwards-Jones, G., Gibbons, J. M., & Jones, J.
P. (2010). Testing novel methods for assessing rule-breaking in
conservation. Biological Conservation, 143(4), 1025-1030.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.01.018
Jones, S. G. (2022, March 7). The escalating terrorism problem
in the United States. The Escalating Terrorism Problem in the
United States | Center for Strategic and International Studies.
Retrieved February 23, 2022, from
https://www.csis.org/analysis/escalating-terrorism-problem-
united-states
Kleinmann, S. M. (2012). Radicalization of homegrown Sunni
militants in the United States: Comparing converts and non-
converts. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 35(4), 278-297.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2012.656299
McDermott, R. (2011). Internal and external validity.

Cambridge handbook of experimental political science, 27-40.
Merton, R. K. (n.d.). Crime causation: Sociological theories -
strain theory. Strain Theory - Delinquency, People, Money, and
Engage - JRank Articles. Retrieved February 24, 2022, from
https://law.jrank.org/pages/814/Crime-Causation-Sociological-
Theories-Strain-theory.html
My-Peer Toolkit. MyPeer Toolkit RSS2. (n.d.). Retrieved
February 24, 2022, from https://mypeer.org.au/monitoring-
evaluation/types-of-evaluation/
Rink, A., & Sharma, K. (2016). The determinants of religious
radicalization. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 62(6), 1229–
1261. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002716678986
Rogers, M. B., Loewenthal, K. M., Lewis, C. A., Amlôt, R.,
Cinnirella, M., & Ansari, H. (2007). The role of religious
fundamentalism in terrorist violence: A Social Psychological
Analysis. International Review of Psychiatry, 19(3), 253–262.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260701349399
Shapiro, L. R., & Maras, M.-H. (2018). Women’s radicalization
to religious terrorism: An examination of isis cases in the
United States. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 42(1-2), 88–
119. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610x.2018.1513694
Strain. Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved February 24,
2022, from
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/strain
Tusini, S. (2019). Reading religious radicalization by Merton’s
strain theory. Quaderni di Sociologia, 81(81-LXIII), 47-69.
https://doi.org/10.4000/qds.3498
Venkatraman, A. (2007). Religious basis for Islamic terrorism:
The Quran and its interpretations. Studies in Conflict &
Terrorism, 30(3), 229–248.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100600781612
Wilner, A. S., & Dubouloz, C.-J. (2010). Homegrown terrorism
and transformative learning: An interdisciplinary approach to
understanding radicalization. Global Change, Peace & Security,
22(1), 33–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/14781150903487956
Wright, J. D. (2016). Why is Contemporary Religious Terrorism

Predominantly Linked to Islam? Four Possible Psychosocial
Factors. Perspectives on Terrorism, 10(1), 19–31
Data Collections
participants Individual level radicalization did not display
individual level radicalization 2.9 7.1
Data Collections
participants group-level radicalization did not display
group level radicalization 9.3000000000000007 0.7
I need you to take a look at the findings module and rework
your paper for submission.
Once that is done...upload it here and email me to let me know.
you will need to add a deeper analysis to the Discussion and
conclusion to get you to the 60-page minimum for the thesis.
Please address all of my comments and look forward to your
submission
· So I need to make it to 60 pages
· Concentrate on the Discussion section and Conclusion
· I needed 30 more pages.

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