A STUDY OF DIIFERENT TYPES OF CASES IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND POULTRY

A STUDY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF CASES IN ANIMAL
HUSBANDRY AND POULTRY
Project thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the
Requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF VOCATIONAL
IN
DAIRYING AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Submitted By
JARUGULLA LOKESWAR RAO
Reg.No. : 2091991008
Under the guidance of
Dr.Valle Ramana Sir
DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Dr. B .R.AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, ETCHERLA,SRIKAKULAM.

DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Dr. B.R .AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY SRIKAKULAM.
ETCHERLA - 532410
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr.Jarugulla Lokeswar Rao, M.sc Microbiology his
successfully completed study on “A STUDY ABOUT DIFFERENT TYPES OF
DISEASES IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND POULTRY” from 25th
December 2022 to 04th
June 2023 for the partial fulfillment of Dr.B.R.Ambedkar
University ,Etcherla, Srikakulam.
Examiners: Head of the department
1.
2.

DECLARATION
I am Jarugulla Lokeswar Rao studying B.Voc Dairying and Animal
Husbandry final year Declare That the work presented in a study about different
types of diseases in animal husbandry and poultry” been carried out by me under
the supervision of Dr.Ramana Valle .The Work is done is Orignal and no part of
the this is has been submitted for any other degree or diploma or any other
university.
DATE :- Jarugulla Lokeswar Rao
PLACE :- 2091991008

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It’s with deep sense of gratitude that we would like to thank granting me an
opportunity to work in Dr.B.R.Ambedkar University Etcherla, Srikaulam.
Under the guidance of Dr.Ramana Valle and constant encouragement the two
months tenure during my semester has been an immense pleasure with a very
fulfill experience.
I take this opportunity to thank Dr.Kanthipriya Kondala , who thought me to
think provided me with technical tips without which could not have been
possible for me to complete this training successfully.
I sincerely show my gratitude to Prof P.Sujatha , Head of the Department, who
allowed me to do this project and encouraged me during my course of training
period.
I take immense pleasure in a expressing my sincere thanks Prof.P.Sujatha, Head
of The Department, Dr B R Ambedkar University Srikakulam.
I am very much grateful to my teaching faculty Prof.P.Sujatha, Dr.S.Uday Bhaskar,
Dr.N.Lokeswari, Dr.K.Swapnavahini, Mr. P.MadhavaRao,Dr.Kanthipriya Kondala
my internal guidance for giving valuable advices and constructive suggestions that
made my project success.
I owe special debt to my friend Dr.Ramana Valle who supported me at the cost
of his comforts without him it could not been possible to do my project.
I am deeply indebted to my beloved parents Sri J.Govinda Rao Smt.J.Laxmi and
my sisters J.Dhilleswari & Anjali for their unfathomable love and encouragement
all the time.
Ommission if any in this brief acknowledgement does not imply ingratitude
JARUGULLA LOKESWAR RAO

LIST OF CONTENTS
S.NO TITTLE PAGE NO.
1
ABSTRACT
2
INTRODUCTION
3
PHYSICAL METHOD OF EXAMINATION IN
ANIMAL
4
TYPES OF THE TOOLS USED FOR THE
TREATMENT OF ANIMAL & POULTRY
5
SURGICAL PROCEDURES USED TO DONE THE
SURGERY
6
TYPES OF THE SUTURES MATERIALS AND
KNOTS
7
SURGERIES & BONE FRACTURE CASES DONE
AT THE VETERINARY DISPENSARY
8 MOST OBSERVED CASES IN ANIMALS AND
POULTRY TREATMENT
9 GROSS ESTIMATION OF SHEEP TO PRODUCE
500KG MUTTON PER WEEK
10
VACCINATIONS
11
PREVENTION
12
CONCLUSION
13
REFERENCES

1.ABSTRACT
Animal husbandry and poultry farming are important sectors of the agricultural
industry that involve the rearing of livestock and poultry for food, fiber, and other products.
However, these activities can also lead to the spread of various diseases, which can have
significant economic and public health impacts.
A study of different types of diseases in animal husbandry and poultry would
typically involve an investigation into the prevalence, transmission, and control of infectious and
non-infectious diseases in livestock and poultry. This may include analyzing data on disease
outbreaks, conducting surveys of farmers and veterinarians, and studying the biology and
pathology of different pathogens.
The study may also explore the various management practices and
interventions that can be employed to prevent or control the spread of diseases, such as
vaccination, biosecurity measures, and antimicrobial use. Additionally, the study may examine
the economic and social implications of disease outbreaks in animal husbandry and poultry
farming, including the effects on food security, livelihoods, and public health.
Overall, a study of different types of diseases in animal husbandry
and poultry is important for understanding the risks and challenges associated with these sectors
and developing effective strategies to ensure the health and wellbeing of livestock, poultry, and
humans alike.
The study of different types of diseases in animal husbandry and poultry involves the
investigation of various illnesses that affect the health and productivity of livestock and poultry.
These diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, or other factors. The study
aims to identify the causes, symptoms, and possible treatments for these diseases, as well as the
prevention measures that can be taken to minimize their impact on animal welfare and production.
The study also emphasizes the importance of proper management practices, hygiene, and
biosecurity measures in preventing the spread of diseases among animals. The findings of this
study can help farmers, veterinarians, and other stakeholders in animal agriculture to improve
animal health, welfare, and productivity, as well as to ensure the safety of animal products for
human consumption.

2.INTRODUCTION
Animal husbandry and poultry production play a significant role in the global
food supply chain, providing a vital source of protein, dairy products, and other essential nutrients
to humans. However, these sectors face significant challenges due to the prevalence of different
types of diseases that can affect the health and productivity of livestock and poultry. These
diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, or other factors and can lead to severe
economic losses and pose a risk to public health.
Therefore, understanding and managing animal diseases is crucial for
sustainable livestock production and safeguarding human health. A study of different types of
diseases in animal husbandry and poultry is critical in identifying the causes, symptoms, and
possible treatments for these diseases, as well as developing effective prevention and control
measures to minimize their impact on animal welfare and production.
Importance of the Study:
The study of different types of diseases in animal husbandry and poultry is crucial in
several ways. Firstly, it helps to understand the mechanisms and factors that contribute to the
development of animal diseases, which can help in developing appropriate control measures.
Secondly, the study provides information on how to manage and control the spread of these
diseases, which can help to reduce the economic losses and promote animal welfare. Thirdly, the
study can help to identify the zoonotic potential of these diseases, which is essential in
safeguarding human health and preventing outbreaks of zoonotic diseases.
Furthermore, the study is essential in providing farmers, veterinarians, and other
stakeholders in animal agriculture with the necessary knowledge and skills to manage and control
animal diseases. It can also help to improve animal health, welfare, and productivity, leading to
increased production and economic benefits.

3.PHYSICAL METHOD OF EXAMINATION IN ANIMAL
Physical examination is an essential part of veterinary medicine, and it
involves the evaluation of an animal's physical appearance, behavior, and vital signs to assess
their overall health status. Physical examination is a non-invasive diagnostic tool that can provide
valuable information about an animal's health and is often the first step in diagnosing diseases or
identifying potential health problems. The physical examination typically includes a thorough
assessment of the animal's head, neck, limbs, body, and vital organs. This essay will discuss the
physical examination methods used in animals, including images to illustrate the various
techniques.
Physical Examination Methods:
1. Inspection:
Inspection is a method of examination that involves visually assessing the animal's
overall physical appearance. During inspection, the veterinarian observes the animal's behavior,
demeanor, body posture, and gait. Additionally, the veterinarian inspects the animal's skin, hair
coat, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth for any signs of abnormalities.

2. Palpation:
Palpation is a method of examination that involves using the hands to feel for
abnormalities or changes in the animal's body. During palpation, the veterinarian examines the
animal's muscles, joints, bones, and organs by applying pressure to different areas of the animal's
body. Palpation can help to identify any signs of pain, inflammation, or other abnormalities.

3. Percussion:
Percussion is a method of examination that involves tapping on the animal's body to
produce sounds that can indicate the presence of fluid or air in different organs. During
percussion, the veterinarian uses their fingers to tap on the animal's body in a rhythmic manner
to produce a hollow or dull sound. Percussion is commonly used to examine the lungs, abdomen,
and urinary bladder.
PERCUSSION AREAS OF DIFFERENT ORGANS
This is best carried out using a soft tipped acoustic hammer and a pleximeter.
The lung area (Fig. 12 & Plate.9) extends from its dorsal extremity at the 11" intercostals space,
across the middle of the 9° rib to about two fingers breadth above the elbow joint when the foreleg
is in a forward stance. On the right side, the posterior border of the lung field extends one (or)
two fingers breadth further back (to about the 12 rib) at its dorsal extremity compared with the
left side, which is compressed slightly in the cranial direction (to about the 11 rib) by the mass of
the fore-stomachs.

LUNG :-
Acoustic percussion of the lung (Fig.13 & Plate.10) is done in the first stage as horizontal
percussion to establish the course of the caudal lung limits. This is best performed on the right
side where the lung region is easier to differentiate from the adjacent areas of hepatic and omasal
dullness than on the left side where the presence of rumen in the dorsal part of the field produces
sonorous resonance which resembles that of lungs apart from booming. Backward extension of
thoracic field occurs in pulmonary emphysema and pneumothorax. Restriction of the field from
behind may be due to overloading of the fore-stomachs, enlarged liver, displacement of the
abomasum to the right side dilation and displacement of the caecum, ascites, hydramnion and
occasionally the uterus in advance pregnancy.
HEART :-
Percussion is carried out as (Fig.14) starting from top to bottom along the edge of the
triceps muscle, then in caudo-ventral, caudal and caudal-dorsal directions in order to establish an
area of dullness. In cattle, only the apex lies caudal to the part covered by the shoulder muscles,
because the apex is separated from the chest wall by the thin ventral portions of the lung.
Percussion in the ventral part of the thoracic lung percussion field normally gives only a relative

cardiac dullness and not absolute dullness. On the left side of the healthy cattle, this area is the
size of the palm of the hand, while on the right side it is smaller and indistinct. In bulls and fat
animals, the heart field is quite difficult to percuss. An enlarged heart field is found in pericarditis,
hypertrophy and dilatation of the heart giving a damp tone beyond the 5th rib. This dampness can
also be caused by pneumonia or other pathological processes in the region of heart. In pulmonary
emphysema, the area of cardiac dullness is smaller than normal (or) completely absent on both
sides and the same applies to pneumothorax. In some cases of traumatic pericarditis, pericardium
will contain gas, giving tympanitic tone in the heart region on the upper side. Accumulation of
fluid within the pericardial sac produces more pronounced dullness.
LIVER :-
The normal liver percussion field is the dorsal region of the last two right intercostal
spaces adjoining the caudal edge of the lung percussion field. In adult cattle, it is usually
distinguishable from the full lung sound and sub-tympanic sound of the dorsal intestinal region,
as an area of complete dullness, 3-4 fingers wide and the size of the palm of a hand. It may be
displaced forward by 1-3 finger width by advanced pregnancy and abdominal swellings, and the

same distance backwards by pulmonary emphysema. Enlargement of liver percussion field to five
fingers width is pathological if this area is also sensitive to pain.
RUMEN :-
Rumen is located on the left side in the abdominal cavity. It extends from the diaphragm
to the pelvic inlet and goes over to right side, somewhat above right flank fold. Percussion can be
conducted in left side over a wide area extending from the ribs caudally to the tuber coxae. The
percussion area of rumen can be divided into (a) hollow of left flank and abdominal wall within
the costal arch.
Acoustic percussion of the rumen in the left abdominal wall normally produces a sub
tympanic sound in the dorsal part. Ventral to this there is a horizontal zone (to the thickness of a
hand), of relative damping of the percussion sound; this zone curves upwards a little at its
posterior edge. Lower still is a zone of almost, but not quiet completely, damped sound . This
zone becomes completely damped when the rumen is overloaded or contains balls of solid food
masses or sand. By contrast, the percussion sound has a drum like boom in bloat. An obliquely
oval zone of tympanic sound is often present under rib cage in left side abomasal displacement
(Fig. 19 & 34). An excessively loud sound (box sound) may be detected underneath the rumen,
close to the xiphoid cartilage in fresh cases of traumatic reticulo-peritonitis, after few days the
sound extends backwards.

4. Auscultation:
Auscultation is a method of examination that involves listening to the animal's internal
sounds using a stethoscope. During auscultation, the veterinarian listens to the animal's heart,
lungs, and gastrointestinal tract to detect any abnormalities or changes in the normal sounds.

4.TYPES OF THE TOOLS USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF ANIMAL
& POULTRY
There are various tools used for the treatment of animals. Some of the commonly used
tools are:
1. Syringes and needles: These are used to administer injections and vaccines.
2. Stethoscope: This tool is used to listen to the heart and lung sounds of the animal.
3. Thermometer: It is used to measure the body temperature of the animal.
4. Hoof trimmers: These are used to trim the hooves of the animals.
5. Scalpel: It is a surgical knife used to make incisions in the animal's skin.
6. Forceps: These are used to hold tissues and other objects during surgical procedures.
7. Suture materials: These are used to stitch up wounds after surgery.
8. Dental instruments: These are used to clean and extract teeth.
9. Livestock marking and branding tools: These are used to identify and mark animals.
10. Dehorning tools: These are used to remove the horns of animals.
11. Milking machines: These are used to extract milk from dairy animals.
12. Shearing machines: These are used to remove the wool or hair from animals.
13. Drenching gun: This tool is used to administer liquids, such as dewormers or medication,
to the animal's throat.
14. Cattle prod: This tool is used to move cattle or other livestock.
15. Lifting equipment: These are used to lift and move larger animals, such as cows or horses.
16. Vaccinators: These are used to administer vaccines to the birds.
17. Debeaker: This tool is used to remove the tip of the beak of the birds to prevent pecking
and cannibalism.
18. Wing clippers: These are used to clip the wings of the birds to prevent flying and escaping.
19. Toe punch: This tool is used to mark the toes of the birds for identification purposes.
20. Egg candler: This tool is used to check the fertility and development of the eggs.
21. Poultry plucker: This tool is used to remove feathers from the birds during processing.

22. Poultry scaler: This tool is used to remove scales from the legs and feet of the birds.
23. Incubators: These are used to hatch eggs in a controlled environment.
24. Brooders: These are used to provide heat to the chicks after hatching.
25. Feeders and waterers: These are used to provide food and water to the birds.
26. Poultry shears: These are used to trim the nails and beaks of the birds.
27. Dust baths: These are used to provide a place for the birds to clean themselves.
28. Poultry catching nets: These are used to catch and transport the birds.
29. Ventilation fans: These are used to maintain a comfortable temperature and airflow in the
poultry house.
30.Castrator : It is used to perform Castration of the animals
Needles & Syringes Sthethescope
Thermometer Hoof Trimmers Scalpels

Forceps
Dental Equipment Branding Tools

Dehorning Tools Milking Machine
Shearing Machine Drenching Gun
Cattle prod Lifting Equipment

Debeakers Wing Clippers Toe Punch
Egg Candler Poultry Plucker Incubator
Brooders Feeders &Waters Poultry Shears

Dust Baths Poultry Catching Nets
Ventilation Fans
Suture Materials

5.SURGICAL PROCEDURES USED TO DONE THE SURGERY
Surgical procedures are the various techniques and methods that are employed
during a surgical operation to accomplish a specific objective. These procedures are carried out
by qualified surgeons and involve the use of specialized instruments, equipment, and techniques.
The most common surgical procedures include incision, excision, dissection, suturing, and
reconstruction. Incision involves cutting into the body to gain access to the affected area, while
excision involves removing tissue or organs from the body.
Dissection involves separating tissue or organs from each other, and suturing
involves the use of stitches or sutures to close incisions or wounds. Reconstruction involves
restoring the structure and function of damaged or missing tissue or organs.
In addition, various specialized surgical procedures are used in specific areas of the
body, such as laparoscopic procedures for the abdomen and endoscopic procedures for the
digestive system. Overall, surgical procedures are essential in treating various medical conditions
and injuries, and advancements in technology and techniques continue to improve the safety and
effectiveness of surgical interventions.
Surgical procedures are a fundamental aspect of modern medicine, and
they are used to treat a wide range of medical conditions and injuries. Some of the most common
surgical procedures include:
1. Open surgery: This involves making a large incision in the body to gain access to the affected
area. Open surgery is commonly used in procedures such as heart surgery, abdominal surgery,
and joint replacement surgery.
2. Minimally invasive surgery: This type of surgery is performed using small incisions and
specialized instruments. Examples of minimally invasive procedures include laparoscopic
surgery, robotic surgery, and endoscopic surgery.
3. Biopsy: A biopsy is a procedure that involves removing a small sample of tissue or cells from
the body for analysis. Biopsies can be performed using various techniques, including needle
biopsies, excisional biopsies, and incisional biopsies.
4. Amputation: This surgical procedure involves removing a limb or part of a limb. Amputations
are typically performed as a last resort in cases of severe injury or disease.
5. Reconstruction: Reconstruction surgery is used to restore the function and appearance of
damaged or missing tissue or organs.

Examples of reconstruction procedures include skin grafts, breast reconstruction, and joint
reconstruction.
6. Transplantation: This surgical procedure involves replacing a damaged or diseased organ
with a healthy organ from a donor. Common transplant procedures include kidney transplants,
liver transplants, and heart transplants.
One common surgical procedure is an incision, which involves cutting into the body to gain
access to the affected area. This can be a small incision or a larger one, depending on the nature
of the surgery.
7.Excision : is another surgical procedure that involves removing tissue or organs from the body.
This may be necessary in cases where there is a tumor, abscess, or other abnormal growth that
needs to be removed.
8.Dissection : is a procedure that involves separating tissue or organs from each other. This may
be done to gain better access to the area being operated on or to remove a specific part of the
tissue or organ.
9.Suturing : is a procedure that involves the use of stitches or sutures to close incisions or
wounds. This is done to promote healing and reduce the risk of infection.
10.Reconstruction : is a procedure that involves restoring the structure and function of damaged
or missing tissue or organs. This may be necessary in cases where there has been trauma, injury,
or disease that has affected the area.
Other specialized surgical procedures may be used in specific areas of the body, such as
laparoscopic procedures for the abdomen, endoscopic procedures for the digestive system, or
arthroscopic procedures for the joints.
In general, surgical procedures are vital in treating various medical
conditions and injuries, and advancements in technology and techniques continue to improve the
safety and effectiveness of surgical interventions.
These are just a few examples of the many surgical procedures that are used to treat medical
conditions and injuries. The type of surgical procedure used will depend on the specific medical
condition or injury being treated, as well as the overall health of the patient.

6.TYPES OF THE SUTURES MATERIALS AND KNOTS
There are several types of suture materials used in animals, and the choice of material
depends on the location of the wound, the type of tissue being sutured, and the expected healing
time. Here are some of the most common types of suture materials used in veterinary medicine:
1. Absorbable sutures: These are sutures that break down over time and are absorbed by the
body. Examples include polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, and polydioxanone. Absorbable
sutures are commonly used for internal wounds or in areas where it is difficult to remove sutures.
2. Non-absorbable sutures: These are sutures that are not broken down by the body and require
removal once the wound has healed. Examples include nylon, polypropylene, and silk. Non-
absorbable sutures are commonly used for external wounds, such as skin lacerations.
3. Monofilament sutures: These are sutures made of a single strand of material, such as nylon
or polypropylene. Monofilament sutures are less likely to cause tissue reaction or infection, but
they may be more difficult to handle than multifilament sutures.
4. Multifilament sutures: These are sutures made of multiple strands of material, such as silk or
cotton. Multifilament sutures are easier to handle than monofilament sutures, but they may be
more likely to cause tissue reaction or infection.
5. Barbed sutures: These are sutures with small projections along the length of the suture, which
can anchor the suture in place without the need for knots. Barbed sutures are commonly used for
certain surgical procedures, such as laparoscopic surgery.
6. Biosynthetic sutures: These are sutures made of a combination of natural and synthetic
materials, such as polycaprolactone and collagen. Biosynthetic sutures are designed to provide
the benefits of both synthetic and natural materials.
In summary, there are several types of suture materials available
for use in animals, and the choice of material depends on various factors related to the wound and
the animal being treated. Your veterinarian will determine the most appropriate suture material
for your animal's specific needs.

Konts :-
Knot tying is an essential skill in veterinary surgery, as it is used to secure suture
materials and close incisions or wounds. There are several types of knots that can be
used in animals, including:
1. Simple interrupted knot: This is the most common type of knot used in veterinary
surgery. It involves tying a knot in the suture material at each end of an incision or
wound to close it. This knot is easy to tie and allows for individual adjustment of each
stitch.
2. Continuous knot: This type of knot is used to close long incisions or wounds that
require multiple sutures. The suture material is passed through the tissue at regular
intervals, and the knot is tied at the end of the incision to secure the sutures.
3. Horizontal mattress knot: This knot is used to close wounds that are under
tension or require additional support. It involves tying the suture material through the
tissue, then looping it back and tying it again in a horizontal fashion to provide
additional strength and support.
4. Vertical mattress knot: This knot is similar to the horizontal mattress knot but is
tied vertically through the tissue. It is used to provide additional support to wounds
that are under tension or require extra strength.
5. Inverting knot: This knot is used to invert the edges of a wound or incision,
bringing them together in the middle to promote healing. It is commonly used in
intestinal or gastric surgeries.
6. Surgeon's knot: This is a type of knot used to tie the initial knot in a suture, as it
is more secure than a simple knot. It involves tying an initial half knot, followed by
a second half knot that is looped around the first to secure it.
7. Square knot: This is the most commonly used knot in veterinary surgery. It is
easy to tie and consists of two knots that are tied in opposite directions to secure the
suture material.

8. Half-hitch knot: This knot is commonly used in small animal surgery, particularly
in ophthalmic and plastic surgery. It is a simple knot that consists of a single loop tied
around the suture material.
9. Whip Stitch: This is a knot used to secure the ends of a suture after it has been
cut. It prevents the suture from unraveling and can be used in combination with other
knots for added security.
Overall, the choice of knot depends on the location and type of
wound or incision being closed, as well as the type of suture material being used.
Veterinary surgeons are trained to select the most appropriate knot for each situation
to ensure optimal healing and recovery.
Simple interrupted knot

Horizontal mattress knot Vertical mattress knot
Inverting knot Surgeon’s Knot
Square Knot Half Hitch Knot Whip Stitch

7. SURGERIES & BONE FRACTURE CASES DONE AT THE VETERINARY
DISPENSARY
Tail Amputation Surgery :-
Tail amputation, also known as tail docking, is a surgical procedure that
involves removing part or all of an animal's tail. The procedure can be performed on a variety of
animals, including dogs, cats, and livestock, and is typically done for health, safety, or cosmetic
reasons.
Basically this kind of surgery mostly observed in cow & Buffalo. At most of this done due
to tail is fully damaged by maggots and some times if the tail is got injured and the coccygeal
bones are been dislocated i.e the bone is been fractured. If at all the farmer will take care about
this and the maggots will not formed . Due to several works the farmer will take it as it’s a minute
thig leads to damage of whole tail .and the magggots day by day making the tail as food and start
increasing the bad smell and make as like as wound . If at all not respond means it will reach to
the upper side of the tail leads to damage more .To overcome this the tail amplification Surgery
is to be performed.
Before Going to this we need to perform sterilization and dis infection techniques for
the equipment used for surgery such as handsaw artery ,tissues ,forceps ,bedding Material ,
scalpel , Razer ,Scalpel Blades ,cotton ,suture needles and materials
Surgical Procedure :-
Here is an overview of the surgical procedure for tail amputation:
1. Anaesthesia: The animal is given anesthesia to ensure they are pain-free and sedated during
the procedure. Maximum Lignocaine is been used
2. Preparation: The area around the tail is cleaned and sterilized to prevent infection.
3. Marking: The area of the tail to be removed is marked with a surgical marker.
4. Incision: A scalpel is used to make an incision through the skin and muscle around the marked
area.
5. Dissection: The tail is then dissected away from the surrounding tissues, and any blood vessels
or nerves are ligated or cauterized to prevent bleeding.

6. Removal: Once the tail has been fully dissected, it is removed from the body.
7. Closure: The skin around the surgical site is sutured or stapled closed, and the animal is
monitored during recovery from anesthesia.
After the surgery, the animal may need pain medication and antibiotics to help
with healing and prevent infection. They may also need to wear a protective bandage or cone to
prevent them from licking or chewing at the surgical site.
It's important to note that tail docking is a controversial
procedure and is illegal or restricted in some countries. Before considering this surgery, it's
important to discuss the potential risks and benefits with a veterinarian.
Anaesthesia Incision
Cutting of the tail

Suturing the Dog Bite area of calf :-
Suturing a dog bite area to the calf involves a surgical procedure to repair the
wound and promote healing. The procedure typically begins with administering anesthesia to the
patient to ensure that they are comfortable and pain-free. The wound is then cleaned and irrigated
to remove any debris, bacteria, or other contaminants.
After cleaning the wound, the surgeon will assess the extent of the damage and determine the
appropriate course of treatment. If the wound is deep or the edges are not clean, the surgeon may
need to debride the area by removing any damaged or dead tissue to promote healing.
Once the wound is clean and the damaged tissue has been removed, the surgeon will then begin
the process of suturing. Suturing involves using a needle and thread to close the wound edges and
bring them back together. The sutures are typically placed in a pattern that will help to prevent
tension on the wound and promote healing.
After the sutures are placed, the wound is typically covered with a bandage or dressing to protect
it from further contamination and promote healing. The patient may also be prescribed antibiotics
or other medications to help prevent infection and manage pain.
It's important to note that dog bites can carry a risk of infection and other complications, so it's
important to seek medical attention promptly after a bite occurs. It's also important to follow any
post-surgical instructions provided by the surgeon to ensure proper healing and minimize the risk
of complications.
Dog bite area

Completely sutured the area of dog bite

Treatment of the Abscess in surgical Method
An abscess in an animal is a localized infection that is typically characterized by a
buildup of pus in the affected area. The treatment of an abscess in an animal typically involves
several steps to remove the infection and promote healing.
1. Drainage: The first step in treating an abscess is to drain the pus buildup. This can be done
by lancing the abscess or creating a small incision to allow the pus to drain out. The area will
then be cleaned and disinfected to remove any remaining bacteria.
2. Antibiotics: In many cases, an abscess is caused by a bacterial infection, so antibiotics may
be prescribed to help fight the infection. The type of antibiotic prescribed will depend on the
severity and type of infection.
3. Pain Management: Depending on the severity of the abscess, pain management may be
necessary. This can involve administering pain medication or using a local anesthetic to numb
the area.
4. Wound Care: After the abscess has been drained, the wound will need to be cleaned and
dressed regularly with citton to promote healing and prevent further infection.
This may involve using an antiseptic solution or antibiotic ointment to clean the wound
and keeping it covered with a bandage.
5. Follow-Up: After the initial treatment, it's important to follow up with a veterinarian to
monitor the animal's progress and ensure that the abscess has healed properly. In some cases,
additional treatment may be necessary to fully resolve the infection.
It's important to note that the treatment of an abscess in an animal can vary depending on
the severity of the infection and the animal's overall health.
If you suspect that your animal has an abscess, it's
important to seek veterinary care promptly to prevent the infection from spreading and causing
further complications.

Draining of the Pus with Antiseptic Making of Citton
Liquid
Citton :-
It is nothing but the material used to treat the animal inside the wound.it is made of the
Iodine and other antiseptic sometimes. It is made up of the bandage or gauze cloth must be dipped
in the antiseptic and flush out the remaining material and make as like a small thread like structure
later insert into the wound of the animal .It helps to stop the formation of pus and help to absorb
the pus inside the wound it must be done regularly it leads to develop the damaged tissue and
reheals.

Insertion of Citton inside the wound

Bone Fracture cases Treated at Veterinary Dispensary
Foreleg Fracture for the Sheep
Determining whether a foreleg bone is broken or not in a sheep requires
a proper examination by a veterinarian. However, there are some signs and symptoms
that may indicate a potential fracture .A sheep with a broken foreleg may show
lameness or an obvious reluctance to put weight on the affected limb. Fractures can
cause localized swelling and deformity at the site of the injury. The affected area may
appear visibly misaligned or out of shape compared to the normal anatomy. Sheep
with a fractured foreleg may exhibit signs of pain, such as vocalization, sensitivity to
touch, or a general reluctance to move. Crepitus in some cases, if the fracture is
severe, you may feel or hear a grating sensation or sound (crepitus) when gently
manipulating the limb. It's important to note that these signs can also be indicative of
other injuries or conditions. Therefore, a proper diagnosis can only be made by a
veterinarian through a physical examination and, if necessary, additional diagnostic
tests like X-rays.
If you suspect a foreleg fracture in a sheep, it is recommended to seek
veterinary assistance as soon as possible. The veterinarian will be able to evaluate the
sheep's condition and provide the appropriate treatment.
Treating a foreleg bone fracture in sheep typically requires veterinary intervention.
However, here are some general steps that may be involved in the treatment process:
Treatment For the Bone Fracture :
Immobilization: The first step is to immobilize the affected limb to prevent further
damage and promote healing. This can be achieved by applying a splint or a cast to
stabilize the fracture site. The splint or cast should extend beyond the joints above
and below the fracture to restrict movement.
The use of Plaster of Paris, or gypsum plaster, is a common method
for creating casts to immobilize fractures in animals. However, it's important to note
that the application of Plaster of Paris casts should be performed by a veterinarian or
under their guidance. Below is a general overview of the procedure:

Preparation: Gather all the necessary materials, including Plaster of Paris bandages,
a bucket of water, scissors, and gloves. Ensure that the sheep is calm and properly
restrained to prevent any additional stress or injury.
Padding: Before applying the plaster bandages, it's essential to create a layer of
padding to protect the skin. Cotton padding or a soft material can be used. Wrap the
padding around the affected area, extending it slightly beyond the expected length of
the cast.
Wetting the bandages: Immerse the Plaster of Paris bandages in water, making sure
they are thoroughly soaked. It's important to follow the manufacturer's instructions
regarding the water temperature and immersion time.
Application: Start applying the wet bandages over the padding, ensuring that they are
wrapped snugly but not too tight. Overlap each layer of bandage by about half of its
width to create a sturdy cast. Continue applying additional layers until the desired
thickness is achieved. Typically, 3-4 layers are sufficient.
Molding and shaping: While the plaster is still wet, shape the cast to provide proper
alignment and support for the fractured bone. The veterinarian will guide this process
to ensure correct positioning.
Drying and setting: Allow the cast to dry completely. This typically takes about 30
minutes to 1 hour, depending on the environmental conditions. Avoid excessive
moisture during the drying process.
Post-application care: Once the cast is dry and set, monitor the sheep for any signs of
discomfort, restricted blood flow, or skin irritation. Follow the veterinarian's
instructions regarding weight-bearing restrictions and any necessary pain
management or antibiotic treatment.
Remember that the above steps provide a general overview of the Plaster of Paris
procedure, and the specific application may vary based on the individual case and the
veterinarian's instructions.
Pain management: Sheep with fractures may experience pain, so the veterinarian may
prescribe pain medications or anti-inflammatory drugs to alleviate discomfort.
Follow the veterinarian's instructions regarding the dosage and administration of
these medications.

Antibiotics: Fractures can create an entry point for infections. The veterinarian may
prescribe antibiotics to prevent or treat any potential infections. Administer the
antibiotics as directed and complete the full course of treatment.
Nutritional support: A balanced and nutritious diet is essential for the healing process.
Ensure the sheep has access to high-quality forage and consider supplementing their
diet with additional nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, to support bone health
and healing.
Follow-up care: Regular follow-up visits to the veterinarian are crucial to monitor the
healing progress. The veterinarian may need to adjust the treatment plan or change
the cast/splint if necessary.
It is important to note that the above steps are general guidelines,
and the specific treatment plan may vary depending on the severity and location of
the fracture. Consulting a veterinarian experienced in treating sheep is vital for an
accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment .The images are mentioned below
Applying Cotton to the Arranging Bamboo sticks on
Foreleg the cotton for the support to the Fore leg

Knotting With the Jute Rope for immobilzation
Applying Plaster of Paris (POP) For the Foreleg

Castration in Bull :
The Burdizzo castration method is a non-surgical technique used to castrate male
animals, including bulls. It involves the use of a specialized tool called a Burdizzo clamp, which
is designed to crush and disrupt the blood supply to the testicles, causing them to atrophy and
eventually die.
Here is a general overview of the Burdizzo castration procedure:
Preparation: Before beginning the procedure, it's essential to ensure that the animal is properly
restrained to minimize stress and potential injury. This can be done by using a chute, stocks, or
other appropriate livestock handling equipment.
Locate the testicles: The scrotum is palpated to locate the testicles. The testicles are typically
situated within the scrotum, suspended by the spermatic cords.
Applying the Burdizzo clamp: The Burdizzo clamp is a heavy-duty, hinged tool with two crushing
plates. It is important to choose the correct size of the Burdizzo clamp for the animal being
castrated. The larger the animal, the larger the clamp required.
The clamp is positioned over the spermatic cords, above the testicles. Care should be taken
to avoid trapping any other tissues, such as the skin or scrotum, in the clamp.
Crushing the spermatic cords: The Burdizzo clamp is closed firmly, applying pressure to the
spermatic cords. The crushing action interrupts the blood flow to the testicles, causing damage to
the blood vessels and tissue.
The clamp is held closed for a specific period of time, typically around 10-20 seconds, to ensure
effective occlusion of blood vessels. This duration may vary depending on the size and age of the
animal.
Release and repeat: After the designated time, the clamp is released, and the procedure is repeated
on the opposite side of the scrotum to crush the second spermatic cord.
Post-castration care: After both spermatic cords have been crushed, the Burdizzo clamp is
removed, and the animal is monitored for any signs of complications, such as excessive bleeding
or infection. Appropriate wound care and pain management may be administered as advised by a
veterinarian.
It's important to note that the Burdizzo method requires precision and expertise to ensure a
successful castration and minimize pain and discomfort for the animal. It is recommended to seek

the assistance of a veterinarian or a trained professional to perform the procedure correctly and
safely.
Performing Castration

Medial Patellar Desmotomy :-
Medial patellar desmotomy (MPD) is not a commonly performed procedure in
cattle, it can be performed in certain cases to address specific conditions.
MPD involves the surgical transection of the medial patellar ligament to alleviate chronic patellar
luxation or upward fixation of the patella.
Here is a general overview of the medial patellar desmotomy procedure in cattle:
Preparation: The animal is typically restrained and sedated to ensure it remains calm and
cooperative during the procedure. The surgical site, usually the inside of the stifle joint, is cleaned
and prepared for surgery.
Incision: An incision is made on the inside (medial) aspect of the stifle joint. The exact location
and size of the incision may vary depending on the veterinarian's preference and the size of the
animal.
Accessing the medial patellar ligament: The surgeon carefully dissects through the surrounding
tissues to expose the medial patellar ligament.
Transection of the ligament: Using surgical instruments such as a scalpel or surgical scissors, the
veterinarian cuts or transects the medial patellar ligament.
This eliminates the tension that causes the patella to become locked or dislocated.
Closure and recovery: The incision is closed using sutures, staples, or other appropriate closure
techniques. The animal is closely monitored during the recovery period to ensure proper healing
and to manage any post-operative pain or discomfort.
It's important to note that MPD in cattle is a specialized procedure that should be performed by a
veterinarian with experience in bovine orthopedics.
The decision to perform MPD should be based on a thorough
examination and evaluation of the animal's condition, and it should only be done when other
conservative treatments have been unsuccessful or when the condition significantly affects the
animal's well-being.
The images are been mentioned below

MOST OBSERVED CASES IN ANIMALS AND POULTRY TREATMENT
"Most observed cases in animals" can refer to the most commonly seen or frequently encountered
cases or conditions in animals. The prevalence of specific cases may vary depending on factors
such as geographic location, species, and the environment in which the animals are kept.
Here are a few examples of commonly observed cases in animals:
I. Anoerexia
II.Gastritis
III.Acute Bloat
IV. Limping
V. Mastitis
VI.Enteritis
VII.Endo Metritis
VIII.Repeat Breeding
IX.Anoestrum
X.Milk Fever
XI.General Dressing
XII.Ketosis
XIII.Hypomagnesimia
XIV.Dermatitis
XV.Bronchitis
Where as in poultry most observed diseases such as :-
I.Fowl Cholera
II.Coccidiosis
III.Avian Influenza
IV.Fowl Pox
V.Newcastle Disease
VI.Salmonellosis

I. Anoerexia :-
It is also Known as simple indigestion
Physical Examination :-
When conducting a physical examination for simple indigestion in animals, a
veterinarian will typically assess several key aspects. Here are some components that may be
included in a physical examination:
1. General observation: The veterinarian will observe the animal's behavior, posture, and general
demeanor to assess their overall health and well-being.
2. Vital signs: Measurements of vital signs such as body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory
rate will be taken to evaluate the animal's physiological status.
3. Abdominal palpation: The veterinarian will gently palpate the animal's abdomen to check for
any signs of discomfort, distension, or abnormal masses.
4. Auscultation: Listening to the animal's abdomen using a stethoscope allows the veterinarian to
detect abnormal bowel sounds or other signs of gastrointestinal disturbances.
5. Rectal examination: In some cases, a rectal examination may be performed to assess the rectal
tone, check for the presence of any obstructions or abnormalities, and evaluate the consistency of
feces.
Cause of Simple Indigestion :-
Simple indigestion in animals can be caused by a variety of factors.
Dietary changes, such as sudden shifts in feed type or the introduction of new and unfamiliar
foods, can disrupt the digestive system and lead to indigestion. Overeating, either due to excessive
food intake or rapid consumption, can overwhelm the digestive capacity of the animal.
Consuming spoiled or contaminated food can also result in digestive disturbances and indigestion.
Eating too quickly without proper chewing can hinder proper digestion. Stressful situations, lack
of exercise, ingestion of foreign objects, and exposure to certain medications or toxins can also
contribute to indigestion in animals. It's important to consult a veterinarian for an accurate
diagnosis and appropriate treatment if an animal is experiencing indigestion.
Treatment for simple indigestion in animals
i.Rumeric Inj IM
ii.Avil Inj IM
iii.Bufzone powder . These are some medicines which is used to animals based the size of the
animal

II. Gastritis :-
Gastritis refers to the inflammation of the gastric mucosa, which is the inner lining of
the stomach. This condition can also occur in animals, including domestic pets such as dogs and
cats. Gastritis in animals can have various causes, including the Consumption of inappropriate or
spoiled food, sudden changes in diet, or ingestion of toxic substances can lead to gastritis in
animals. Bacterial or viral infections can cause gastritis in animals. For example, Helicobacter
pylori is a common bacterium associated with gastritis in both humans and animals. Chronic
stress or anxiety can contribute to the development of gastritis in animals.
The symptoms of gastritis in animals may include vomiting, loss of appetite,
abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and dehydration. If you suspect that your pet may have gastritis,
it is essential to consult a veterinarian for proper diagnosis and treatment.
The veterinarian may perform a physical examination, recommend diagnostic tests (such as blood
work or imaging), and provide appropriate medications and dietary changes to manage the
condition.
During a physical examination of an animal suspected of having gastritis, a veterinarian will
typically perform the following assessments:
Such as Observation and History,Palpation, Auscultation,Vital Signs.
Based on the physical examination findings, the veterinarian may recommend further diagnostic
tests to confirm the diagnosis of gastritis.
Cause of Gastritis :- It is caused by ingested actual garbage,molds,fungi,spoiled or raw food or
litter materials eaten by animals.
Treatment for Gastritis is Antacid ,Penicillin, Antibiotics.etc
Antibiotics such as Monocef ,CernIia.
If the animal is got dehydrated the fluid therapy is to be used .
Proton pump inhibitors ,such as omeprazole, can be used in serve cases of stomach ulceration .

III.Acute Bloat :-
Acute bloat, or gastric dilation-volvulus (GDV), is a serious and potentially life-
threatening condition in animals, particularly large breed dogs. It occurs when the stomach fills
with gas, fluid, or food and becomes twisted, blocking blood flow. Common symptoms include
a distended abdomen, unproductive attempts to vomit, restlessness, and difficulty breathing.
Immediate veterinary attention is crucial to decompress the stomach and, in severe cases, perform
surgery. Preventative measures include feeding smaller meals, using slow feeder bowls, and
avoiding vigorous exercise before or after meals.
Physical Examination :- During the physical examination we will observe that the stomach will
inflammated and it is filled with gas .The heart rate increases
Cause of Acute Bloat :-
The exact cause of acute bloat in animals is not fully understood .However
,several factors may contribute to its development. These factors can include such as excessive
gas production ,swallowing ,Vigorous exercise , Eating too quickly ,Overeating, Stress,in some
cases the anatomical factors will effect on cause of bloat.
Treatment for acute bloat is at first observe the animal and see whether its feeling restless and
the animal stomach is got inflated and loss of apitite .
For this at first Silica in Dimethicone is must feed the animal . Then after take the needle and
make a hole on the triangular region on the left side of the stomach and observe the gas was
coming or not or if at the gas is heavy we use Trocar & Cannula to release the gas out from the
animal body .
i.Neurocare M Inj IM is to be given as the weight of the animal
ii.Bufzone Powder
iii.Digiplus Powder
iv.Blotonil etc is to be given to animal with moderate hot water or otherwise with ragi.
v. At last the Avil Inj is given to animal and observe the animal to control the reaction if the
animal is get reacted to the Medication.

IV .Limping :-
Limping in animals, also known as lameness, is a common clinical sign that can
result from various underlying causes. It is important to conduct a thorough physical examination
to determine the cause of the limping.
1.Gait assessment: Observe the animal's gait (walking pattern) to identify abnormalities such as
favoring one leg, limping, lameness, or difficulty in bearing weight.
2. Palpation: Gently feel the limbs, joints, muscles, and bones to check for pain, swelling, heat,
deformities, or areas of tenderness.
3. Range of motion: Evaluate the range of motion of the affected joints and compare them with
the unaffected side.
4. Joint stability: Assess joint stability by performing specific tests 5. Neurological evaluation:
Assess reflexes, muscle tone, and sensation in the limbs to rule out underlying neurological
causes of limping.
6. Paw examination: Inspect the paws for signs of injuries, foreign objects, cuts, swelling, or
pain.
7. Radiography or imaging: X-rays, ultrasound, or other imaging modalities may be necessary
to evaluate bones, joints, and soft tissues in more detail.
Cause of Limping in animals :-
1. Trauma: Injuries such as fractures, sprains, strains, and dislocations can cause limping.
2. Soft tissue injuries: Injuries to tendons, ligaments, or muscles, such as strains or tears, can
result in limping.
3. Infections: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, including osteomyelitis (bone infection),
can cause limping.
4. Joint diseases: Conditions like septic arthritis, immune-mediated arthritis, and
degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis) can lead to limping.
5. Tumors: Bone tumors or soft tissue tumors can cause limping.
Treatment for Limping in animals are
i.Meloxicam Inj IM based on the weight of the animal.
ii. Enrofloxacin Inj IM
iii.To regulate the reaction the Avil Inj IM is to be Given to the animal.
iv.Maxxtol inj

V. Mastitis :-
Mastitis in animals refers to inflammation of the mammary gland or udder, primarily
affecting dairy cows but can also occur in other livestock species such as goats, sheep, and even
dogs. It is a common and significant disease that negatively impacts animal health, milk
production, and overall farm profitability.Mastitis in animals is typically caused by bacterial
infection, although it can also be triggered by fungi, viruses, or other pathogens. The infection is
usually introduced through the teat canal, which can occur during milking, environmental
contamination, or through the spread of infectious agents from other infected animals.Common
symptoms of mastitis in animals include swelling, heat, pain, and redness in the affected udder.
The milk may appear abnormal, with changes in color, consistency, and sometimes the presence
of clots or flakes. Infected animals may also show signs of discomfort, reduced appetite, and a
decrease in milk production.
Effective management and prevention strategies are crucial to minimize
mastitis in animals. This includes maintaining proper hygiene during milking, regular udder and
teat cleaning, ensuring a clean and dry environment, and promptly treating any cases of mastitis
with appropriate antibiotics or other medications as prescribed by a veterinarian. Regular
monitoring and testing of milk samples can also aid in early detection and control of the disease.
Mastitis in animals has significant economic implications, as it can lead to decreased milk
production, increased veterinary costs, and potential culling of infected animals. Therefore,
prevention, early detection, and prompt treatment are essential for maintaining animal health and
maximizing productivity on farms.
Visual Inspection: The udder is visually examined for any signs of swelling, redness, or
asymmetry. The affected quarter(s) may appear enlarged, hot to the touch, and show visible
abnormalities such as hardening or discoloration.
Palpation: The udder is palpated to assess for areas of tenderness, firmness, or
lumps. The presence of pain or discomfort during palpation may indicate inflammation or
infection in the affected quarter(s).
Milk Examination: Milk samples are collected for examination. The appearance, color, and
consistency of the milk are observed for any abnormal changes such as clots, flakes, or
discoloration. The milk may also be tested for the presence of bacteria or other pathogens using
laboratory techniques.
Teat Examination: The teats are inspected for any signs of damage, such as cracks, wounds, or
discharge. These can serve as potential entry points for bacteria and increase the risk of mastitis.

Animal Behavior: The behavior and general health of the animal are assessed. Animals with
mastitis may exhibit signs of discomfort, such as reduced appetite, decreased milk production,
lethargy, or an altered stance or gait.
Please note that a comprehensive examination for mastitis in animals typically involves more
than just these five aspects, and a veterinary professional should be consulted for a thorough
evaluation and diagnosis.
Cause of Mastitis in animals:-
Mastitis in animals can be caused by a range of factors. The most
common cause is bacterial infection, where pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptococcus uberis, and Escherichia coli enter the udder through the teat canal, leading to
inflammation and mastitis. Poor hygiene during milking, contaminated environments, and
transmission from infected animals can contribute to bacterial mastitis.
Environmental conditions also play a role in mastitis development. Animals exposed to wet and
dirty bedding, muddy or unsanitary environments, and high bacterial loads are at a higher risk.
These conditions create an ideal environment for bacteria to multiply and infect the udder.
Management practices have a significant impact on mastitis incidence. Inadequate milking
hygiene, including improper teat cleaning, insufficient pre- and post-milking procedures, and the
use of contaminated milking equipment, can introduce bacteria and increase the likelihood of
mastitis. Poor monitoring of animal health and delayed detection of mastitis cases can exacerbate
the problem.
In addition to bacterial causes, mastitis can occur due to non-infectious factors. Physical injuries
to the udder, such as trauma or bruising, can cause inflammation and mastitis-like symptoms.
Exposure to irritants, chemicals, or harsh milking practices can also contribute to udder
inflammation. Metabolic disorders can further weaken the udder's defense mechanisms and
increase the risk of mastitis.
Addressing the various causes of mastitis in animals requires implementing good management
practices.
Treatment for mastitis
Antibiotics is used such as Dicristicin,Pendistrin ,Mammitas,Moxel etc is to given according to
the severity of the disease effected to animal.
Mastafast is used in the form of spray for anti inflammation and antibacterial used to control of
mastitis.

VI.Enteritis :-
Enteritis in animals refers to inflammation of the small intestine, commonly affecting
domesticated animals such as dogs, cats, and livestock. Enteritis is often caused by infections,
such as bacterial, viral, or parasitic, which can lead to diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain in
animals. It can also be triggered by dietary indiscretion, sudden changes in diet, or ingestion of
toxic substances, resulting in gastrointestinal upset and inflammation.
Animals with enteritis may exhibit symptoms
like decreased appetite, lethargy, dehydration, and weight loss, requiring prompt veterinary
attention and treatment. Diagnosis of enteritis involves a thorough physical examination, fecal
analysis, blood tests, and sometimes imaging techniques like X-rays or ultrasound. Treatment
typically involves supportive care, such as fluid therapy, dietary adjustments,medication to
control symptoms or combat infections, and management of any underlying causes to aid in the
recovery of affected animals.
During a physical examination of an animal suspected to have enteritis, a veterinarian would
typically perform the following assessments:
General observation: The veterinarian will observe the animal's general appearance, behavior,
and posture to assess their level of alertness, responsiveness, and any signs of discomfort or pain.
Vital signs: Vital signs, including body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and mucous
membrane color, will be evaluated. Fever or abnormal heart or respiratory rates may indicate an
inflammatory response.
Abdominal palpation: The veterinarian will gently palpate the animal's abdomen to assess for any
abnormalities, such as pain, distension, or fluid accumulation. Tenderness or discomfort upon
palpation may indicate inflammation in the small intestine.
Auscultation: The veterinarian will listen to the animal's abdomen using a stethoscope to evaluate
the presence of abnormal bowel sounds. Decreased or absent bowel sounds may suggest intestinal
motility disturbances associated with enteritis.
Rectal examination: In some cases, a rectal examination may be performed to check for the
presence of abnormal masses, rectal bleeding, or other signs of gastrointestinal abnormalities.
These physical examination findings, along with the animal's clinical history and any additional
diagnostic tests, can help the veterinarian in determining the presence of enteritis and guide
further diagnostic and treatment measures.

Cause of Enteritis :-
Enteritis in animals can have various causes, including:
Infectious agents: Bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections are common causes of enteritis.
Examples include Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter, canine parvovirus, feline
panleukopenia virus, and various parasites like Giardia or Cryptosporidium.
Dietary factors: Sudden dietary changes, consuming spoiled or contaminated food, or ingesting
toxic substances can lead to enteritis. Inappropriate or low-quality diets can also contribute to
gastrointestinal upset and inflammation.
Stress: Stressful situations, such as transportation, boarding, overcrowding, or changes in the
animal's environment or routine, can weaken the immune system and make animals more
susceptible to enteritis
Intestinal obstruction: Physical blockages in the intestines, such as foreign bodies or tumors, can
disrupt normal digestive processes and cause inflammation.
Immune system disorders: Autoimmune diseases or conditions that affect the immune system can
result in chronic enteritis.
Medications or toxins: Certain medications, especially non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs), can cause enteritis as a side effect. Ingestion of toxic substances, including chemicals
or plants, can also lead to gastrointestinal inflammation.
It's important to note that the specific cause of enteritis may vary depending on the species of the
animal and individual circumstances. A proper diagnosis by a veterinarian is essential to identify
the underlying cause and provide appropriate treatment.
Treatment for Enteritis :-
i.Sulpha Boli.
ii.RL based on the condition of the animal.
iii.Fluids such as NS , Intalyte etc.
iv.Sulphadimidin
v.Metronidazole

Endometritis :-
Endometritis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the endometrium,
the inner lining of the uterus. It is most commonly caused by a bacterial infection that enters the
uterus, typically after childbirth, miscarriage, or certain medical procedures involving the uterus.
Symptoms of endometritis may include pelvic pain, abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge,
fever, and general malaise. Prompt medical attention is important to prevent complications such
as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and potential fertility issues.
Diagnosis involves a combination of clinical examination, medical history assessment, and
laboratory tests. Treatment usually consists of antibiotics to eliminate the infection, and additional
measures may be taken to manage symptoms or address underlying causes.
It's essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and personalized treatment
recommendations if you suspect you have endometritis or any other medical condition.
During a physical examination for endometritis, a healthcare professional may perform the
following assessments:
Vital Signs: Blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature will be measured to check for any signs
of infection, such as fever.
Abdominal Examination: The healthcare provider may palpate (feel) your abdomen to check for
tenderness, swelling, or any abnormalities that could indicate inflammation or infection in the
uterus.
Pelvic Examination: This involves the healthcare provider visually inspecting the external
genitalia and using a speculum to visualize the cervix and vaginal walls. They may collect a
sample of vaginal discharge or cervical mucus for laboratory analysis.
Cervical Motion Tenderness (CMT): The healthcare provider may perform CMT by gently
moving the cervix to check for pain or tenderness. This can indicate inflammation or infection in
the uterus.
Additional Tests: Depending on the severity and suspected cause of endometritis, further tests
such as blood tests, ultrasound, or imaging studies may be ordered to evaluate the extent of
infection or any associated complications.
It is important to note that the specific physical examination may vary depending on the individual
patient and the healthcare provider's assessment. The examination is conducted to gather

information that aids in the diagnosis and helps determine the appropriate treatment for
endometritis.
Cause of Endomatritis :-
Endometritis in animals, particularly in livestock such as cows and mares, can have various
causes. Some of the common causes include:
Bacterial Infection: Bacteria, including various strains of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus spp.,
Trueperella pyogenes, and others, can enter the uterus through the cervix, ascending from the
lower reproductive tract. These bacteria can cause infection and subsequent inflammation of the
endometrium.
Contamination during Breeding or Parturition: During breeding or parturition (giving birth), there
is a risk of contamination of the uterus with bacteria from the environment or the reproductive
tract. Improper hygiene practices during these critical times can increase the chances of
developing endometritis.
Retained Placenta: Failure to expel the placenta after giving birth can lead to bacterial
colonization and infection of the uterus. This retained placental material creates an environment
favorable for bacterial growth and inflammation.
Prolonged Estrus: In some cases, extended periods of estrus (heat) can increase the risk of
endometritis. The prolonged presence of estrogen in the uterus without proper progesterone
balance can cause changes in the uterine lining, making it more susceptible to infection.
Poor Uterine Conformation or Injury: Uterine abnormalities, such as poor conformation or
structural defects, can make the uterus more prone to infection. Injuries to the uterus during
breeding or parturition can also create openings for bacteria to enter and cause infection.
It is worth noting that the specific causes of endometritis
in animals may vary depending on the species and individual circumstances. Proper management
practices, including hygiene measures, timely veterinary care, and monitoring reproductive
health, are crucial in preventing and managing endometritis in animals.
Treatment :-
i.Lixen-IU
ii.Gentamycin –IU 1.5mg/kg
iii.Receptal-IM
iv.Antibiotics are been used for this.
v.Povidone iodine is to be used along with ns with the ratio 2:20

VIII.Repeat Breeding :-
Repeat breeding, also known as repeat estrus or prolonged anestrus, refers to a condition in which
female animals, particularly livestock, fail to conceive or maintain pregnancy after multiple
breeding attempts. It is a significant concern in the agricultural industry as it can lead to economic
losses due to decreased reproductive efficiency and prolonged calving or lambing intervals.
Several factors can contribute to repeat breeding in animals:
Inadequate Estrus Detection: Failure to accurately detect and identify signs of estrus (heat) in
female animals can result in missed breeding opportunities. This can be due to poor observation
practices, irregular or silent heats, or behavioral abnormalities.
Reproductive Disorders: Various reproductive disorders can lead to repeat breeding. These may
include uterine infections, endometritis, ovarian cysts, hormonal imbalances, or structural
abnormalities of the reproductive organs.
Poor Synchronization of Estrus: In cases where artificial insemination or timed breeding
protocols are used, improper synchronization of estrus can lead to repeated unsuccessful breeding
attempts. Issues with hormonal treatments or inaccurate timing of insemination can contribute to
the problem.
Poor Semen Quality: Low-quality semen used for artificial insemination or natural mating can
result in reduced fertility and repeat breeding. Factors such as poor semen handling, improper
storage conditions, or suboptimal semen parameters can all impact conception rates.
We cannot examine the animal by physically.
Cause of Repeat Bredding :-
Repeat breeding in animals can be caused by various factors.
Inadequate estrus detection, where subtle or irregular signs of heat are missed, can result in
repeated unsuccessful breeding attempts.
Reproductive disorders such as uterine infections, endometritis, ovarian cysts, and hormonal
imbalances can disrupt normal reproductive processes and lead to repeat breeding. Poor
synchronization of estrus, improper timing of insemination, or faulty artificial insemination
protocols can contribute to the problem. Low-quality semen used for breeding, due to factors like
poor handling, storage, or semen parameters, can reduce fertility and result in repeat breeding.
Nutritional deficiencies, improper body condition, and metabolic disorders
can affect hormonal balance and reproductive function. Addressing repeat breeding requires

careful estrus detection, veterinary monitoring, and management practices focusing on nutrition,
breeding protocols, and reproductive health interventions. Diagnostic tests can identify
underlying causes, allowing for targeted treatments to improve fertility.
Treatment :-
i.Receptal
ii.Antibiotic
iii.Vitamin A Injection IM

IX.Anoestrum :-
Anoestrus is a physiological condition characterized by the absence or suppression of
estrous cycles in female animals. During anoestrus, animals do not exhibit signs of heat (estrus)
and do not ovulate. It is a natural part of the reproductive cycle in many species, but prolonged
or abnormal anoestrus can have implications for reproductive efficiency and breeding success.
There are various factors that can contribute to anoestrus in animals:
Seasonal Influences: Many species, particularly those in temperate regions, exhibit seasonal
anoestrus. This is influenced by changes in daylight duration and environmental factors. Animals
enter a period of reproductive quiescence during certain times of the year, such as winter, and do
not exhibit estrus cycles.
Nutritional Factors: Inadequate nutrition or imbalances in key nutrients can disrupt hormonal
regulation and lead to anoestrus. Insufficient energy, protein, minerals, or vitamins can impact
the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, affecting the secretion of reproductive hormones and
suppressing estrus cycles.
Stress and Environmental Factors: High-stress environments, including social stress, transport,
changes in housing or management practices, can disrupt reproductive function and induce
anoestrus. Environmental factors such as extreme temperatures or photoperiod changes can also
influence hormonal regulation and estrus cycling.
Reproductive Disorders: Certain reproductive disorders, such as ovarian cysts, uterine infections,
or hormonal imbalances, can result in prolonged or abnormal anoestrus. These conditions
interfere with the normal hormonal processes involved in estrus cycling and ovulation.
Management of anoestrus involves identifying and addressing the underlying cause. This may
include optimizing nutrition, minimizing stressors, and implementing proper reproductive
management practices. Hormonal treatments or interventions may be used in some cases to
stimulate estrus and restore normal reproductive function.
Understanding the causes and management of anoestrus is crucial for maintaining optimal
reproductive performance in animals, as it directly impacts fertility rates and breeding efficiency.
Proper veterinary care, regular monitoring, and proactive management strategies are essential for
effectively managing anoestrus in livestock and other animal species.
We cannot examine the animal by physically.

Causes of anoestrum :-
Anoestrus, the absence or suppression of estrous cycles in female animals, can be caused by
various factors. Here is a brief overview of some common causes:
Seasonal Influences: Many animals, especially those in temperate regions, exhibit seasonal
anoestrus. Changes in daylight duration and environmental cues trigger the suppression of
reproductive activity during certain times of the year. The hormones involved in regulating the
estrous cycle are influenced by these seasonal changes, resulting in anoestrus.
Nutritional Factors: Inadequate nutrition, particularly deficiencies in energy, protein, minerals, or
vitamins, can disrupt the delicate balance of hormones responsible for regulating the estrous
cycle. Insufficient energy intake can hinder the production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GnRH) and subsequently suppress ovulation and estrus.
Stress and Environmental Factors: High-stress conditions, such as social stress, transportation,
abrupt changes in housing or management practices, and exposure to extreme temperatures or
photoperiod alterations, can disrupt the normal functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian
axis. Stress-induced hormonal imbalances can lead to irregular or absent estrous cycles, resulting
in anoestrus.
Reproductive Disorders: Certain reproductive disorders, such as ovarian cysts, uterine infections,
polycystic ovaries, or hormonal imbalances (e.g., hypothyroidism), can cause prolonged or
abnormal anoestrus. These conditions disrupt the normal hormonal processes involved in the
estrous cycle, leading to the absence of ovulation and estrus.
Age and Puberty: Anoestrus can be observed in young females before they reach sexual maturity.
Immature reproductive organs or inadequate hormonal signaling may result in delayed onset of
estrous cycles. Similarly, in older females nearing the end of their reproductive lifespan, anoestrus
can occur due to reduced ovarian function and hormone production.
It is important to consult with a veterinarian for a thorough evaluation and personalized advice if
you suspect anoestrus in your animals. The specific causes and management strategies may vary
depending on the species, individual circumstances, and the expertise of the veterinary
professional.
Treatment :-
i.Xynarich,Janova ,Infertin
ii.Vitamin –A Injection
iii.Tonophosphon
Suggested to feed the animal with sporuts

X.Milk Fever :-
Milk fever, also known as hypocalcemia or parturient paresis, is a metabolic
disorder that commonly affects dairy cows shortly after calving. It is characterized by low blood
calcium levels, leading to muscle weakness and other clinical signs. Milk fever poses a significant
threat to dairy farming as it can result in severe health complications and economic losses.The
condition typically occurs within the first few days of lactation when the demand for calcium
exceeds the cow's ability to mobilize it from its body reserves or dietary intake.
This imbalance often occurs due to the sudden increase in calcium requirements for milk
production coupled with reduced calcium absorption from the gut. As a result, blood calcium
levels drop rapidly, affecting various bodily functions.The onset of milk fever is marked by initial
signs such as decreased appetite, restlessness, and mild muscle tremors. As the condition
progresses, affected cows may exhibit more severe symptoms like difficulty standing, a weak or
staggering gait, decreased milk production, and a rapid heart rate. Without prompt treatment, milk
fever can lead to recumbency (inability to rise), coma, and even death.
Preventing milk fever involves implementing appropriate management practices. Dietary
adjustments are crucial, such as feeding a low-calcium diet during the dry period and gradually
increasing calcium levels in the prepartum ration. Providing anionic salts, such as calcium
chloride or calcium sulfate, can also help maintain proper calcium balance. Close monitoring of
calcium levels and regular veterinary check-ups are essential for early detection and intervention.
When milk fever is diagnosed, treatment typically involves intravenous administration of calcium
gluconate or calcium borogluconate to rapidly increase blood calcium levels.
Milk fever, also known as hypocalcemia, is a condition that commonly affects
dairy cows shortly after calving. Physical examination plays a crucial role in diagnosing milk
fever. Veterinarians typically observe symptoms such as muscle weakness, staggering gait,
inability to rise, and a droopy appearance. Affected cows may have a low body temperature and
a rapid, weak pulse. Examination of the udder may reveal reduced milk production.
Additionally, palpation of the cow's muscles might
indicate muscle tremors or stiffness. These physical signs, combined with the cow's recent calving
history and laboratory tests to measure calcium levels, help confirm the diagnosis of milk fever.
Early detection and prompt treatment are essential for a successful recovery.

Cause of getting milk fever :-
Milk fever, also known as hypocalcemia or parturient paresis, is a
metabolic disorder that primarily affects dairy cows during the early stages of lactation. The
condition occurs due to a sudden drop in blood calcium levels, which is essential for proper
muscle and nerve function. The exact cause of milk fever is not fully understood, but there are
several contributing factors:
High calcium demand: Dairy cows experience a significant increase in calcium requirements after
calving, as milk production reaches its peak. If the cow's body is unable to mobilize enough
calcium from dietary sources or reserves in the bones, hypocalcemia can occur.
Age and parity: Older cows and those in their third or greater lactation cycle are more prone to
developing milk fever. This may be attributed to reduced calcium absorption efficiency or
decreased mobilization of calcium from bone reserves.
Genetics: Certain cow breeds, such as Holsteins, have a higher genetic susceptibility to milk
fever. It is believed that genetic factors influence calcium regulation and metabolism.
Dry period management: Improper management practices during the dry period, such as
overfeeding or underfeeding, can disrupt calcium metabolism and increase the risk of milk fever.
Prevention and management strategies include careful diet formulation with balanced cation-
anion ratios, providing a low-calcium diet prepartum, monitoring blood calcium levels, and
administering calcium supplements as needed. Veterinary consultation and proper herd
management are crucial for minimizing the occurrence and impact of milk fever.
Treatment :-
i.Calcium Borogluconate is to be given to animal with checking the temperature of the animal.If
at all the temperature of the animal is high means we didn’t treat with CBJ due to shivering is
been observed .
ii.Mifex is to used to treat the animal .we must need to try to stand up the animal by using cotton
ropes and try stand by using the poles like that means it will get try to stand .if we didn’t take
proper care leads to death of the animal.Avil is to be injected if reactions is been observed .If
Shivering is seen we must discontinue the saline.
iii.Calcium syrup is to suggested the former upto get normal stage.
Note :- The CBJ must be given to the animal in IV route.We must send the CBJ saline slowly
because it directly affects on heart the flow of saline is high leads to cardiac arrest of the animal
leads to the death.

XI.General Dressing :-
Dressing in animals refers to the process of providing wound care and applying
appropriate dressings to promote healing and prevent infection. It is a vital aspect of veterinary
medicine and plays a crucial role in managing various injuries, surgical incisions, or skin
conditions in animals. Dressing serves to protect the wound, facilitate tissue repair, and maintain
a clean environment to aid in the healing process.
Procedure:
Preparing the environment: Before starting the dressing procedure, it is essential to ensure a clean
and sterile environment. This may involve disinfecting the area where the animal will be treated
and using sterile instruments, gloves, and dressings to minimize the risk of contamination.
Assessing the wound: The veterinarian or veterinary technician will carefully examine the wound
or affected area to determine its extent, severity, and any underlying issues. This evaluation helps
guide the choice of appropriate dressings and treatment options.
Cleaning the wound: If necessary, the wound is cleaned using sterile saline solution or a
veterinary-approved antiseptic solution. This step involves gently irrigating the wound to remove
debris, dirt, and bacteria. Care must be taken to avoid causing further trauma or pain to the animal.
Applying medication or ointment: Depending on the nature of the wound, a prescribed medication
or ointment may be applied. This can include antibiotics to prevent or treat infection, anti-
inflammatory agents to reduce swelling, or specialized wound-healing preparations.
Selecting the appropriate dressing: There are various types of dressings available for veterinary
use, including adhesive bandages, gauze pads, non-adherent dressings, and wound-specific
products like hydrogels or foam dressings. The choice of dressing depends on factors such as
wound location, size, drainage, and the desired healing environment.
Applying the dressing: The selected dressing is carefully applied to cover the wound, ensuring it
adheres properly and provides adequate coverage. Additional materials like bandages or self-
adhesive wraps may be used to secure the dressing in place and provide support if needed.
Monitoring and changing the dressing: Regular monitoring of the dressing and wound is crucial
to evaluate healing progress and identify any signs of infection or complications. Depending on
the severity of the wound and the healing process, dressings may need to be changed periodically.
This involves removing the old dressing, cleaning the wound, reapplying medication if necessary,
and applying a fresh dressing.
Follow-up care: The veterinarian will provide instructions on how often the dressing should be
changed, any medications to be administered, and any additional care required.

XII.Ketosis :-
Ketosis, also known as acetonaemia or ketonemia, is a metabolic disorder that can
affect various animals, including cattle, sheep, and goats. It occurs when there is an imbalance in
the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids, resulting in elevated levels of ketone bodies in the
blood.
During normal metabolism, glucose is the primary energy source for cells. However, in certain
conditions, such as during periods of reduced feed intake or high energy demands, the body
begins to rely more on fat metabolism. This shift in energy production leads to the production of
ketone bodies, namely acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone.
The condition is characterized by a range of clinical signs, including decreased appetite, weight
loss, lethargy, a sweet or fruity odor on the breath, and sometimes nervous system disorders. In
severe cases, ketosis can result in metabolic acidosis, liver damage, and even death if left
untreated.
Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for successful outcomes. Veterinarians may confirm
ketosis through blood tests to measure ketone levels. Treatment typically involves correcting the
energy balance through nutritional adjustments, administering glucose or propylene glycol
supplements, and providing supportive care.
It is been physically examined by observing the pulse, respiration,
temperature is subnormal . The motility of the rumen is been decreased .The secretions are
observed from mouth.The animal have more interest to eating of soil.
Cause of getting Ketosis :-
It is also called as acetonimia when the carbohydrates are decreased inside the body .In
this process the fats which is present on the liver is going to perform beta oxidation the ketone
bodies are generated .In this process the ketosis is been caused to the animal.
Treatment :-
i. 50% Glucose Injection IV
ii. Dexamethosone 0.5-1 ml
iii.Pedini Bolus
iv.B-Complex -10ml continue 3-5 days

XIII.Hypomagnesimia :-
Hypomagnesemia, also known as magnesium deficiency, is a condition
that affects animals when their blood magnesium levels drop below the normal range. Magnesium
is an essential mineral required for numerous physiological processes within the body. It plays a
crucial role in enzyme activation, nerve function, muscle contraction, and bone development.
In animals, hypomagnesemia can occur due to various factors. Inadequate dietary intake of
magnesium is a common cause, especially in animals that rely on magnesium-rich forage or diets.
Additionally, certain conditions such as malabsorption disorders, renal dysfunction, or
gastrointestinal disturbances can impair magnesium absorption or increase its excretion, leading
to deficiency. Livestock species, such as cattle and sheep, are particularly susceptible to
hypomagnesemia, especially during certain periods like lactation or fast-growing stages when
magnesium demands are high. Prevention and treatment strategies involve ensuring a balanced
diet with sufficient magnesium content, offering mineral supplementation, and providing access
to magnesium-rich forage or water sources.
Early detection and prompt intervention are crucial in managing hypomagnesemia in animals.
Regular monitoring of magnesium levels, especially in at-risk populations, can help prevent the
development of this deficiency and maintain animal health and well-being.
i.Temperature is high it is between 104 -105 degrees .More salivation is been observed Fits &
Convulsions is also observed.
Cause of getting Hypomagnesemia :-
Hypomagnesemia, or magnesium deficiency, can occur due to several reasons. Inadequate dietary
intake of magnesium is a common cause, especially when animals consume feed or forage with
low magnesium content. Imbalanced diets that lack proper magnesium levels can also contribute
to deficiencies. Conditions that affect nutrient absorption, such as gastrointestinal disorders or
malabsorption syndromes, can impair magnesium absorption. Increased excretion of magnesium
through urine can result from medical conditions like kidney disease or renal dysfunction. Certain
medications, such as diuretics, and prolonged periods of sweating or intense physical activity can
also lead to magnesium losses, increasing the risk of hypomagnesemia.
Treatment :-
i.Mifex IV
ii.Novizac , supportive theraphy

XIV.Dermatitis :-
Dermatitis, a common skin condition in animals, refers to the inflammation of
the skin that can affect various species, including dogs, cats, and livestock. It can be caused by a
wide range of factors, including allergies, parasites, bacterial or fungal infections, environmental
irritants, and autoimmune disorders. Dermatitis often manifests as itching, redness, rash, hair loss,
and skin lesions. The severity and specific symptoms can vary depending on the underlying cause.
Proper diagnosis and treatment by a veterinarian are crucial for managing dermatitis in animals,
as it not only affects their comfort but can also lead to secondary infections and compromised
overall health.
During a physical examination for dermatitis in animals, a veterinarian will
carefully inspect the animal's skin and coat for signs of inflammation, lesions, redness, swelling,
or any other abnormalities. They will assess the extent and distribution of the dermatitis, noting
the affected areas and any associated symptoms like itching or hair loss.
The vet may perform skin scrapings to check for the
presence of parasites or take samples for laboratory analysis to identify underlying infections or
allergies. Additionally, they may examine the animal's overall health, looking for signs of
systemic illness or nutritional deficiencies that may contribute to dermatitis. The physical
examination serves as a crucial step in diagnosing and guiding the appropriate treatment for
dermatitis in animals.
Cause of getting Dermatitis :-
Dermatitis in animals can have various causes, including:
Allergies: Animals can develop dermatitis due to allergic reactions to certain substances, such as
pollen, dust mites, certain foods, or contact with irritants like chemicals or certain fabrics.
Parasites: Infestations of fleas, ticks, mites (such as mange mites or ear mites), or lice can lead to
dermatitis. These parasites can irritate the skin and cause itching, inflammation, and secondary
infections.
Bacterial or fungal infections: Bacteria or fungi, such as Staphylococcus or Malassezia, can infect
the skin, leading to dermatitis. These infections can occur secondary to underlying allergies or
other skin conditions.
Environmental factors: Exposure to environmental irritants like harsh chemicals, certain plants,
or extreme weather conditions (such as excessive heat or humidity) can trigger dermatitis.

Autoimmune disorders: Some animals may develop dermatitis due to immune system
dysfunction, leading to inflammation and damage to the skin cells.
Hormonal imbalances: Hormonal conditions, such as hypothyroidism or Cushing's disease, can
contribute to the development of dermatitis in animals.
It's important to note that the specific cause of dermatitis may vary depending on the species of
animal and individual circumstances. A thorough examination and proper diagnostic tests
conducted by a veterinarian are essential for identifying the underlying cause and determining the
appropriate treatment plan.
Treatment :-
i.Ivermectin (Subcutaneous)
ii.Avil
iii.suggested to used Petbenn
iv .Tetracycline Ontiments ,Himax
v.Antibiotics like Pencillin ,Gentamycin.
vi.Sulphur ,Zinc & Boric powders is to be given.

XV.Bronchitis :-
Bronchitis in animals refers to the inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which are
the air passages that carry air to and from the lungs. It is a respiratory condition that can affect
various species, including dogs, cats, horses, and livestock. Bronchitis can be caused by infectious
agents, such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi, or it can develop as a result of non-infectious factors
like allergens, irritants, or environmental pollutants.
The inflammation of the bronchial tubes can lead to symptoms like coughing,
wheezing, difficulty breathing, and excessive mucus production. Proper diagnosis and treatment
by a veterinarian are necessary to manage bronchitis in animals, as it can significantly impact
their respiratory health and overall well-being.
Fever,Dispnia,Secretions is being observed during the time of coughing.
Cause of getting Bronchitis :-
Bronchitis in animals can have various causes, including:
Infectious agents: Viruses, bacteria, and fungi can infect the bronchial tubes, leading to bronchitis.
Common viral infections include canine distemper virus, feline herpesvirus, equine influenza
virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus.
Bacterial infections can be caused by pathogens like Bordetella bronchiseptica,
Mycoplasma spp., or Streptococcus spp. Fungal infections, such as Aspergillus or Candida, can
also contribute to bronchitis.
Allergens and irritants: Exposure to allergens like pollen, dust mites, mold spores, or certain
chemicals can trigger allergic bronchitis in susceptible animals. Irritants like cigarette smoke, air
pollution, strong odors, or particulate matter can also irritate the bronchial tubes and lead to
inflammation.
Environmental factors: Poor ventilation, high humidity, overcrowded living conditions, or
exposure to harsh weather conditions can increase the risk of developing bronchitis in animals.
Genetic predisposition: Certain breeds or species may be genetically predisposed to bronchitis.
For example, brachycephalic breeds (dogs with short noses and flat faces) are more prone to
developing respiratory issues, including bronchitis.
Immunocompromised state: Animals with weakened immune systems, such as those with
concurrent diseases or undergoing immunosuppressive treatments, are more susceptible to
developing bronchitis.

Secondary to other respiratory conditions: Bronchitis can occur as a secondary condition to pre-
existing respiratory diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, or
pneumonia.
It is important to identify the underlying cause of bronchitis in animals through veterinary
examination, diagnostic tests, and evaluation of medical history.
This enables appropriate treatment and management strategies to alleviate
symptoms, prevent complications, and improve the respiratory health of the affected animals.
Treatment :-
i.Vetcoff
ii.Expectorants
iii.Antibiotics such as Enrofloxacin , Pencillin .
iv.Enrofloxacin Tablets
v.Suggested to use liver tonics .
Where as in poultry most observed diseases such as :-
1. Fowl Cholera
Fowl Cholera is a chronic disease caused by Pasteurella Multocida that can affect the joints,
wattles, infraohits, sinuses and other tissues. Common symptoms include loss of appetite,
diarrhea with a greenish tinge, ruffled feathers, swollen purple wattle, swollen comb, swollen
joints, lameness, oral, nasal and ocular discharge and sudden death.
Most commonly found in older chickens, Fowl Cholera affects more cocks than it does hens
2. Coccidiosis
Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by Coccidian protozoa that lives in and damages a
specific region of the gut in chickens. The trouble starts when chickens consume a sporulated
oocyst which is broken down by chemicals in the gut, releasing an infective sporocyst. This
begins the life cycle that causes the destruction of intestinal epithelial cells.
Together with damage to the gut walls, it causes loss of appetite, diarrhea, ruffled feathers,
weight loss and inability to absorb nutrients.

3. Avian Influenza
Avian influenza is a disease caused by type A Orthomyxoviruses. They are commonly found
and spread by wild aquatic birds which infect domesticated poultry. Diarrhea, nasal discharge,
edema in the comb and wattles, purple discoloration, coughing and sneezing, swelling, ruffled
feathers and more are symptoms of the bird flu.
Once spread, avian influenza is deadly.
4. Fowl Pox
Also known as Avian Pox, Fowl Pox is highly contagious. Chickens who contract Avian Pox
can experience two different types of the condition:
 Dry pox
 Wet pox
Symptoms are characterized by distinctive bumps that look like warts and are visible on the
wattle and comb. In addition, young birds experienced stunted growth and egg production
decreases.
5. Newcastle Disease
Newcastle disease is an acute respiratory disease that can spread rapidly. Symptoms of the
disease depends on whether the infecting virus has a predilection for respiratory, digestive, or
nervous systems. While it can affect both wild and domesticated fowl, domestic poultry is much
more susceptible to contract severe symptoms
6. Salmonellosis
Salmonellosis is a bacterial disease that can cause septicemia and enteritis in young chickens.
With a low mortality rate, infections are contracted orally and can be spread by rodents.
Symptoms of salmonellosis include diarrhea, closed eyes, loss of appetite, thirst, ruffled
feathers and dejection.
Boosting Immunity
Improving chicken health by using feed supplements and additives that work to optimize the
consumption of nutrients. Reducing the microbial load of feed and raw materials, improving
digestive function, and restoring healthy populations of gut bacteria can all be accomplished
with high-quality additives.

9. ECONOMICS OF SHEEP FARMING TO SUPPLY 500 Kg MUTTON PER WEEK
Introduction :-
Sheep rearing is one of the major sources of economic sustenance for marginal
farmers and landless labourers in semi –arid regions of our country .The farmers raise their stock
on public grazing land by employing self labour with negligible economic input and marginal
output.Earlier studies on famers flocks indicated that due to socio-cultural ,educational limitations
and lack of proper records ,the farmers are unable to provide accurate information assessment of
involved economics .Economics of sheep rearing on the basis of such incomplete information
provides approximation whereas economics calculated under organized from management
usually inflated the labour and infrastructure investment exaggerating the expenditure in terms of
investment .
ECONOMICS OF SHEEP FARMING TO SUPPLY 500 Kg MUTTON PER WEEK
Assumptions
1. Dressing percentage = 50
2. Dung production 1 kg/day per animal
3. Area required for an adult sheep
Covered area 12 sq ft per animal
Uncovered area = 30 sq ft per animal
4. Area needed for lamb.
Covered area = 5 sq ft per lamb Uncovered area = 15 sq ft per lamb
5. Area under roads and office = 10 per cent of total area needed.
6. Age of slaughtering = 6 to 8 months or 30 kg live weight.
7. Average lamb per sheep = One

Required number of sheep to produce 500 kg mutton per week if dressing percentage is 50 %
= 500 ×100+50 = 1,000 kg Live weight.
Number of lambs required to supply 1,000 kg live weight
=1,000+30=33.3 say 33 lambs/week.
Number of lambs required for 6 months
= 33 lambs x 4.5 weeks x 6 months = 891 lambs (sheep).
Now to produce 891 lambs @ 1/ewe we require 891 ewes, if ideal conditions exist on the farm.
Sometimes there might be problems like hazards or diseases which may cause mortality in
lambs. Assuming this kind of mortality is 5 per cent, then the number of ewes needed to
produce 891 lambs will be 935 ewes (44 +891).
Now number of rams for breeding purpose needed @ 1 for 30 ewes = 31
Therefore total mother stock will be = 935 +31 = 966 sheep.
Further approx. 30% of the mother stock will be purchased as lambs i.e. about 300.
(A) Capital Cost
Expenditure on livestock :
1. Purchase of 935 ewes @ Rs. 1000 each = Rs. 9,35,500
2. Purchase of 31 rams @ Rs. 1200 each = Rs. 37,200
3. Purchase of 300 lambs (young stock) @ Rs. 600 each = Rs. 1,80,000
Total cost of livestock = Rs.
11,52,200
b) Expenditure on land:
(1) Land needed for mother stock:
1. Covered area = 966 sheep x12 ft sup 2/sheep = 11,592 sq ft.
2. Uncovered area = 966 x 30 ft sup 2/sheep = 28,980 sq ft.

(ii) Land needed for lambs: (891 +300) = 1,191 (lambs)
1. Covered area = 1,191 x 5 sq/ lamb = 5,955 sq ft
2. Uncovered area =1,191 x 15 = 17,865 sq ft
Therefore, total covered area = 11,592 + 5,955 = 17,547 sq ft. Total uncovered area =
28,980+17,865 = 46,845 sq ft
Now land required for office and road is 10 per cent of the total area (17,547 covered +
46,845 uncovered = 64,392 sq ft)
Total land needed for sheep farming
=64,392 sq ft + 6,439 sq ft = = 70,831 sq ft
1 sq ft 0.0928 m²
Therefore, 70,831 sq. ft = 70.831x 0.0928 = 6.573 m²
or in acres = 6.573 x 2.5+ 10,000 = 1.643 acres
Cost of land 2,00,000 per acre of unfertile barren land.
=2,00,000 x 1.643 roman Rs. 3,28,600
(c) Expenditure on buildings:
1. Total covered area 17,546 sq ft.
Cost of construction @ Rs. 100 per sq ft. = Rs. 17,54,700 2.
2. Total uncovered area = 46,845 sq ft.
Cost of construction @ Rs. 40 per sq ft. = Rs. 18,73,800
= Total cost of construction = Rs. 17,54,600+ Rs. 18,73,800 Rs. 36,28,400
(d) Equipment cost:
1. Four dung carts @ Rs. 5,000 each = Rs 15,000
2. Four feed carts @ Rs. 5,000 each = Rs 15,000
3. One feed grinder @ Rs. 30,000 each = Rs 30,000
4. One balance @ Rs. 10,000 each = Rs 10,000

5. One chaffcutter @ Rs. 10,000 each = Rs 10,000
6. One wool shearing machine @ Rs. 5,000 each, = Rs 5,000
Total = Rs
85,000
(i) Fixed cost/annum
1. Depreciation:
(a) On building- taking life span 50 years
Cost/ year =36,28,400 / 50
= Rs. 72,568
(b) On equipment - taking life span 10 years
Cost/year =85000/10
= 8500
Total depre ciation/year (a+b) = Rs. 72568 + 8500 = 81,068 Rs.
2. Interest on capital/year
Capital Cost Rs.
(a) Livestock cost (b) Cost of land = 11,52,200
(b) Cost of land = 3,28,600
(c) Cost of construction = 36,28,400
(d) Cost of equipment = 85,000
Total Capital Cost = 81,94,200

A STUDY OF DIIFERENT TYPES OF CASES IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND POULTRY

A STUDY OF DIIFERENT TYPES OF CASES IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND POULTRY

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