INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

1
A
Thesis
On
INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM – ACCIDENT HANDLING
AND TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT
Submitted as partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Civil Engineering
Submitted By
SHASHI KUMAR YADAV (Roll no. 1428400075)
SHUBHAM KUMAR SHUKLA (Roll No. 1428400081)
SWAPNIL SHRIVASTAVA (Roll No. 1428400089)
VIGYAN NIDHI (Roll No. 1428400093)
VISHWAS MISHRA (Roll No. 1428400098)
ABHISHEK PANDEY (Roll No. 1528400901)
Under the Supervision of
Mr. Vikrant Singh
Professor, Civil Engineering Department
UIT, Allahabad
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NAINI, ALLAHABAD
May – 2018

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CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
I hear certify that the work which is being presented in this thesis “INTELLIGENT
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM – ACCIDENT HANDLING AND TRANSPORTATION
MANAGEMENT ”, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the awards of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology (Civil Engineering ) submitted in the department of Civil Engineering
of the institute is an authentic record of my own work carried out during a period January – May
2018 under the supervision of Mr. Vikrant Singh.
Date
This is to certify that the above statement made by candidate is correct to the best of my
knowledge.
Date… Mr. Hareesh Kumar
Asst. Professor
The viva voce examination of Shashi, Shubham, Swapnil, Vigyan, Vishwas, Abhishek has been
held on ……………………
Sign of Supervisor Sign of External Examiner Sign of HOD

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Allahabad (U. P.) -211010
CERTIFICATE
It is to certify that the thesis entitled “INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM –
ACCIDENT HANDLING AND TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT” submitted by
“SHASHI YADAV”, “SHUBHAM KUMAR SHUKLA”, “SWAPNIL SHRIVASTAVA”,
“VIGYAN NIDHI”, “VISHWAS MISHRA”, “ABHISHEK PANDEY” in partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the award of degree Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering of
UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Allahabad is a record work carried out by him
under my supervision and guidance.
Mr. Vikrant Singh
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department
UIT, Allahabad

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ABSTRACT
Traffic control and safety has been an issue since humans put the first wheels on the first cart.
The modern world demands mobility. Cars represent the main method of mobility, but today’s
congested highways and city streets don’t move fast, and sometimes they don’t move at all.
Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS), sometimes called Intelligent Transportation Systems, apply
communications and information technology to provide solutions to this congestion as well as
other traffic safety issues.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express my deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Hareesh Kumar (Asst. Professor), department of
Civil Engineering, United Institute of Technology, for his excellent guidance and whole heart
involvement during my search without invaluable suggestion meticulous efforts and untiring
guidance, this research would not have been feasible. I am also indebted to him for his
encouragements and moral support and sparing their valuable time in giving my concrete
suggestion and increasing my knowledge through fruitful discussions throughout the couce of
my study.
We owe thanks to entire staff of CAD Lab for their immense cooperation. We also want to
thanks the library staff of United Institute Of Technology, for their full cooperation in providing
the necessary literature.
We would like to thanks Mr. Hareesh Kumar for his assistance in completing my dissertation.
Most importantly, we would like to give God the glory for all of the efforts we have put into this
project, and deeply obliged to our parents, our friends uplifting me when we are down for
pushing us when we want to stop, and for teaching us how to tackle every situation of life either
its up or down, for showing us the right direction out of the blue, for their continuous
encouragement to keep us moving even at the oldest of times.

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LIST OF CONTENTS
CANDIDATE’S` DECLARATION (ii)
CERTIFICATE (iii)
ABSTRACT (iv)
ACKNOWLEDEGEMENT (v)
CONTENTS (v)
Chapter – 1 Introduction
1.1 General 9
1.2 History of ITS 10
1.3 Overview of ITS 11
1.4 Objective of study 13
1.5 Scope of Present Work 13
Chapter – 2 Review of Literature
2.1 General 14
2.2 Review of Literature 14
2.3 Benefits of ITS 16
2.4 Components of ITS 17
2.5 Purpose of ITS 18
Chapter – 3 Problem Analysis
3.1 Problems Related to Accidents 19
3.2 Intelligent Transportation Technologies 22
3.3 Intelligent Transportation Applications 25
Chapter – 4 Implementation of Technologies
4.1 ITS in India 27
4.2 Emerging Technologies 33
4.3 Software used in ITS 37
4.4 Cost Analysis 38

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Chapter – 5 Issues and Challenges
5.1 Issues and Challenges of ITS in India 40
5.2 Operations and Maintenance 42
Chapter – 6 Conclusions 44
References 46

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Complexity of traffic in India 9
Figure 2: Broad Overview of ITS 12
Figure 3: Children Death 19
Figure 4: Delhi’s Roads 20
Figure 5: One death in every 4 minutes in India 20
Figure 6: Congestion on Roads 21
Figure 7: TRMS in Chennai 28
Figure 8: Automated Traffic Control 28
Figure 9: ATC in Pune 28
Figure 10: Some implementation of ITS IN India 32
Figure 11: Toll Collection in India 33
Figure 12: Spikes 34
Figure 13: Pedestrian Crossing 35
Figure 14: Stop Crash Alert 35
Figure 15: Approaching Emergency Vehicles 36
Figure 16: Blind Turn Safety Model 36
Figure 17: A Unit of Implemented Spikes 38
Figure 18: Pressure Switch / Pressure Sensors 39

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: ITS Developments In Europe, USA, Japan at the turn of Century 11
Table 2: List Of BRTS Projects proposed 31
Table 3: ETC systems are deployed in the following cities in India 32

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CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) represent a major transition in transportation on many
dimensions. ITS is an international program intended to improve the effectiveness and efficiency
of surface transportation systems through advanced technologies in information systems,
communications, and sensors. ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems) is a system which is designed
to promote advance technology, to ensure that the Electronic Toll Collection System (ETC) is
effective and to support safe driving. With this system, people, roads, and vehicles use the latest
information communication technology.
Figure 1: Complexity of traffic in India
The intelligent transport system (ITS) takes the first step towards meeting this challenge by
providing effective, reliable and meaningful knowledge to motorists in time. Problems like high
traffic congestion, low transportation efficiency, low safety and endangered environment can be
solved through innovative and sophisticated ways of handling latest techniques that have
emerged in recent years in integrating information technology, electronics and
telecommunication with roads and traffic management. Intelligent transportation systems, or
ITS, encompass a broad range of wireless and wire line communications-based information,
control and electronics technologies.
When integrated into the transportation system infrastructure, and in vehicles themselves, these
technologies help monitor and manage traffic flow, reduce congestion, provide alternate routes to
travelers, enhance productivity, and save lives, time and money. Intelligent transportation
systems provide the tools for skilled transportation professionals to collect, analyze, and archive
data about the performance of the system during the hours of peak use. Having this data enhanes
traffic operators' ability to respond to incidents, adverse weather or other capacity constricting
events.
The investments in ITS will help increase the benefits and efficiencies of transportation systems,
thereby reducing the need for much costlier physical expansion of systems. This optimism is not

11
to be confused as any kind of illusion that new infrastructure expansion in India can be avoided
altogether by resorting to ITS. Significant expansion of infrastructure will still be needed in India
for a long time to come. But including ITS in the overall development strategy of India’s
transportation system can increase the number of beneficiaries of the system, significantly
enhance the transportation-related safety which is a major concern in most parts of India and in
some cases reduce the scale of infrastructure expansion.
Thus, a realistic approach to ITS deployment in India would consist of a balanced component of
ITS as part of the ongoing expansion of transportation system. ITS initiatives in industrialized
countries have clearly identified a number of benefits associated with such projects. Even though
ITS projects are implemented with specific objectives with specific benefits in mind, the overall
benefits to the society may prove to be quite substantial in many cases. For example, Toronto’s
COMPASS Freeway Traffic Management System, one of the first and successful ITS projects in
the world has been subjected to a great deal of scrutiny to evaluate its benefits.
1.2 HISTORY OF ITS
The origin of the formal ITS program dates back to the nineteen sixties with the development of
the Electronic Route Guidance System, or ERGS in the United States, to provide drivers with
route guidance information based on real-time traffic analysis. The system used special hardware
located at various intersections across the road network, on-board way devices in vehicles that
would form the hub of communication between the driver and the ERGS system, and a central
computer system that processed the information received from the remote systems. During the
early seventies, the ERGS program led to a more sophisticated, automated system comprising
interactive visual digital maps called the Automatic Route Control System or ARCS. The Urban
Traffic Control System was developed concomitantly, connecting various traffic signals and
computer generated predetermined signal timings for better traffic organization.
The same era saw the development of the Japanese Comprehensive Automobile Traffic Control
System (CACS) program, presumably one of the earliest public-private partnership effort in the
world to test an interactive route guidance system with an in-vehicle display unit. The Autofahrer
Leit and Information System (ALI) in Germany was a dynamic route guidance system based on
real traffic conditions, employed in the seventies. This was followed by AMTICS and RACS
projects that heralded the era of high-tech traffic management in Japan.
Meanwhile, the United States strove to formulate the Federal Transportation Bill, the successor
to the Post Interstate Bill of the fifties, to solve issues of growing traffic congestion, travel
related accidents, fuel wastage and pollution. In1986, the Intelligent Vehicle Highway System
(IVHS) was formulated that led to a spate of developments in the area of ITS. The General
Motors-funded Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility Annual Meeting (HUFSAM)
was held in Washington DC in November, 1986 to partner with the US DOT in sponsoring a
National Leadership Conference on “Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS)”. A Federal
Advisory Committee for IVHS was incorporated to assist the US-Department of Transportation

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and was aimed to promote orderly and expeditious movement of people and goods, develop an
efficient mass transit system that interacts smoothly with improved highway operations and an
active IVHS industry catering to both domestic and international needs. This laid the foundation
for the formal Intelligent Transportation Society of America (ITS America) in 1991 as an on-
profit organization to foster the use of advanced technologies in surface transportation systems.
In Europe, the Program for a European Traffic System with Higher Efficiency and
Unprecedented Safety (PROMETHEUS) was designed by auto manufacturers and this was
followed by Dedicated Road Infrastructure for Vehicle Safety in Europe (DRIVE) project, setup
by the European Community. A brief overview of the ITS developments towards the end of last
century, in three key geographic areas of the world is shown in Table 1.
Table 1: ITS Developments in Europe, USA, Japan at the turn of Century.
First Stage Second Stage Third Stage
Europe
ALI PROMETHEUS
DRIVE
PROMOTE
TELEMATICS
CENTRICO
USA
ERGS ARCS IVHS ITS
Japan
CACS AMTICS ARTS
RACS
ITS
Year 70 75 80 85 90 91 92 94 95 96
1.3 OVERVIEW OF ITS
Intelligent Transportation System technology can be defined as the application of information
technology to surface transportation in order to achieve enhanced safety and mobility while
reducing the environmental impact of transportation. ITS aims to facilitate a national multi-
modal surface transportation system that features a connected transportation environment around
vehicles of all types, the infrastructure, and carry-in passenger devices to serve the public good
by leveraging technology to maximize safety, mobility and environmental performance.

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It covers all modes of transport and considers all elements of the transportation system-the
vehicle, the infrastructure, and the driver or user, interacting together dynamically. The overall
function of ITS is to improve decision making, often in real-time, by transport network
controllers and other users, thereby improving the operation of the entire transport system. The
definition encompasses abroad array of techniques and approaches that may be achieved through
stand alone technological applications or enhancements to other transportation strategies.
ITS offers scope for integration, and some argue that it is only through integration of its
components that ITS will achieve its full impact. ITS includes array of information data
depending upon the requirement of the implementation theme, and simultaneously integrating
these components together to get a good “Info Structure” environment for the traffic planning,
control and management and boosting the system effectiveness.
ITS relies on wide range of technologies and functions such as Communications (Microwave,
Internet, Bluetooth), Geographical Locations, Geographical Information System, Data
acquisition and exchange, Camera system and Artificial vision, Detection and classification, In-
vehicle systems and Digital Mapping.
Figure 2: Broad Overview of ITS

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1.4 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
The multi-annual programme addresses the following areas:
• Wide traffic and travel information services, including inter alia cross border
services for seamless door-to-door mobility.
• Wide traffic management systems to optimise traffic operations and enhance
energy efficiency.
• Systems to enhance road safety and security.
• Expansion of "ITS corridors", or new ITS corridors coordinated with the existing ITS
corridors, to cover the Core Network Corridors or the core network.
• Definition of physical and operating requirements for aftermarket 112 e-Call in-vehicle
devices, including the definition of a certification process, in liaise with corresponding
standardisation developments.
• Infrastructure communication.
1.5 SCOPE OF PRESENT WORK
IoT is transforming the transportation sector with the generation of intelligent transportation
system (ITS) that helps to optimize logistics and fleet management, goods and services, traffic
management driver assistance, etc. ITS helps in automating railways, roadways, airways and
marine vessels. It also helps in tracking and delivery of goods.
By generating an intelligent transportation system (ITS), it can automate an entire vehicle.
Congestion on urban roads and rising accidents which need smart transport management
solutions leveraging sensing, communications, and data processing technologies, smart parking
solutions, traffic management solutions, passenger entertainment, fleet management and
telematics solutions, and security solutions. Moreover, prices of sensors are projected to come
down in the near future.
Increasing adoption of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) to improve safety and reduce road
accidents is also expected to significantly drive the intelligent transportation system market.
Growing population and rise in number of vehicles has driven the need for effective traffic
management.

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CHAPTER - 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 GENERAL
The intelligent transport system (ITS) takes the first step towards meeting this challenge by
providing effective, reliable and meaningful knowledge to motorists in time. Problems like high
traffic congestion, low transportation efficiency, low safety and endangered environment can be
solved through innovative and sophisticated ways of handling latest techniques that have
emerged in recent years in integrating information technology, electronics and
telecommunication with roads and traffic management. Intelligent transportation systems, or
ITS, encompass a broad range of wireless and wire line communications-based information,
control and electronics technologies.
When integrated into the transportation system infrastructure, and in vehicles themselves, these
technologies help monitor and manage traffic flow, reduce congestion, provide alternate routes to
travelers, enhance productivity, and save lives, time and money. Intelligent transportation
systems provide the tools for skilled transportation professionals to collect, analyze, and archive
data about the performance of the system during the hours of peak use. Having this data
enhances traffic operators' ability to respond to incidents, adverse weather or other capacity
constricting events
2.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The various reviews are follows-
INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS - A LITERATURE REVIEW FROM
INDIAN PERSPECTIVE by- Mr. Nilesh R. Mate. Published- September 2016
Objectives: This paper aims to build a structured literature review to the field of Intelligent
Transportation Systems (ITS). In this literature review an effort made to critically evaluate the
earlier research work and methodologies related with Intelligent Transportation Systems to
study, analyze and evaluate its relevance in today’s changing environment. The recently
published research articles related to ITS are undertaken for the study.
Results: The literature review focuses on different areas such as: ITS applicability in the
developing countries like India with major issue of Traffic congestion, Infrastructure constraints,
High Traffic Loads, Non-Lane Traffic System etc. There are few research gaps were identified in
the field specifically in the areas of ITS and its practical implementation. To fill these gaps and

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extend previous studies within the field, there is a need for conducting research to investigate the
relationship between ITS and its implementing issues.
A REVIEW OF - PERSPECTIVES ON INTELLIGENTS TRANSORTATION SYSTEM
by- Joseph M. Sussman and Michael S. Bronzini. Published- 26 January 2007
Objective: Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have resulted in an increase in the amount
of interest in Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA) in order to effectively manage the vehicles in
real time and to predict the state of the network in the future. One of the main components of
Intelligent Transportation Systems is Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) whose
main aim is to provide descriptive or prescriptive information to the users to improve their travel
experience.
Conclusion: Descriptive information updates the user about the general state of the network or
of certain important links in the network. Examples of descriptive information are the travel
times on important corridors or the location and severity of incidents in the network. On the
other hand, prescriptive information provides specific recommendations to users (e.g. by
prescribing the routes to follow) . An example of prescriptive information is the route to be
followed from the users’ origin to the destination.
A REVIEW PAPER ON INTELLIGENCE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM by-
Priyadarshini Panda and Sangeeta Santara. Published- December 2016
Objective: Intelligent Transport System becomes better transportation safety and plasticity and
amplify global connectivity by means of productivity improvements extract through the group
action of advanced publicity technologies into the moving support and in vehicle.
Conclusion: Traffic congestion is an important problem in Indian cities. The characteristics of
Indian roads and traffic make the problem interesting to solve. There is scope for evaluating
existing ideas in different and challenging traffic scenarios, innovate new solutions and
empirically evaluate ideas in collaboration with public and private sectors.
RECENTS TRENDS IN INTELLIGENTS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM by- Bhupendra
Singh and Ankit Gupta. Published- April 2015
Objective: In the present paper different ITS architecture and model developed by various
researchers all over the world has been studied and reviewed to get in-depth of their architecture.
In the study the ITS has been sub-divided in four main branches based of their implementation in
different aspects of transportation management i.e. ATIS, APTMS, ATMS and EMC.

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Conclusion: In the development of ITS, integration of the different modes of transportation is
very necessary. Hence, the work should be done in this field. In ITS real time information is a
very important factor. GPS is one technology which can help in this direction so the work needed
to be done towards making GPS more accurate and economical.
2.3 BENEFITS OF ITS
The investments in ITS will help increase the benefits and efficiencies of transportation systems,
thereby reducing the need for much costlier physical expansion of systems. This optimism is not
to be confused as any kind of illusion that new infrastructure expansion in India can be avoided
altogether by resorting to ITS. Significant expansion of infrastructure will still be needed in India
for a long time to come. But including ITS in the overall development strategy of India’s
transportation system can increase the number of beneficiaries of the system, significantly
enhance the transportation-related safety which is a major concern in most parts of India and in
some cases reduce the scale of infrastructure expansion.
Thus, a realistic approach to ITS deployment in India would consist of a balanced component of
ITS as part of the ongoing expansion of transportation system. ITS initiatives in industrialized
countries have clearly identified a number of benefits associated with such projects. Even though
ITS projects are implemented with specific objectives with specific benefits in mind, the overall
benefits to the society may prove to be quite substantial in many cases.
The following is a list of identified benefits of ITS projects :
· Reduced rush hour congestion and delay.
· Increased safety and personal security.
· Time savings and operation efficiencies.
· Reduced fuel consumption and emissions.
· Improved customer service and reduced frustration.
· Reduced road accidents and fatalities.
· Enhanced economic productivity.
The traditional approach to providing increased mobility for users of surface transportation
facilities has been to expand the system. However, rapidly increasing travel demand has resulted

18
in high levels of congestion on many of our highways, and costs to continue to expand the
system are often prohibitive, thus necessitating the consideration of alternatives mobility.
For example :- There’s 1 death every 4 minutes due to Road Accidents in India and 1.46 lakh
lives lost on Indian roads last year.
ITS applications can improve safety, reduce congestion, and enhance mobility, while minimizing
environmental impacts. ITS tools can assist in addressing current problems and meeting future
demands through proper planning and managing of transportation systems. Direct benefits can be
realized from the effective integration of advanced technologies for communication, control, and
information processing into transportation systems.
2.4 COMPONENTS OF ITS
Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS) integrates various sub-systems (such as
CCTV, vehicle detection, communications, variable message systems, etc.) into a coherent single
interface that provides real time data on traffic status and predicts traffic conditions former
efficient planning and operations. Dynamic traffic control systems, freeway operations
management systems, incident response systems etc. respond in real time to changing conditions.
Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) provide to users of transportation systems,
travel-related information to assist decision making on route choices, estimate travel times, and
avoid congestion.
Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) comprises assemblage of satellite navigation system, a
small computer and a digital radio, which can be used in commercial vehicles such as trucks,
vans, and taxes. This system affords constant monitoring of truck operations by the central office
and provides traceability and safety.
Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS) are tools and concepts that enhance the driver
‟control of the vehicle to make travel safer and more efficient. For example, in vehicle collision
warning systems alert the driver to a possible imminent collision. In more advanced AVCS
applications, the vehicle could automatically break or steer away from a collision, based on in put
from sensors on the vehicle. Both systems are autonomous to the vehicle and can provide
substantial benefits by improving safety and reducing accident induced congestion. The
installation of high tech gadgets and processor in vehicles allow in corporation of software
applications and artificial intelligence systems that control internal operations, ubiquitous
computing, and other programs designed to be integrated into a greater transportation system.
Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS) applies transportation management and
information technologies to public transit systems to enhance efficiency of operation and improve
safety. It includes real-time passenger information systems, automatic vehicle location systems,

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bus arrival notification systems, and systems providing priority of passage to buses at signalized
intersections.
Advanced Rural Transportation Systems(ARTS) provide information about remote road and
other transportation systems. Examples include automated road and weather conditions reporting
and directional information. This type of information is valuable to motorists travelling to remote
or rural areas. This has been widely implemented in the United States and will be a valuable asset
to countries like India, where rural areas are widely distributed.
2.5 PURPOSE OF ITS
In a developing nation like India, with advancement in the transportation technology and rise in
the total number of vehicles, road accidents increases rapidly. This advancement in technology
also increased the traffic hazards. Two wheelers accounts for 25% of total road crash death.
Hence the ratio of road accidents that take place frequently increases causing immense loss of
life due to poor emergency facilities. Main causes behind these road accidents are lack of
training institutes, unskilled drivers, poor road conditions, use of cell phone during driving,
consuming alcohol while driving, over loading and poor governmental plans in this regard.
Plenty of solutions have been applied to prevent these road accidents, like designing stringent
rules and regulations. But most of them failed to prevent accidents.
 Incorporates advanced management techniques and technology to improve productivity.
 Increasing efficiency in existing systems and programs.
 Integrates and facilitates coordination between relevant systems and programs
 Provides travel information before and during the trip for informed decision making.
 It applies innovative and advanced technologies to make transportation system safer, more
efficient, and more customer service-oriented.
 The concept of Integrating the Transportation System within a region.
 ITS has the ability to learn and adapt to changing scenarios
This paper provides an intelligent system for two wheeler accident prevention and detection for
human life safety. The prevention part involves, Smart Helmet, which automatically checks
whether the person is wearing the helmet and has non-alcoholic breath while driving. The relay
does not ON the engine if these two conditions are not satisfied. The microcontroller controls the
function of relay and thus the ignition. The system also enables detection of an accident at any
place and reports about the accident to predefined numbers with GSM module. The
Microcontroller continuously records all the parameters of automobile for prevention and
detection of accident.

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CHAPTER 3
PROBLEM ANALYSIS
3.1 PROBLEMS RELATED TO ACCIDENTS
The major problem we face in the transportation of India is the heavy road accidents every day,
and some of the road accidents statistics in India are given below:-
In countries like India, Roads accidents are very common so important measures are required to
be taken in order to built and maintain the proper safety at the roads as well as maintain the
proper functioning of traffic with account of the less traffic. Over 1,37,000 people were killed
in road accidents in 2013 alone, that is more than the number of people killed in all our wars put
together.
As we all know that the traffic signal are not followed by many peoples so risks of accidents is
increased. Traffic signals and rules are built for the proper functioning of the roads. In that case,
the ITS(Intelligent Transportation System) will be beneficial in order to enhance the present
traffic rules and regulations. It mainly focus on the enhancing the traffic safety and inspiring the
traffic aspects over there in present condition.
Figure 3: Children Death.

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Figure 4: Delhi’s roads.
Figure 5: One death in every four minutes in India.
ITS applications can improve safety, reduce congestion, and enhance mobility, while minimizing
environmental impacts. ITS tools can assist in addressing current problems and meeting future
demands through proper planning and managing of transportation systems. Direct benefits can be
realized from the effective integration of advanced technologies for communication, control, and
information processing into transportation systems.

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Figure 6: Congestion on Roads
Two wheelers account for 25% of total road crash deaths20 children under the age of 14 die
every day due to road crashes in the country.377 people die every day, equivalent to a jumbo jet
crashing every day. Two people die every hour in Uttar Pradesh – State with maximum number
of road crash deaths. Tamil Nadu is the state with the maximum number of road crash injuries.
Top 10 Cities with the highest number of Road Crash Deaths (Rank –Wise):
Delhi (City)
Chennai
Jaipur
Bengaluru
Mumbai
Kanpur
Lucknow
Agra
Hyderabad
Pune

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3.2 INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGIES
Intelligent transport systems vary in technologies applied, from basic management systems such
as car navigation, traffic signal control systems, container management systems, variable
message signs, automatic number plate recognition or speed cameras to monitor applications,
such as security CCTV systems; and to more advanced applications that integrate live data and
feedback from a number of other sources, such as parking guidance and information systems;
weather information; bridge de-icing (US deicing) systems; and the like. Additionally, predictive
techniques are being developed to allow advanced modeling and comparison with historical
baseline data. Some of these technologies are described in the following sections.
Wireless communications
Traffic monitoring gantry with wireless communication dish antenna. Various forms of wireless
communications technologies have been proposed for intelligent transportation systems. Radio
modem communication on UHF and VHF frequencies are widely used for short and long range
communication within ITS.
Short-range communications of 350 m can be accomplished using IEEE 802.11 protocols,
specifically WAVE or the Dedicated Short Range Communications standard being promoted by
the Intelligent Transportation Society.
Longer range communications have been proposed using infrastructure networks such as,
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), or 3G. Long-range communications using
these methods are well established, but, unlike the short-range protocols, these methods require
extensive and very expensive infrastructure deployment.
Computational technologies
Recent advances in vehicle electronics have led to a move towards fewer, more capable
computer processors on a vehicle. The current trend is toward fewer, more costly microprocessor
modules with hardware memory management and real-time operating systems. The new
embedded system platforms allow for more sophisticated software applications to be
implemented, including model-based process control, artificial intelligence, and ubiquitous

24
computing. Perhaps the most important of these for Intelligent Transportation Systems is
artificial intelligence.
Sensing technologies
Technological advances in telecommunications and information technology, coupled with
ultramodern/state-of-the-art microchip, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), and inexpensive
intelligent beacon sensing technologies, have enhanced the technical capabilities that will
facilitate motorist safety benefits for intelligent transportation systems globally. Sensing systems
for ITS are vehicle- and infrastructure-based networked systems, i.e., Intelligent vehicle
technologies.
Infrastructure sensors are indestructible (such as in-road reflectors) devices that are installed or
embedded in the road or surrounding the road (e.g., on buildings, posts, and signs), as required,
and may be manually disseminated during preventive road construction maintenance or by
sensor injection machinery for rapid deployment. Vehicle-sensing systems include deployment
of infrastructure-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure electronic beacons for identification
communications and may also employ video automatic number plate recognition or vehicle
magnetic signature detection technologies at desired intervals to increase sustained monitoring of
vehicles operating in critical zones.
Video vehicle detection
Traffic-flow measurement and automatic incident detection using video cameras is another form
of vehicle detection. Since video detection systems such as those used in automatic number plate
recognition do not involve installing any components directly into the road surface or roadbed,
this type of system is known as a "non-intrusive" method of traffic detection. Video from
cameras is fed into processors that analyse the changing characteristics of the video image as
vehicles pass. The cameras are typically mounted on poles or structures above or adjacent to the
roadway.
Most video detection systems require some initial configuration to "teach" the processor the
baseline background image. This usually involves inputting known measurements such as the
distance between lane lines or the height of the camera above the roadway. A single video

25
detection processor can detect traffic simultaneously from one to eight cameras, depending on
the brand and model. The typical output from a video detection system is lane-by-lane vehicle
speeds, counts, and lane occupancy readings. Some systems provide additional outputs including
gap, headway, stopped-vehicle detection, and wrong-way vehicle alarms.
Bluetooth detection
Bluetooth is an accurate and inexpensive way to measure travel time and make origin and
destination analysis. Bluetooth devices in passing vehicles are detected by sensing devices along
the road. If these sensors are interconnected they are able to calculate travel time and provide
data for origin and destination matrices. Compared to other traffic measurement technologies,
Bluetooth measurement has some differences:
 Accurate measurement points with absolute confirmation to provide to the second travel times.
 Is non-intrusive, which can lead to lower-cost installations for both permanent and temporary
sites.
 Is limited to how many Bluetooth devices are broadcasting in a vehicle so counting and other
applications are limited.
 Systems are generally quick to set up with little to no calibration needed.
Since Bluetooth devices become more prevalent on board vehicles and with more portable
electronics broadcasting, the amount of data collected over time becomes more accurate and
valuable for travel time and estimation purposes, more information can be found in.
It is also possible to measure traffic density on a road using the Audio signal that consists of the
cumulative sound from tire noise, engine noise, engine-idling noise, honks and air turbulence
noise. A roadside-installed microphone picks up the audio that comprises the various vehicle
noise and Audio signal processing techniques can be used to estimate the traffic state. The
accuracy of such a system compares well with the other methods described above.

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3.3 INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
Emergency vehicle notification systems
The in-vehicle e-Call is generated either manually by the vehicle occupants or automatically via
activation of in-vehicle sensors after an accident. When activated, the in-vehicle eCall device
will establish an emergency call carrying both voice and data directly to the nearest emergency
point (normally the nearest E1-1-2 public-safety answering point, PSAP). The voice call enables
the vehicle occupant to communicate with the trained e-Call operator. At the same time, a
minimum set of data will be sent to the e-Call operator receiving the voice call.
The minimum set of data contains information about the incident, including time, precise
location, the direction the vehicle was traveling, and vehicle identification. The pan-European e-
Call aims to be operative for all new type-approved vehicles as a standard option. Depending on
the manufacturer of the e-Call system, it could be mobile phone based (Bluetooth connection to
an in-vehicle interface), an integrated e-Call device, or a functionality of a broader system like
navigation, Telematics device, or tolling device. E-Call is expected to be offered, at earliest, by
the end of 2010, pending standardization by the European Telecommunications Standards
Institute and commitment from large EU member states such as France and the United Kingdom.
The EC funded project Safe TRIP developing an open ITS system that will improve road safety
and provide a resilient communication through the use of S-band satellite communication. Such
platform will allow for greater coverage of the Emergency Call Service within the EU.
Automatic road enforcement
A traffic enforcement camera system, consisting of a camera and a vehicle-monitoring device, is
used to detect and identify vehicles disobeying a speed limit or some other road legal
requirement and automatically ticket offenders based on the license plate number. Traffic tickets
are sent by mail. Applications include:
 Speed cameras that identify vehicles traveling over the legal speed limit. Many such devices use
radar to detect a vehicle's speed or electromagnetic loops buried in each lane of the road.

27
 Red light cameras that detect vehicles that cross a stop line or designated stopping place while a
red traffic light is showing.
 Bus lane cameras that identify vehicles traveling in lanes reserved for buses. In some
jurisdictions, bus lanes can also be used by taxis or vehicles engaged in car pooling.
 Level crossing cameras that identify vehicles crossing railways at grade illegally.
 Double white line cameras that identify vehicles crossing these lines.
 High-occupancy vehicle lane cameras that identify vehicles violating HOV requirements.
Variable speed limits
Recently some jurisdictions have begun experimenting with variable speed limits that change
with road congestion and other factors. Typically such speed limits only change to decline during
poor conditions, rather than being improved in good ones. One example is on Britain's M25
motorway, which circumnavigates London. On the most heavily traveled 14-mile (23 km)
section (junction 10 to 16) of the M25 variable speed limits combined with automated
enforcement have been in force since 1995. Initial results indicated savings in journey times,
smoother-flowing traffic, and a fall in the number of accidents, so the implementation was made
permanent in 1997. Further trials on the M25 have been thus far proven inconclusive.
Dynamic traffic light sequence
A 2008 paper was written about using RFID for dynamic traffic light sequences. It circumvents
or avoids problems that usually arise with systems that use image processing and beam
interruption techniques. RFID technology with appropriate algorithm and database were applied
to a multi-vehicle, multi-lane and multi-road junction area to provide an efficient time
management scheme. A dynamic time schedule was worked out for the passage of each column.
The simulation showed the dynamic sequence algorithm could adjust itself even with the
presence of some extreme cases. The paper said the system could emulate the judgment of a
traffic police officer on duty, by considering the number of vehicles in each column and the
routing properties.

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CHAPTER 4
IMPLEMENTATION OF TECHNOLOGY
4.1 ITS IN INDIA
The ITS program in India is aimed at ensuring safe, affordable, quick, comfortable, reliable and
sustainable access for the growing urban and rural population to jobs, education, recreation and
such other needs. A few ITS applications have been introduced in Indian metropolitan cities like
New Delhi, Pune, Bangalore, Chennai etc. focusing on stand-alone deployments of area-wide
signal control, parking information, advanced public transportation, toll collection etc. However,
all of these are small scale pilot studies limited to major cities and are in the beginning stage of
deployment. Thus, at present, there are no exhaustive fully developed ITS applications with
traffic management centers in India.
A brief description of some of the existing applications of ITS is given below:
Trial of Advanced Traffic Management System (Tamil Nadu, Sep 2009)
This involve the trial run of the fully automated Traffic Regulatory Management System
(TRMS), involving usage of surveillance cameras in the city of Chennai. This project involved
installing sophisticated cameras, wireless towers and poles, under the Rs.3 crores State
government funded project. Automatic Number Plate Reader (ANPR) cameras were installed in
28out of 42 advantage points in the city, while cameras were deployed in 10 out of 12 busy
junctions identified. The traffic police also plan to install 40 CCTV cameras at various junctions.
This is to warn motorists who violate rules and monitor traffic on arterial roads during peak
hours.

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Figure 7: TRMS In Chennai Figure 8: Automated Traffic Control (ATC)
ATC (Area Traffic Control System):
(a) Mumbai:
The Area Traffic Control Project of the Mumbai Traffic Control Branch focused on
synchronizing major junction and was implemented through the Mumbai Metropolitan Region
Development Authority (MMRDA) and Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM)
with financial aid from World Bank. Modern gadgets such as Speed Check Gun sand Multi Radar
comprising Smart Cameras, Radar sensor, Screen, Manual control unit, Flash generator,
Flashlight, Power Box and Tripod were used in this project.
(b) Chennai:
The Chennai traffic police setup the city ‟First Automatic Traffic Control (ATC) system at 26
major traffic signals around the new secretariat complex. The system monitors and regulates
traffic without any manual intervention and helps police regulate VIP routes. The ATC is
designed to be capable of changing signal duration in accordance with the volume of the traffic
by analyzing the number of vehicles at thread joining junctions and synchronizing the signals.
Manual intervention if required Is designed to be performed from the control room.
Figure 9: ATC in Pune

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ATIS(Area Traffic Information System ):
The objective is to inform road-users of latest traffic updates and better management of traffic.
SMS, internet and radio have been employed for updates. The update protocols in a few Indian
cities areas follows:
(a)Bangalore and Hyderabad
Internet (June 2008)
This project provides a platform or the public to check the real time traffic situation at important
junctions and arterial roads, through the net. Real time images of traffic at busy junctions are
available. It covers 40 busy traffic junctions and the information are update delivery 15 seconds.
SMS (October 2009)
To keep commuters informed abou traffic congestion and bottle necks in real time, Bangalore
Traffic Police have made arrangements to send SMS. The facility is available free of cost to all
those who register for it. Every day two SMS will be sent during morning and evening peak
hours to the subscribers, indicating congestion points and bottle necks. In addition, reasons and
alternatives will also be communicated. Additional messages will be sent when ever there are
man-made disruptions in traffic like agitations, serious accidents etc.
(b)Chennai
FM radios
Traffic updates are being provided on FM radio to convey critical information such as
obstruction and road damage due to rain.
(c)Delhi
The Traffic People (April 2009)
The Traffic People provides real time traffic updates to residents in the Delhi–NCR region. It
gives time to time information on traffic situations through websites. Latest information on
traffic jams, processions or rallies resulting in slow vehicular movement and on any sort of
diversion can be obtained from the website. As of now it provides updates only during peak
hours during mornings and evenings, but will expand coverage as need arises. They also share
traffic updates with radio channels that makes it possible to reach abroader audience. An SMS
alert subscription costs about Rs.99/- per month.

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APTS (Advanced Public Transportation System):
One application implemented in APTS area is GPS vehicle tracking system in public transport
buses (Bangalore, Chennai, Indore) to monitor vehicle routing and frequency so that passengers
do not have to wait long hours for a bus. The objective is to provide Global Positioning System
based passenger information system to help passengers utilize their waiting time at bus stops
more efficiently as well as to reduce the uncertainty and associated frustrations. Display boards
with high quality light emitting diode in wide-view angle are provided at bus stops so that
passengers can read the information. It displays the number and destination of the approaching
bus, expected time of arrival, and messages of public interest.
BRT (Bus Rapid Transport):
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems areviable alternatives to traditional light rail public transport.
Instead of a train or metro rail, BRT systems use buses to ply a dedicated lane that runs length
wise along the centre of the road. At specific locations, passengers can embark or disembark at
conveniently located stations, which often feature ticket booths, turns tiles, and automatic doors.
Studies have shown that a BRT is not only cheaper to build, but is also profitable for bus owners
to operate and relatively inexpensive for commuters to use. The cities selected for implementing
BRT include Ahemdabad, Pune, Rajkot, Bhopal, Indore, Visakhapatnam, Jaipur.
(a) Pune (Dec 2006)
The city of Pune was the first to experiment with a Bus Rapid Transit system. The project
consists of 13 kms of bus lanes along the Pune Sastra Road using air conditioned, low floor
Volvo B7RLE buses. The project has achieved success to certain extent. The funding for the
project came from the Government of India under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal
Mission.
(b) Ahemdabad
Ahemdabad BRTS is a highly ambitious rapid transport system developed by Gujarat
Infrastructure Development Board (GIDB), recognizing that no single mode would cater to the
mobility needs of the city and that forms the most critical segment of the public transport system
in the Ahmadabad city. GIDB has thereby entrusted the system design task to CEPT University.
In August 2009, the Ahmedabad, India, bus rapid transit system, termed “Janmarg,” or people
‟sway, began trial operations, becoming India’s first fully-featured BRT service with median
stations, level boarding, and central control.

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(c) Chennai
It is a part of the Medium term and Long term Transport Scheme proposed in the Second Master
Plan by CMDA. This is not a part of Chennai BRTS which is proposed on a separate elevated
road that is to be constructed as 15 circular corridors.
Table2: List of BRTS Projects Proposed
City BRTS
Pune Pune BRTS; 1corridor)
Delhi Delhi BRTS;1corridorand1moreplanned
Ahmedabad Ahmedabad
BRTS;1corridorand17moreunderconstruction
Indore IndoreBRTS;1corridor
Mumbai Mumbai BRTS 7 (none are grade or lane
segregated)
Under Construction Systems
Hyderabad Hyderabad BRTS;2Corridor
Bangalore Bangalore BRTS;14corridorsplanned
Chennai Chennai BRTS;1planned
Coimbatore Coimbatore BRTS;1corridorplanned
Jaipur Jaipur BRTS;4corridors
Madurai Madurai BRTS;2corridors
Nagpur Nagpur BRTS; 1corridor
Vijayawada Vijayawada BRTS;2corridor
Visakhapatnam Visakhapatnam BRTS; 2corridor

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Figure 10: Some Implementations of ITS in India
ETC (Electronic Toll Collection System):
The Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) is designed to determine if a car is registered in a toll
payment program, alert enforcers of toll payment violations, and debit the participating account.
With ETC, these transactions can be performed while vehicles travel at near highway cruising
speed. ETC is fast becoming a globally accepted method of toll collection, a trend greatly aided
by the growth of inter operable ETC technologies.
Technologies used in ETC are Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI), Automatic Vehicle
Classification (AVC), Video Enforcement Systems (VES) and Vehicle Positioning System
(VPS).
Table 3: ETC systems are deployed in the following cities in India
Location Name of
Roadway
Type of
Roadway
Owned By NH Operated by
Kharagpur NH-6 Toll Road Highway AI Toll Collection
System
Delhi Delhi – Gurgaon
Expressway
Highway NHAI Metro Electronic
Toll Collection
System
Chennai Expressway Highway TNRDC Electronic
Tolling

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Figure 11: Toll Collection In India
Advanced Parking Management:
State of art parking management system is setup by the New Delhi Municipal Council at Palika
Parking in Connaught Place. This system allow vehicle users to be guided by a wide range of
sensors, lights, sign boards and directional display to the closest vacant car space existing in the
parking lot and similarly for identifying their car location at the time of exit. Apart from
automatic on line guidance at junctions, zone wise sub-division of areas will assist easy
identification. The guidance system operate throughout the three levels of parking at Palika,
which has a capacity for 1,050 cars and 500 scooters.
4.2 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
Accident Handling:
An attempt is made to study the current issues of the cloud computing solutions for the life
critical system- car accident systems in the Gulf region. Gulf region has high death rate because
of car accidents and there is little or no proper accident handling facilities in the region. This

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Research paper includes the review of development in the field of cloud computing in the service
industries which provide some assistance to the accident handling systems including the
hospitals and the drivers using latest technologies such as Mobile computing, Cloud Computing
etc.
So, In order to handle the accident that occurs in the present era, there are following
methodologies that should be used or we can say that there are many emerging technologies that
should be implemented which will help in the reduction of the accidents and helps in
enhancements of traffic on roads.
There are various emerging technologies used are-
Emerging Technologies for Accident Handling in Transportation System:
1. SPIKES ON ROADS:
In India, traffic rules are hardly followed by peoples especially on traffic signals and to make
them follow rules on traffic signals. We need to fit spikes over the roads which are used to
puncture tires and make electronic system which trigger spikes at upward direction when the stop
signal (RED LIGHT), is displayed on traffic light. And as that, traffic light turns green, the
system will again trigger those spikes in downwards direction. Therefore, people scan cross
roads without breaking traffic rules.
On traffic signals, spikes will implemented just one or two feet before zebra crossing which will
be at normal position till the traffic light is green which means GO. As the traffic light goes red
which means STOP spikes will automatically go in upward direction. Since at red light signal
many of the people do not stop and move forward breaking traffic rules. And such behavior of
people is dangerous for their life as well as pedestrian.
Figure 12: Spikes

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2. Pedestrian Crossing:
When it comes to the pedestrian crossing, the Handicapped pedestrian can cross the road easily
by simply delivering a message through a device to the intelligent transportation system and this
system will quickly transfer the signal to the upcoming vehicles, and this signal strictly orders
the coming vehicles to slow down its speed or stop. So, the pedestrian can cross the roads
without any harm.
Figure 13: Pedestrian Crossing
3. Stop Crash Alert:
Connected Vehicles can improve roads safety by providing the drivers 360 degree awareness of
similarly equipped vehicle within a range of 300 meters. Drivers will receive warning that
inform potential hazards through a visual display or seat vibration. These are only warning that
drivers remains in control of vehicle at all times. These warning helps drivers to avoid potential
crashes for e.g., Intersection Movement Assist application, Do Not Pass application in order to
maintain the safety.
Figure 14: Stop Crash Alert

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4. Emergency Vehicle Approaching:
Emergency Vehicle could use DSRC to pre-empty the traffic signals. They can also use DSRC to
broadcast their presence to the drivers with the obstructive view or difficulty in hearing the siren.
With the help of this software Emergency Vehicle (i.e., Fire Brigade, Ambulance, etc.) can travel
with faster speed and can reach their destination within short period of time.
Figure 15: Approaching Emergency Vehicle
5. Blind Turn Safety:
The accidents majorly happens on the blind turns of the roads so the safety level should be
increased on that blind turns. In order to lower down the accident rates at the Blind turns by
using the certain Technologies. The Technology can be use in such a way that we can provide a
pressure switch (Pressure sensors) about one to two kilometers on the either side of the blind
turns. So, that the vehicle can get the Information of the another vehicle coming from the
opposite direction through the signals.
Figure 16: Blind Turn Safety Model

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4.3 SOFTWARES USED IN ITS
There are different software that are used presently to facilitate the modern transportation system
to make the transportation smooth and easy, as well as to make the whole transportation system
as advanced that it is timely updated, precise, Informative for the purpose of accident reduction
and time wastes reduction. So, in this step internet is widely used to provide different
Applications and one of the Example is:- The Open Source Application Development Portal
(OSADP) has made a range of new software available for creating intelligent transport systems.
Here, OSADP is a web-based portal that provides access to and supports the collaboration,
development, and use of open-source transportation-related applications. And this OSADP
facilitate the advancement of research, development, planning, testing, and deployment of
connected vehicle and traveler-related applications and ITS. And like that there are Different
Software used around in the ITS. Some of them are as follows:-
 Pikalert Vehicle Data Translator (VDT) – It turns weather observations into road
segment characterizations of weather and road conditions (i.e., “now casts” and
forecasts). Data observations include vehicle-based measurements (i.e., vehicle actions,
road conditions, and the surrounding environment) along with more traditional weather
data sources. The VDT matches vehicle and weather data to the road segment based on
position—latitude and longitude from global positioning system (GPS) data.
 Connected, Longitudinally Automated Lane Change Software- It supports lane-
change maneuvers in which vehicles use automated speed control, vehicle-to-vehicle
(V2V) communications, and vehicle-based radar systems to facilitate a merge into a
platoon of vehicles using cooperative adaptive cruise control.
 GSM/GPRS Based Vehicle Transportation System- The inbuilt GSM/GPRS Module
transfers the data received from satellite to web server and through the unique software

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application user can track the live or historical data or vehicle. In this technique GPS is
required to collect the position of vehicle which having some shortcomings.
 INTEL Processer- The mode of transportation can be changed by collecting and
distributing the INTEL Processor. Through this software the traveler could be connected.
As it will help in proper navigation, clear communication and entertainment in more safer
and efficient ways.
4.4 COST ANALYSIS:
1. Spikes on Roads-
Spikes are the tyre killer is the most secure system in case there is a threat of vehicle attack in
addition to the control of vehicle access in high-security applications. Even though the attack
is from high tonnage vehicles with high speeds, it's not possible for the vehicle to keep on
moving more than 25-30 more meters because of the damage to done to the wheels and to the
rim of the vehicle. Cost of One unit of spikes is 1.25 Lakh per unit (Approx.)
Figure 17: A unit of Implemented Spikes

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Specifications:
Travel time 4-10 sec
Total Weight 180 Kg
Power output 1 KW
Supply voltage 230 V
Motor rotation speed 1450 rev/min
2. Pressure Switch in Blind Turn Safety-
Figure 18: Pressure Switch / Pressure Sensors
Cost of pressure sensors in India Rs. 10,000(Approx.)
Carrying Capacity is10-50 tons.

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CHAPTER 5
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
5.1 ISSUES AND CHALLENGES OF ITS IN INDIA
The rapidly advancing economy of India, in par with the rest of the world has resulted in a
phenomenal increase in use of personal automobiles on Indian urban roads. The cumulative
growth of the Passenger Vehicles segment in India during April 2007–March 2008 was 12.17
percent. In 2007-08 alone, 9.6 million motorized vehicles were sold in India. It is expected that
India will surpass China as the fastest growing car market within the next few years.
Economy
Induced automobile usage is complicated further by the constant in flux of rural population in to
urban areas, thus making enormous demands on the transportation infrastructure in an
overloaded region. In 2001, India had 35 cities with a population of more than one million
people. The heterogeneity of economy and the physical limit on how much additional
infrastructure a city can hold complicate transport management further.
Some of the main issues facing the deployment of ITS in developing countries like India,
reported by a World Bank study are: an under developed road network, severe budget
restrictions, explosive urbanization and growth, lack of resources for maintenance and operation,
less demand for automation, lack of interest among government decision makers, and lack of
user awareness.
While a number of small scale ITS projects have been introduced in various cities in India-
including New Delhi, Pune, Bangalore, Indore and Chennai-these systems have focused on
isolated deployments such as of parking information, area-wide signal control, advanced toll
collection, web based traveler information etc. Most of these are small-scale single-city based
pilot studies. At present, there are not many comprehensive, fully developed ITS applications
with traffic management centers in India. Thus, it can be seen that the penetration of ITS in
Indian road scenario is relatively less and much more is needed to be done. To make this a
reality, there is a need for more systematic approach to the ITS implementation.
A part from the applications that are already being developed or implemented, there are more
ITS concepts that will be useful in the Indian scenario such as emergency management,
congestion management, advanced traffic management systems, advanced traveler information
systems, commercial vehicle operations, advanced vehicle control systems, etc. Full utilization
of ITS can be achieved only by implementation at a network level rather than in small corridors.

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Overall, the existing applications shows an initial promise and potential for the deployment of
ITS in India and give an initial empirical basis and data on ITS deployment high lighting the
data, methodological, practical and research challenges for Indian conditions.
Some of specific actions required to meet the challenges to ITS in India include:
 Evolving a national ITS standard for different ITS applications and their components
 Setting up a national ITS clearing house that documents all ITS projects with details on
the design, implementation, lessons learned or best practices, and cost-benefit details
 Setting up fully functional Traffic Management Centers for coordinating the urban and
regional ITS activities,
 Developing and implementing automated traffic data collection methodologies,
 Developing a national ITS data archive,
 Developing models and algorithms suitable for ITS implementations
 Fostering more inter action between academia, industries and governmental agencies to
generate more interest and in turn projects in the ITS area.
ITS implementations in India can not be carried out by reproducing what is done in developed
countries because of a range of cultural, life style and physical differences among them. The
diverse range of vehicular velocities (pedestrian, bicycle, animal drawn carts), wide variety of
vehicles (including pedestrian traffic) and poor lane discipline (partially resulting from the first
two factors and partially due to cultural reasons) and a very high population density makes
implementation of Western ITS standards and architecture difficult. Data collection techniques
are difficult under Indian traffic conditions. For example detectors which are lane based are in
applicable due to the above reasons.
Probe vehicle methods such as AVI and AVL are expensive and need public participation.
Budgetary limitations make implementation of such methods hard. Video techniques can collect
data despite lack of lane discipline and homogeneity. However, extractions of ware that can be
used to extract data is available only for a limited class of vehicles and for lane based traffic.
Such of ware to extract real time data from video under the commonly seen heterogeneous or
mixed traffic conditions is not available making video also not a good data source for real time
applications.
The pressing need towards developing a comprehensive ITS program for India requires the
development of cost effective detection techniques for road-wide data collection rather than lane-
centric collection that are suitable for a more orderly traffic flow. Further, the ITS data are not
effectively utilized as of now. Once such areal time automated data collection system is
developed the data generated can be archived and can be used for model development.

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Infra Structures
A part from data collection and management, there is a need to improve road and highway
infrastructure to channel the burgeoning traffic into less congested routes. Major metropolitan
cities are continually addressing this issue by building fly over sand subways, widening roads
and designating one-way roads during peak hours. The infrastructure grow this, however,
restricted by space constraints and cannot by itself solve the problems that plague the Indian
roads today.
Another important approach to ITS is to advance public transportation as a competitive
alternative to private transport. India is the second largest producer of buses, accounting for 16
percent of world's total bus production. Improving the quality of public transportation will
encourage more usage and there for help in transportation management
Social Scheme
Carpooling is being increasingly considered in the developed countries to solve issues of
pollution and traffic snarls during peak hours. There have been some trials on the enforcement of
carpooling in a few Indian metros. For example, the Mumbai Environmental Social Network has
promoted a web and SMS-based pooling system. Bangalore Transport Information System has a
group-SMS version. Since it is illegal for a private motorist to charge for lifts.
Chennai in recent years, has seen the increase due of the “share auto” an automobile pooling
convenience, not in the scale of buses, but less expensive than the common “auto rickshaw” Such
schemes have caught on well and further developments along such ideas can provide a much
needed breather for the traffic jams that characterize the cities.
Some other cities around the world such as Singapore and London have introduced congestion
charging scheme reduce traffic. Such schemes ensure optimal usage of those specific roads,
provide financial backup for road infrastructure maintenance and encourage the use of public
transportation.
5.2 OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE
Today much of the emphasis regarding ITS within the Federal Government and state agencies
has been focused on developing and deploying systems. In most cases, very little emphasis has
been given to proper operation and maintenance (O&M) of those systems once they are
deployed. ITS technologies present some significant Operation and Maintenance challenges to
traditional transportation agencies. Some specific challenges are listed here:

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 Operating advanced systems requires a high level of integration among existing systems
and agencies.
 Deployment of new systems places an additional burden on existing operations and
maintenance personnel, who already have responsibilities and may already be
overloaded. These personnel must then deal with conflicting priorities.
 When new systems are deployed, it is not always clear who is to have responsibility for
operating and maintaining them.
 Operating advanced systems requires new skills and capabilities, which may not exist in a
traditional transportation agency. This creates a need to train existing personnel and or
add new personnel.
 Maintaining ITS technologies requires a high degree of technical proficiency, with
specialized skills and expertise. Again, this necessitates training of existing personnel and
or hiring new personnel.
 Deployment of non-standard devices and systems can create an operations and
maintenance headache, with non-standard interfaces, additional training requirements,
and excessive spare parts requirements.
With these challenges in mind, it is important that every new ITS project include full
consideration of how the system will be operated and maintained. This would include a clear
assignment of responsibility, delineation of training requirements, selection of a maintenance
approach (in-house, contract, etc.) and any standardization requirements. These considerations
should be brought in at the earliest stages of planning the project, and should continue to be
included throughout all stages of the project development.
In addition to including Operation and Maintenance considerations in project planning and
development, the Transportation Cabinet should develop an ITS Maintenance Plan. This plan
would be developed with heavy stake holder involvement, and would layout the Cabinet’s
strategy for effectively and efficiently maintaining all of its ITS deployments. At least one other
state (Oregon) has developed an ITS Maintenance Plan, and several metropolitan area shave
developed maintenance models.

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CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS
The rapidly increasing vehicle population in India, spurred by the population boom and economic
up turn lay sacrificial burden on traffic management in the metropolitan cities and towns of the
country. While India has already made a for intelligent transport systems in organizing traffic,
more extensive and urgent integration of advanced technology and concepts into main stream
traffic management is imperative.
The adoption of location and information based technologies into vehicles, infrastructure, traffic
management and traveler information services have shown dramatic improvements in the safe,
and efficient mobility of people and freight in USA, European nations, UK, Japan, Middle East
and Canada. ITS is still in its infancy in India, with decision-makers, key planners and agencies
still in the process of understanding its potential.
India’s ITS cannot be entirely model led on the existing successful ITS of other nations due to
basic cultural, geographic and practical differences amongst the countries. The existing concept
shave to be thoroughly understood in order to modify them to fit the Indian traffic scenario. The
design of an intensive ITS program hinges on the following developments:
Technology
The development and implementation of advanced technologies is important to the successful
management and operation of ITS in India. These technologies include electronic equipments
such as sensors, detectors and communication devices and application of global navigation
satellite system(GNSS). This in turning on cooperative work between the Government, academic
research institutions and industry.
Modeling of Indian traffic
A proper understanding of the traffic system is important in the successful implementation of any
reliable ITS systems. The existing models, developed for the western traffic conditions may not
be suitable for the Indian traffic and hence there is a need to modify or develop models that can
characterize the Indian traffic in a better way.
Supply Chain
Seamless inter connectivity of the various branches of the transportation sector is essential to
provide effective, efficient and secure movement of goods and services while improving the
conservation of natural resources and reducing environmental impacts such as the effects of
carbon emissions.

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Energy and Sustainability
The ITS in India should closely work with the energy sector in the promotion of fuel efficient
transport policies and practices, including the use of alternative transport fuels. Fuel efficient
policies and practices will assist the country in achieving sustainable economic and environmental
benefits through the application of intelligent transportation services.
Human Capital Development
Human skills are important to ensure the development of seamless transportation systems. Given
the population density of India and the varied skills available in the country, the ability of the
work force to develop, manage and safely implement existing and emerging technologies is
essential for ITS design and implementation.
A plenty of issues and challenges have to be tackled before India can have a fully operating ITS
system. The main challenges perceived include:
• Establishing ITS standards applicable throughout the urban and rural sections of India.
• Designing an ITS that encompasses the heterogeneous vehicle population.
• Developing a comprehensive data collection system.
• Establishment of a Data Centre.
• Setting up active interaction between academia, industries and governmental agencies.
• Government setting up rules and regulations of traffic that will aid in ITS implementation.
It is vital to plan key initiative sand activities which advance and improve the development and
use of ITS in India. These include activities addressing the Global Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS), encouragement of international standards development through on with the International
Organization for Standards, work force development or training, and improved supply chain
management processes in a sustainable fashion.

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REFERENCES
1. Dr. Lelitha Venajakshi, Dr. Gita Krishnan Ramadurai, Asha Anand (December 2010),”
INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS-Synthesis report and issues and
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Bhupendra Singh and Ankit Gupta. Published- April 2015.

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