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USC Diversity course: EDUC 523 - Ability Presentation
- 1. Invisible Disabilities Unit 7: Ability Alia Ashley, Lisa Bagby, Ammar Dallal, Patricia Gonzalez, Helen Iese and Danette Nelson University of Southern California Professor Canny EDUC 524 March 9, 2019
- 3. Invisible Disabilities Defined • Invisible Disabilities are certain kinds of disabilities that are not immediately apparent to others. • The National Institute of Health estimated that 10% of people in the U.S. have a medical condition which could be considered a type of invisible disability. Conceptual Framework This presentation addresses invisible disabilities through the conceptual framework of descriptive research focusing on K - 12, higher education, sports, healthcare/medicine, and the criminal justice system.
- 10. More info visit: https://www.acha.org/NCHA/ACHA-NCHA_Data/
- 15. “but you look so good” “misunderstood and invalidated by our loved ones” “women are 7X more likely than men to be misdiagnosed & discharged from the ER while having a heart attack.” “…being too neurotic” “She doesn't look sick” “The worst part was doctors pointing out that I am just a hypochondriac.” “IT WAS EXTREMELY VALIDATING TO HAVE THE MEDICAL COMMUNITY HEAR WHAT I SAID TO THEM.”
- 16. https://medium.com/@healthcare.executive.in/invisible-illness-do-not-judge-by-the-cover-2bf0279f6a30
- 21. “In building a more inclusive society, one group finds itself overlooked. Those with [invisible disabilities]. They may not seem obviously handicapped, unlike those with physical disabilities, but they need help and acceptance, too” (Insight, 2018).
- 22. USC Resources: Student Counseling Services (SCS)- (213) 740-7711 24/7 on call Free and confidential mental health treatment for students, including short- term psychotherapy, group counseling, stress fitness workshops, and crisis intervention. https://engemannshc.usc.edu/couseling/
- 23. References American Psychological Association. (2018, October). Stress in American Generation Z. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2018/stress-gen-z.pdf Connor, D., & Baglieri, S. (2009). Tipping the scales: Disability studies asks “how much diversity can you take?” In S. Steinberg (Ed.), Diversity and multiculturalism: A reader. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc. Hirschtritt ME, Binder RL. Interrupting the Mental Illness–Incarceration-Recidivism Cycle. JAMA.2017;317(7):695–696. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.20992 Kingkade, Tyler. "The Number Of College Students Seeking Mental Health Treatment Is Growing Rapidly." Huffington Post., 13 Jan. 2003. Web. Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2008). Emotional intelligence: New ability or eclectic traits? American Psychologist, 63(6), 503. U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights. (2018). The Civil Rights of Students with Hidden Disabilities Under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/hq5269 Weaver, S. L. "High anxiety: colleges are seeing an increase in the number of students with diagnosable mental illness, anxiety and depression." Diverse Issues in Higher Education 10 Mar. 2016: A25+. Academic OneFile. Web. 12 May 2016.
Editor's Notes
- We will introduce the concept of invisible disabilities and how it impacts the different communities WE interact with (K-12, higher ed, sports, health, and prison system).
- Connor & Baglieri states ”The concept of normalcy is rooted within ableist assumptions of how a body should look and act. Ableism, analogous to racism, sexism, heterosexism-is the belief that those with disabilities are inferior to non-disabled people, who are not quite fully human.”
- While not exhaustive, the list herein reflects the numerous disabilities that are not visible physically. As employers, families, and communities are challenged with people who have these medical conditions, equity, diversity and equality are as important today than ever. The National Institute of Health estimated that 10% of people in the U.S. have a medical condition which could be considered a type of invisible disability. Think about the friends and family you know who may have a condition that is classified as an invisible disability; how do they interact to try to have a fulfilling life, what limitations do they experience?
- Approximately four million students with disabilities are enrolled in public elementary and secondary schools in the United States. Of them, 43 percent are students classified as learning disabled, 8 percent as emotionally disturbed, and 1 percent as “other health impaired.” These hidden disabilities often go unknown without the administration of appropriate diagnostic tests. U.S.DoE-Office of Civial Rights https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/hq5269 Connor & Baglieri state ”The concept of normalcy is rooted within ableist assumptions of how a body should look and act. Ableism, analogous to racism, sexism, heterosexism-is the belief that those with disabilities are inferior to non-disabled people, who are not quite fully human.” This belief has permeated the K-12 educational system and has influenced the way teachers interact with students and set expectations for their behaviors. These expectations have been termed a master script.
- In the education sector, the master script is a socio-cultural tool that encapsulates the language and behavior that dictates what is normal. Many educators use the master script to set student academic and behavior expectations. Educators also use the master script to get their students to comply to those expectation by shaming them if they do not obey.
- In order to achieve equitable performance conditions and outcomes in a K-12 learning environment, using the master script in conjunction with the stories of marginalized people will balance and enrich the understanding of perspectives.
- According to American College Health Association (ACHA), 3 in 10 college students reported feeling so depressed that it was difficult for them to function” National Center for Injury Prevention, reported ages 25-34 suicide is more common than homicide as a cause of death.
- A 2013-2014 study by the Association for University and College Counseling Center Directors found that 47.4 percent of students had some type of anxiety, followed by 39.7 percent with some depression.
- Weaver’s article from 2016 details some side effects of anxiety and depression as well as some statistics from surveys about mental illness. According to APA (2018), due to Gun Violence, Immigration, Sexual Harassment Stressing America’s Youngest Adults (known as Gen Z); Most Likely to Report Poor Mental Health GENERATION Z College Students- are experiencing a higher rise of mental health due to the society that we live in. Now, media is easily available to students via social media. Source: Weaver, S. L., (2016). "High anxiety: colleges are seeing an increase in the number of students with diagnosable mental illness, anxiety and depression." Diverse Issues in Higher Education. 10 Mar. 2016: A25+. Academic OneFile. Web. 12 May 2016.
- According to 2011 ACHA Student Athlete survey of 195,000 about 30 percent reported having felt depressed in the last 12 months, and 50 percent reported having felt overwhelming anxiety during the same period.
- It can be difficult to imagine that a person who can produce so much athletic success would experience anything other than pleasure, pride, and an unending supply of self-confidence. But mental health issues don’t discriminate. Athletes have real concerns about taking time off to deal with anything other than a physical injury, and as a result, mental health issues may end up being ignored, or dealt with in the short-term, from game to game or event to event, as opposed to the long-term care that may be warranted.
- Professional and college athletes have just begun to speak about the mental health struggles they face and the impact it has on their personal and athletic careers. Kevin Love discussed his experience with panic attacks and therapy he has undergone; Brandon Marshall said “we need to accept that mental illness is a disease like any other disease…” and Michael Phelps who has been open about his experience with depression (Huffpost.com, 2018) .
- The National Institute of Health has found that healthcare professionals exhibit the same levels of implicit bias against the disabled as the general population. Many doctors believe that symptoms are psychosomatic, leading to many conditions going undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. 96% of people with chronic medical conditions live with an illness that is invisible.
- The World Health Organization has found that patients with mental illness are considered the most disadvantaged in terms of accessing equitable health care. The most common barriers are Transportation and Mobility Issues Access to Medicine or Specialists Financial resources and insurance Coverage Provider Bias and Communication Barriers
- Within the prison system, a large percentage of persons with severe mental illness received their acute psychiatric inpatient treatment in the criminal justice system rather than in the mental health system 1.2 million individuals living with mental illness sit in jail and prison each year. Six out of 10 of the states with the least access to mental health care also have the highest rates of incarceration. These states include: Alabama Arkansas Mississippi Texas Georgia Florida
- The institutionalizing of individuals with mental incapacities is seen often in today’s society. These incapacities prevent them from effectively articulating their feelings or points of view, and this can lead to feelings of injustice and frustration. Per Mayer & Caruso (2008), frustration coupled with a sense of injustice can lead to anger. This show of anger or aggression can appear threatening and non compliant to law enforcement who often have no choice but to restrain and arrest these individuals.
- Using emotions as signals is often how these individuals communicate their feelings to others. Developmentally, many do not have the capacity to perceive emotions accurately (Mayer, Caruso, 2008). This can intensify potentially dangerous situations where law enforcement may make serious demands of an individual with an invisible disability, and the individual does not understand the emotional signals of the officer’s.
- It is estimated that 25% of prison inmates and 10-20% of jail inmates suffer from serious mental illness such as schizophrenia, depression and bipolar disorder (Hirschtritt, Binder, 2017). By not providing these individuals with the appropriate level of help they need only increases the possibility of self harm or harm to others, as well as contributing to the existing problem of overcrowded jails and prisons in the US legal system.
- Conclusion: We must work towards building a more inclusive environment for people with both invisible and visible disabilities. To do this we need to destigmatize invisible disabilities, acknowledge that invisible disabilities may prevent someone from performing as expected. The ADA is only a law to support thee individuals with the access that is legally due them by their employer, however, it is incumbent that as a society, we do more to recognize that disabilities are seen and unseen and everyone should be treated equitably and with dignity. Some suggestions that might be considered are: Colleges and universities to create programming centered around supporting the physical and mental health of all students. Use inclusive language and avoid comments such “that’s crazy,” “You’re crazy,” “you are psycho,” “that’s stupid,” or “just lose weight.” Be unafraid to seek out support and resources for yourself or the people around you.
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