Composation of Aerosols

1. PRESENTED BY: LIPANJALI BADHEI
REGD NO: 2061611004
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS
Date of Presentation: 27th May 2021
School of pharmaceutical sciences
Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan
(Deemed to be University)
TOPIC: COMPONENTS OF AEROSOLS
SUBJECT: NANO TECHNOLOGY & TARGETED DRUG
DELIVERY SYSTEM
SUBJECT CODE: MPH201T

2. CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. COMPONENTS
a. PROPELLANTS
b. CONTAINERS
c. VALVE & ACTUATER
d. PRODUCT CONCENTRATE
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
4. REFERENCE

3. INTRODUCTION
 Aerosols is defined as a system that depends on the power of a
compressed or liquefied gas to expel the medicament which inside
container.
 Aerosols are pressurized dosage forms containing one or more
medicament inside container and when valve is open its release its
medicament.
 Aerosol spray is a type of gaseous suspension system which creates
a gaseous mist of liquid molecules.
 These are also called pressurized dosage form.
 In 1950 pharmaceutical aerosol is developed.

4. COMPONENTS OF AEROSOLS
Component
Of Aerosols
Propellants
Containers
Valve &
Actuator
Product
Concentrate

5. 1. Propellants
 It is most important components and called heart of aerosol because it generates
required pressure to expel the content outside the container in required amount.
TYPES OF PROPELLANT
1. Liquefied gas propellants
2. Compressed gas propellants
1. Liquefied gas propellants:
 It should have greater atmospheric pressure and low boiling point.
 Which is also known as autogas is a blend of Propane, Butane and n-butane which are
natural compound.
2. Compressed gas propellants
 Propellants can occupy the head space above the liquid.
I. Insoluble in water compressed type : eg Argon, nitrogen- used in vitamins ointments
II. Soluble in water type : eg CO2, NO2 etc- have usually acidic pH and used mainly in veterinary aerosols.

6. 2. Containers
 Aerosol container more often is a metal can or plastic
container, intended to apportion its fluid substance
as mist or fog.
 The determination of the container for a specific
aerosol product depends on its versatility to
production techniques, ability to manage the
pressure essential for the item and compatibility to
solvent and the cost etc.
 Usually, an aerosol spray container is primarily
made up of metal, glass, plastics depend on
behaviour and characteristic of solvent and
propellant used.
 Various materials are used for containers, which
must withstand pressure as high as 140 to 180 psi at
130F.

7. 3.Valve & Actuator
 A valve must be capable of delivering the content in
desired form and amount.
 The valves used should be such that it can be easily
opened and closed.
 It should also deliver the content in the desired form.
There are two forms of valves
1. Continuous spray valve:
 By using continuous spray valve, the medicament is expelled continuously as long as pressure is applied on the
actuator.
2. Metering valve:
 It is used for dispensing of potent medication. Operates on the principle of a chamber whose size determines the
amount of medication dispensed .
 Approximately 50 to 150 mg ± 10 % of liquid materials can be dispensed at one time with the use of such valves.

8. Actuator
 The actuator allows for easy opening and closing of the valve and is an integral part of
almost every aerosol package.
 These are specially designed buttons which helps in delivering the drug in desired form.
Types of actuators :
1. Spray actuators : Topical preparation
2. Foam actuators : consists of large orifice 0.070-0.125 inch .
3. Solid –stream actuator : used for semi solid preparation.
4. Special actuator : It delivers the medicaments appropriate site of action such as throat, nose
, eye etc.
Metered dose inhalers(MDIs):
 MDIs is a device that delivers a specific amount of medication to the lungs in the form of a
short burst of aerosolized medicine that is usually self-administered by the patient via
inhalation.
 It is the most commonly used delivery system for treating asthma.

9. 4. Product Concentrate
 The product concentrate is the active drug combined with additional ingredients or co-solvents
essential to formulate a steady and effective product.
 The concentrate can be a solutions, emulsions, dispersions, dry powders, and pastes.
 Solutions: To deliver a spray, the formulated aerosol product should be as homogeneous as
possible. That is, the active ingredients, the solvent, and the propellant should form a solution.
 Emulsions: Aerosol emulsions (qv) may be oil in water (o/w), such as shaving creams, or water in
oil (w/o), such as air fresheners and polishes. These aerosols consist of active ingredients, an
aqueous or nonaqueous vehicle, a surfactant, and a propellant, and can be emitted as a foam or as
a spray.
 Dispersions: In a powder aerosol, the powder is dispersed or suspended in propellant using
dispersants (qv) (oily vehicles) and suspending agents.
 Pharmaceutical powder aerosols have more stringent requirements placed upon the
formulation regarding moisture, particle size, and the valve.

10. LITERATURE REVIRW
ARTICLE: 1
ABSORPTION & CLEARANCE OF PHARMACEUTICAL AEROSOLS IN THE
HUMAN NOSE: DEVELOPMENT OF A CFD MODEL By A. Rygg et al (2016) .
 The objective of this study was to develop a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to
predict the deposition, dissolution, clearance, and absorption of pharmaceutical particles in the
human nasal cavity.
 A three-dimensional nasal cavity geometry was converted to a surface-based model, providing
an anatomically-accurate domain for the simulations. Particle deposition data from a
commercial nasal spray product was mapped onto the surface model, and a mucus velocity field
was calculated and validated with in vivo nasal clearance rates.
 The particle displacement distance (depth) in the mucus layer had a modest effect on overall
drug absorption, while the mucociliary clearance rate was found to be primarily responsible for
drug uptake over the timescale of nasal clearance for the corticosteroid mometasone furoate
(MF).

11. The overall methodology for creating the CFD clearance
model is shown.
Deposition fractions as a percentage of aerosolized drug mass in
the NV and MP, based on CFD and in vitro data for a
commercial nasal spray
Conclusions:
 This study has developed, for the first time, a complete CFD model of nasal aerosol delivery from the point of spray
formation through absorption at the respiratory epithelial surface.
 For the development and assessment of nasal aerosol products, this CFD-based in silico model provides a new
option to complement existing in vitro nasal cast studies of deposition and in vivo imaging experiments of clearance.

12. ARTICLE: 2
POWDER SPECIFIC ACTIVE DISPERSION FOR GENERATION OF
PHARMACEUTICAL AEROSOLS By T.Crowder et al (2006) .
 Dry powder inhalers are increasingly employed to deliver pharmaceutical aerosols.
 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of input of vibrational energy into a powder
on aerosol entrainment. Rotating drum characterization of powder flow was performed on lactose
and maltodextrin excipients blended with albuterol sulfate.
 Results of analysis of the rotating drum data showed that with increasing rotational speed
powders reached a constant state of fluidization with a mean avalanche time dependent on the
powder.
 Dispersion experiments demonstrated that the input of vibrational energy increased the dose
emission while the input of frequencies specific to the powders improved the reproducibility.

13. Conclusion:
Dose emitted from the dispersion tube for three conditions:
pneumatic dispersion with no vibration, vibration at the
actuator resonance and vibration using the described powder
specific signal.
 powder flow properties in the
absence and presence of
applied energy, particularly
powder specific vibrational
frequencies may provide a
useful tool in achieving
desired performance
characteristics in inhaled
drug delivery and may
simplify the formulation
process for inhaled product
development.

14. ARTICLE: 3
THE INFLUENCE OF FLOW RATE ON THE AEROSOL DEPOSITION PROFILR &
ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE OF SINGLE AND COMBINATION METERED DOSE
INHALERS By S. Hoe et al (2009).
 The capability of the electrostatic next generation impactor (eNGI) has been investigated as a tool
capable of measuring the electrostatic charge of single (Flixotide™; containing fluticasone
propionate (FP)) and combination (Seretide™; FP and salmeterol xinafoate (SX)) pressurised
metered dose inhalers (pMDIs) at different flow rates.
 Aerosol mass distributions were investigated at 30, 60 and 90 l/min and simultaneous charge
measurements recorded.
 Analysis of the mass distribution data indicated a flow dependent relationship, where the aerosol
performance (aerodynamic diameter <5 μm) of FP significantly increased between 30 l/min and
60 l/min for both formulations.

15. Conclusions:
This study has shown how the eNGI
could be used as a simple Pharmacopeia
based methodology for the evaluation of
mass and charge profiles of single and
combination pMDIs at a series of flow
rates.
Fine particle fraction of FP and SX from the
FlixotideTM and SeretideTM product as a
function of flow rate.

16. REFERENCE
1. R.R. Kommalapati & K. T. Valsaraj , Component of aerosols, Pharma tutor pharmacy infopedia ,
7,2019, 1-9 ,
2. K.Lobo , Aerosol: principle, technique,& application, Mosol Lubricant, 1, 2017, 1-10 .
3. J.J. Sciarra , C.J. Scarra , S. Laboratories , Aerosols, Journal of aerosol science , 1, 2000 , 769-787 .
4. A. Rygg & P.W. Longest , Absorption & clearance of pharmaceutical aerosols in the human nose ,
Journal of Aerosol Development & Pulmonary drug delivery , 29, 2016, 1-16 .
5. T. Crowder, A. Hickey, Powder specific activity dispersion for generation of pharmaceutical
aerosols ,International Journal of Pharmaceutics , 327, 2006, 65-72 .
6. S. Hoe , D. Traini , H.K. Chain , The influence of flow rate on the aerosol deposition profile &
electrostatic charge of single & combination dose inhaler , Pharmaceutical Research , 26, 2009,
2639-2646 .