Influence of tellurium addition on drilling of microalloyed steel (din 38mns6)

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology
Influence of tellurium addition on drilling of microalloyed steel (DIN 38MnS6)
Eder Costa Nelis Luiz Marcio da Silva Alisson Machado Emmanuel Ezugwu
Article information:
To cite this document:
Eder Costa Nelis Luiz Marcio da Silva Alisson Machado Emmanuel Ezugwu, (2011),"Influence of tellurium addition on drilling of
microalloyed steel (DIN 38MnS6)", Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, Vol. 63 Iss 6 pp. 420 - 426
Permanent link to this document:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368791111168990
Downloaded on: 10 November 2015, At: 05:10 (PT)
References: this document contains references to 27 other documents.
To copy this document: permissions@emeraldinsight.com
The fulltext of this document has been downloaded 358 times since 2011*
Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by emerald-srm:478392 []
For Authors
If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service
information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit
www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information.
About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.com
Emerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company manages a portfolio of
more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as providing an extensive range of online
products and additional customer resources and services.
Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics
(COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation.
*Related content and download information correct at time of download.
DownloadedbyUFUAt05:1010November2015(PT)

Influence of tellurium addition on drilling
of microalloyed steel (DIN 38MnS6)
Eder Costa
Federal Centre of Technological Education of Minas Gerais, Divinopolis, Brazil
Nelis Luiz, Marcio da Silva and Alisson Machado
School of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil, and
Emmanuel Ezugwu
Air Force Institute of Technology, Kaduna, Nigeria
Abstract
Purpose – This paper seeks to evaluate the influence of tellurium content on the machinability of the microalloyed pearlitic steel (DIN 38MnS6).
Two grades of steels were used, one with high (27 times greater) tellurium content and one with a low tellurium content. Machinability of the steel was
determined by the number of holes drilled by the tool before undergoing severe deformation. The drilling test matrix was prepared using a fractional
factorial design with five input variables studied at two levels (25-1). Other variables investigated include cutting speed (45 and 60 m/min), feed rate
(0.15 and 0.25 mm/rev), geometry of the twist drills and use of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) at the flow rates of 30 and 100 ml/h. Statistical
analysis of the results revealed that composition of the work material was most influential on tool performance. Addition of tellurium to the steel
significantly improved machinability, increasing the number of drilled holes by over 100 per cent. The MQL flow rate was the least influential as increase
in the flow from 30 to 100 ml/h reduced drill life only by about 9 per cent.
Design/methodology/approach – The drilling tests were carried out in the vertical position, up-down, without pre-holes (full drilling). Cutting
speeds of 45 and 60 m/min and feed rates of 0.15 and 0.25 mm/rev were employed. Drills with two sharpening types were tested. Cutting fluid used
was vegetable based and applied using the MQL technique at flow rates of 30 and 100 ml/h. The rejection criterion adopted was severe deformation of
the drills and the number of machined holes was used to measure the machinability of the material.
Findings – Of all the variables investigated in this study, the least influential on drill performance is the MQL flow rate. Increase in the flow rate from
30 to 100 ml/h reduced drill performance by 9 per cent, contrary to expectation. This is a result of the cooling-lubricant action balance promoted by the
cutting fluid applied in low quantities (MQL). The most influential variable on drill performance is addition of Te to the work material which gave over
twofold (103 per cent) improvement in drill performance at the cutting conditions investigated. The Te particles act at the chip-tool interface, reducing
the work necessary to shear the material during chip formation. Increase in both the cutting speed and the feed rate both lowered drill performance
during machining due to associated increase in cutting temperature which tended to accelerate thermally related wear mechanisms.
Originality/value – This work was conducted to evaluate the machinability of a novel alloyed steel employed in the automobile industry. Drilling was
considered as most automobile components especially the engine block is designed with many holes which require drilling process.
Keywords Microalloyed steel, Tellurium addition, Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), Drilling, Steel, Automotive industry
Paper type Research paper
1. Introduction
Microalloyed steels are C-Mn steels, with variable composition
of carbon. They contain small addition (typically less than
0.15 per cent) of alloying elements with great affinity for carbon
and nitrogen. Frequently used alloying elements include
niobium, vanadium, titanium, etc. These steels acquire their
properties of high-mechanical resistance, toughness and
ductility from the combined effects of their chemical
composition and thermo-mechanical treatment without
undergoing subsequent thermal treatments such as tempering
and annealing. They have a wide range of applications in the
automotive industry (Wright, 1990; Aborn, 1977; Pickering
and Garbaz, 1989).
The presence of free cutting additives, such as Pb, Se, Bi, Te,
MnS and MoS2, in steel can improve their machinability.
These additives form a protective layer on the surface of the
tool, reducing the friction force during machining by acting as
lubricants (Trent, 1988). The first element used to improve the
machinability of steels is sulphur which combine with
manganese to form MnS. This compound has the property of
improving machinability by increasing tool life, reducing the
cutting forces, increasing cutting speed and improving the
surface finish of machined components (Troiani, 2005;
Evangelista Luiz, 2007). Little use was made of steels
containing sulphur up to the First World War. The
production of steels with additives to improve machinability
increased significantly during the Second World War.
The search for improved performance during machining led
to the use of lead (Pb) as a new additive in 1939. Pb is an
element with zero solubility in iron at room temperature, thus
promoting precipitation of isolated metallic or MnS associated
inclusions (Aborn, 1977). However, the use of Pb as additive in
steels has some disadvantages such as:
.
the density of Pb is higher than that of iron, with
associated strong tendency to segregate; and
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at
www.emeraldinsight.com/0036-8792.htm
63/6 (2011) 420–426
q Emerald Group Publishing Limited [ISSN 0036-8792]
[DOI 10.1108/00368791111168990]
420

.
Pb is a poisonous element with related health hazards
involved (Barretos et al., 1999).
Bismuth presents properties similar to those of lead. It was first
used to improve machinability in Pray et al. (1941). An
advantage of bismuth over lead is that is not poisonous
(Somekawa et al., 2001) and has lower density, thus reducing
the tendency to segregate with improved dispersion of the
metallic inclusions (Evangelista Luiz, 2007). Between 1932 and
1935 four patents were used to describe the use of selenium to
improve the machinability of steels as substitute for sulphur in a
variety of applications from carbon steels to stainless steels
(Palmer, 1932-1935). This was followed by several commercial
developments of steels with selenium.
The use of tellurium as an additive to improve machinability
of steels as an alternative to selenium and as a substitute for
sulphur was presented in 1932 (Aborn, 1977). The inventors’
preference to use primarily selenium and tellurium as additive
elements was forgotten until 1962 when tellurium was
incorporated to a resulphurized steel with lead addition. Both
Se and Te have similar mechanisms for improving
machinability. They control the morphology of the MnS,
reducing their hot deformability. The MnS can be enveloped by
either MnTe or PbTe (in leaded steel), which form eutectics
with MnS (Figure 1). This way, the liquid envelope absorbs the
high stress and restricts deformation of the MnS. However, not
all sulphides are enveloped by tellurides and, regardless of the
main action mechanism, the Te will promote spheroidizing of
the sulphides. This action, apart from reducing the anisotropy
of the mechanical properties of the material, improves
machinability (Evangelista Luiz, 2007).
Despite the importance of cutting fluids in machining
operations (increased tool life, surface finish improvement,
removal of chips from the cutting area, dimensional control,
etc.), a lot have been done to eliminate them in product
manufacture lately due to the high-operational costs and
associated ecological as well as environmental and health
issues (Tasdelena et al., 2007; Heisel et al., 1998). Dry
machining is employed as an alternative to the use of
conventional cutting fluid in machining operations. When this
is not technically viable, as in the case of the drilling process,
the use of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) is preferred.
These alternatives are becoming more viable due to the
introduction of new technologies such as the increasing use of
materials with improved machinability as well as advances in
the development of the novel materials, coatings and tool
geometries (Miranda et al., 2001; Kubel, 1998; Teeter, 1999).
The results of countless research in recent years indicate
that the MQL technique is an established alternative to
conventional application of cutting fluid in drilling processes
with encouraging results, especially for smaller diameter drills
employed for drilling deep holes (Weinert, 1999; Heinemann,
2004; Heinemann et al., 2006). The MQL system can be
defined as the spraying of a minimum amount of lubricant in
a flow of compressed air (Machado and Diniz, 2000).
According to Sahm and Schneider (1996) the flow of the
system usually varies from 10 to 100 ml/h and the air pressure
from 4 to 6 kgf/cm2
. This mixture (air and oil), with minimum
amounts of fluid, is enough to substantially reduce friction at
the tool to avoid material adherence and to expel the chips
from the cutting area as well as moderately cooling the tool-
workpiece set up (Costa, 2004).
The primary objectives of this study is evaluation of the
influence of tellurium content and the flow rate of the cutting
fluid (vegetable based) on the machinability of the
microalloyed steel DIN (38MnS6).
2. Experimental procedure
The drilling tests were carried out in the vertical position,
up-down, without pre-holes (full drilling). Cutting speeds of 45
and 60 m/min and feed rates of 0.15 and 0.25 mm/rev were
employed.Drillswithtwosharpening typesweretested. Cutting
fluid used was vegetable based and applied using the MQL
technique at flow rates of 30 and 100 ml/h. The rejection
criterion adopted was severe deformation of the drills (Figure 2)
and the number of machined holes was used to measure the
machinability of the material (NT MECH 038, 1997). The
following strategy was adopted for the drilling tests. All the first
tests as specified in the cutting conditions were identified as trial
A and all the repeated tests at the same cutting conditions were
identified as trial B. If the difference in the number of holes
produced between trials A and B is greater than 20 per cent, a
third test (trial C) was carried out. Tool life attributed to the test
was calculated as the arithmetic average of the number of holes
for all the drilling trials in each test.
The drills used is the M42 (10 per cent Co) HSS with TiN
coating (10HSS-Co.TiNw
) with a diameter of 10 mm, helix
and point angles of 30 and 1308, respectively. These drills had
Figure 2 Severely deformed drills at the end of tool life
Drill type A Drill type B
Figure 1 A steel micrograph showing an inclusion of sulphide
surrounded by manganese telluride
Source: Costa (2004)
Influence of tellurium addition on drilling of microalloyed steel
Eder Costa et al.
Volume 63 · Number 6 · 2011 · 420–426
421

two different types of sharpening, identified as TiN-A and
TiN-B (Figure 3). The geometric detail “gash” observed in
the TiN-B drill helps to improve the self-centering property of
the drills.
The machine tool used for the drilling operation is a Vertical
CNC Machining Centre, with main motor power of 9 kW and
maximum spindle speed of 10,000 rpm. Blind holes of 30 mm
long, resulting to a length/diameter ratio of 3 (L/D ¼ 3), was
always adopted. Integral biodegradable non-toxic cutting fluid
was used for the drilling tests. The cutting fluid is insoluble in
water, consisting mainly of vegetable oils (Soya, corn and
canola) and anticorrosion additives. This fluid was externally
applied in small amounts (MQL), at the flow rates of 30 and
100 ml/h. Table I shows typical characteristics of this oil.
The apparatus used to spray the fluid works with a continuous
flow of compressed air, set to about 4.3 bar, and an intermittent
spray of oil at the rate of 1 pulse/s. The cutting fluid was carried
by a hose of smaller diameter reaching the nozzle, inside another
hose carrying the compressed air. The mixture of compressed
air-fluid was injected externally on the tool-workpiece interface
using two nozzles. Figure 4 shows the positions of the MQL
nozzles used. Considering that the flow of the cutting fluid in
MQL systems usually varies from 10 to 100 ml/h (Sahm and
Schneider, 1996; Costa, 2004), two flow rates were chosen to
study their influence on tool life: one closer to the lower limit
(30 ml/h) and the other at the upper limit (100 ml/h).
The work material is a microalloyed pearlitic steel, grade
DIN 38MnS6, supplied in two different versions. One with
higher (0.0027 wt%) tellurium content and the other with
very low tellurium content (0.0001 wt%) as shown in the
italicized column of Table II. The average hardness of the
cross section of these steels, designated as “with tellurium”
and “without tellurium”, were 258 and 252 HV, respectively.
Figures 5 and 6 show the microstructure of the steels without
and with tellurium, at the centre and in an outlying area
(4 mm from the border), respectively. It can be noted that the
microstructures are similar, with no significant changes from
the centre to the border and from one to the other steel.
The work material used for machining had nearly square
cross sections (100 and 65 mm height). This dimensions
ensured drilling on both faces since the length of the holes is
of 30 mm. To optimize the number of holes, a CNC-program
was generated to allow 67 holes per face, in alternate rows of
seven and eight holes. The lateral distance and the spacing
between the bottoms of the holes in the workpiece were 2.11
and 5 mm, respectively.
The parameters that were varied during the tests, with their
respective levels, are given in Table III.
The combination of all the variables investigated would be
equivalent to 32 tool life tests (25
). In agreement with the
strategy adopted where all the tests would have to be repeated
at least once, the number of experiments would be in excess of
64, demanding extra resources of material, tools and machine
hours. In order to minimize the number of drilling tests
required the use of a fractional factorial design at two levels
(252 1
) (Werkema and Aguiar, 1996), giving 16 experiments
with resolution to isolate the main effects of the input
variables from interactions of any two factors. Table IV shows
the cutting conditions employed in the tests performed.
3. Results and discussions
Table V showsresults of the drilling tests.It canbe seen that tests
numbers 5, 8, 12, 13 and 14 underwent two repetitions. The
statistical results for the 252 1
fractional factorial design are
presented in Table VI. This table shows the average effect of
each variable on tool life when there is variation from the lower
to the upper levels. The average life in this table is the average life
obtained from all the runs showed in Table V for each test.
Analyses of data contained in Table VI suggest that:
.
The average life for the drilling tests is 206 holes.
.
Increase in the MQL flow rate from 30 to 100 ml/h
reduced drill performance average by 18 holes
(approximately 9 per cent relative to the average life).
Figure 3 Geometric aspects of the TiN-A and TiN-B drills
TiN-A TiN-B
"gash"
Figure 4 Machined workpiece and position of the MQL nozzles
Table I Typical characteristics of the vegetable oil
Property Value
Density, g/ml (20/238C) 0.900-0.940
Boiling point .1008C
Flash point .3008C
Eder Costa et al.
Volume 63 · Number 6 · 2011 · 420–426
422

.
Increase in cutting speed from 45 to 60 m/min reduced
drill performance by 144 holes (70 per cent).
.
Increase in feed rate from 0.15 to 0.25 mm/rev reduced
drill performance by 170 holes (83 per cent).
.
Changing the drill from TiN-B to TiN-A increased the
tool life by 61 holes (30 per cent).
.
Significant increase in the tellurium content to
0.0027 wt% in the work material increased drill
performance by 212 holes (103 per cent).
Figure 7 schematically shows the direction and the increasing
order of influence of the variables on drill performance at the
cutting conditions investigated.
From the input variables analysed, variation of the MQL
flow rate is the least influential (reduction of drill life by
around 9 per cent) while addition of significant amount of Te
in the work material is the most influential with 103 per cent
improvement in drill performance.
Similar cooling capacities were expected for the two MQL
flow rates evaluated, since the flow rate of the compressed air
and pressure (,4.3 bar) responsible for cooling are similar for
all the tests. In terms of lubrication efficiency of the fluid flow
rates, studies show that the area of contact at the chip-tool
interface is very small, suggesting that the necessary flow rate
Figure 5 Microstructure of the microalloyed steel (DIN 38MnS6) without tellurium
50 µm 50 µm
Notes: (a) Central area; (b) outlying area
Figure 6 Microstructure of the microalloyed pearlitic steel (DIN 38MnS6) with tellurium
50 µm 50 µm
Notes: (a) Central area; (b) outlying area
Table II Chemical composition of high-strength low-alloy steel grades (DIN 38MnS6)
Composition (wt%) C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo V Al
Without tellurium 0.3960 1.4400 0.0180 0.0650 0.5900 0.0500 0.1300 0.0200 0.0040 0.0040
With tellurium 0.3800 1.5000 0.0240 0.0610 0.5400 0.0600 0.1800 0.0300 0.0040 0.0060
Composition (wt%) Cu Pb Ti Nb B Sn Ca H2 N2 Te
Without tellurium 0.1000 0.0030 0.0021 0.0050 0.0008 0.0050 0.0006 0.0002 0.0171 0.0001
With tellurium 0.1500 0.0020 0.0017 0.0050 0.0007 0.0070 0.0005 0.0002 0.0159 0.0027
Table III Variables used in the machining tests
Level/value
Parameters Lower Upper
Material Without tellurium – WO/T With tellurium – T
MQL flow rate (ml/h) 30 100
vc (m/min) 45 60
f (mm/rev) 0.15 0.25
Tool TiN-B TiN-A
Eder Costa et al.
Volume 63 · Number 6 · 2011 · 420–426
423

to promote lubrication can also be very small. Machado and
Wallbank (1997) made theoretical calculations for the
necessary flow rate to guarantee lubrication by at least a
molecular layer of oil at the chip-tool contact surface,
considering an efficiency of only 1 per cent and arrived at the
value of only 0.1 ml/h. From this, the two oil flow rates
employed (30 and 100 ml/h) would be adequate to lubricate
the contact area, provided that there is sufficient access.
These facts justify the minimum influence of the MQL flow
rate on drill performance.
Variation of the drill geometry from TiN-B to TiN-A
increased drill performance by 30 per cent. Drill type TiN-A
has large main lip relief surface area than drill type TiN-B (by
about 22 per cent). This suggests that distribution of the heat
generated at the cutting area can be different for the two drill
types. Since drill type TiN-B has smaller surface area, it tends
to absorb more heat per unit area leading to an increase in
temperature at the cutting interfaces. The higher
temperatures generated will not only accelerate thermally
related wear mechanisms, but also reduce the shear resistance
limit of these tools (Machado and Da Silva, 2004).
Increase in cutting conditions means that larger amount of
material passes through the flow area, consequently increasing
temperature developed in the cutting tool, assuming the
inevitable adherence conditions at the chip-tool interface
(Trent, 1988, 2000). Variation of the cutting speed from 45 to
60 m/min (33.3 per cent increase) reduced the average drill
performance by 144 holes. This represents a reduction of 4.3
holes per percentile point increase in the cutting speed.
Variation in the feed produced a reduction of 2.6 holes in drill
performance per percentile point increase in feed. These
figures demonstrate the greater influence of the cutting speed,
relative to the feed, on the performance of the HSS drills
investigated.
Of the five variables investigated, chemical composition of
work material was the most influential when drilling the
microalloyed steel. The tellurium rich microalloyed steel gave
more than twofold increase in drill performance. Lower
hardness is a desirable property of work materials as this leads
to lower cutting temperatures and consequently lower wear
rate and improve machinability. However, lower hardness is
usually associated with higher toughness, which can
deteriorate surface finish (Machado and Da Silva, 2004).
The hardness of the work materials, measured along the cross
section, are 252 and 258 HV for steels without tellurium and
with tellurium, respectively. Results obtained from the drilling
tests suggest that the higher hardness of the Te rich
microalloyed steel did not affect drill performance, contrary
to expectation.
Analysis of the chemical composition of the steels investigated
(Table II) shows that composition of some chemical elements
that increase the material resistance are within the same range
for the two work material grades. By increasing the resistance of
the work material, a greater amount of work will be required to
shear the material, generating higher temperature at the chip-
tool interface and setting off the thermally activated wear
mechanisms that will accelerate wear of the cutting tools
(Machado and Wallbank, 1997). Tellurium is responsible for
optimization of the microalloyed steel. Therefore, substantial
increase in Te content will lead tosignificant improvement in the
machinability of the microalloyed steel as illustrated in the
drilling test results. The tellurium tends to modify the shape of
Table V Data obtained from the drilling tests at various conditions
Run Run C Average life
Test A B Deviation (%) (deviation > 20%) (holes)
1 596 729 18.2 – 663
2 77 73 5.2 – 75
3 171 156 8.8 – 164
4 128 150 14.7 – 139
5 31 23 25.8 32 29
6 310 373 16.9 – 342
7 153 153 0.0 – 153
8 61 107 43.0 102 90
9 122 141 14.1 – 132
10 306 368 16.8 – 337
11 185 160 13.5 – 173
12 597 461 22.8 640 566
13 133 68 48.9 98 100
14 85 62 27.1 65 71
15 250 209 16.4 – 230
16 29 35 17.1 – 32
Table IV Cutting conditions employed in each drilling test
Test
Flow rate MQL
(ml/h)
Cutting speed
(m/min)
Feed rates
(mm/rev) Drill Material
1 30 45 0.15 TiN-A T
2 100 60 0.15 TiN-A WO/T
3 100 45 0.25 TiN-B T
4 100 45 0.15 TiN-B WO/T
5 30 60 0.25 TiN-B WO/T
6 30 60 0.15 TiN-B T
7 30 45 0.25 TiN-A WO/T
8 100 60 0.25 TiN-A T
9 30 45 0.15 TiN-B WO/T
10 100 60 0.15 TiN-B T
11 100 45 0.25 TiN-A WO/T
12 100 45 0.15 TiN-A T
13 30 60 0.25 TiN-A T
14 30 60 0.15 TiN-A WO/T
15 30 45 0.25 TiN-B T
16 100 60 0.25 TiN-B WO/T
Table VI Effect of each input variable on the average life of the drills
Number of holes
Average life
(holes)
Flow rate MQL
30-100 (ml/h)
Cutting speed
45-60 (m/min)
Feed 0, 15-0, 25
(mm/rev)
Tool
TiN-B-TiN-A
Material
WO/T-T
Effect 206 218 2144 2170 þ61 þ212
Eder Costa et al.
Volume 63 · Number 6 · 2011 · 420–426
424

the sulphides, changing them from oblong to smaller globules
which considerably improves the machinability of the material
(Evangelista Luiz and Machado, 2008). The slight addition of
tellurium (0.0027 wt%) ensured improved machinability of the
microalloyed steel without jeopardizing its mechanical
properties.
4. Conclusions
1 Of all the variables investigated in this study, the least
influential on drill performance is the MQL flow rate.
Increase in the flow rate from 30 to 100 ml/h reduced drill
performance by 9 per cent, contrary to expectation. This
is a result of the cooling-lubricant action balance
promoted by the cutting fluid applied in low quantities
(MQL).
2 The most influential variable on drill performance is
addition of Te to the work material which gave over
twofold (103 per cent) improvement in drill performance
at the cutting conditions investigated. The Te particles act
at the chip-tool interface, reducing the work necessary to
shear the material during chip formation.
3 Increase in both the cutting speed and the feed rate both
lowered drill performance during machining due to
associated increase in cutting temperature which tend to
accelerate thermally related wear mechanisms.
References
Aborn, R.H. (1977), “Role of additives in the machinability
of steel”, Annals of International Symposium on Influence of
Metallurgy on Machinability of Steel, 26-28 September, Tokyo,
pp. 381-95.
Barretos, M.S., Bas, J., Cappucio, G.V. and Evangelista
Luiz, N. (1999), “Aço de Corte Livre com Incluso˜es
Meta´licas: Uma Tecnologia Corfac”, 548 Congresso Anual
da ABM, Saõ Paulo.
Costa, E.S. (2004), “Furaçaõ de Aços Microalloyeds com
Aplicaçaõ de Mıńima Quantidade de Fluido de Corte –
(MQF)”, Tese de doutorado em Engenharia Mecaˆnica,
Universidade Federal de Uberlaˆndia, Uberlaˆndia, 199p.
Evangelista Luiz, N. (2007), “Machinability do Aço de Corte
Faćil Baixo Carbono ao Chumbo ABNT 12L14 com
Diferentes Nı´veis de Elementos Quı´micos Residuais
(Cromo, Nı´quel E Cobre)”, Tese de doutorado em
Engenharia Mecaˆnica, Universidade Federal de
Uberlaˆndia, Uberlaˆndia, 199p.
Evangelista Luiz, N. and Machado, A.R. (2008),
“Development trends and review of free-machining
steels”, Proceedings of IMechE, Part B: Journal of
Engineering Manufacture, Vol. 222 No. 2, pp. 347-60,
available at: http://journals.pepublishing.com/content/
8023h8642tt7l537/
Heinemann, R. (2004), “Improving the performance of small
diameter twist drills in deep-hole drilling”, PhD thesis,
UMIST, Manchester.
Heinemann, R., Hinduja, S., Barrow, G. and Petuelli, G.
(2006), “Effect of MQL on the tool life of small twist drills
in deep-hole drilling”, International Journal of Machine Tools
& Manufacture, Vol. 46 No. 1, pp. 1-6.
Heisel, U., Lutz, M., Spath, D., Wassmer, R. and Walter, U.
(1998), “A tećnica da quantidade mıńima de fluidos e sua
aplicaçaõ nos processos de corte”, Ma´quinas e Metais,
fevereiro, pp. 22-38.
Kubel, E. (1998), “Coatings crank up tool performance”,
Manufacturing Engineering, January, pp. 40-6.
Machado, A.R. and Da Silva, M.B. (2004), Usinagem dos
Metais, Laborato´rio de Ensino e Pesquisa em Usinagem.
Faculdade de Engenharia Mecaˆnica, Universidade Federal
de Uberlaˆndia, Uberlaˆndia, Versaõ 8, Abril.
Machado, A.R. and Diniz, A.D. (2000), “Corte a Seco, com
Mıńima Quantidade de Fluido e com Fluido em Abundaˆncia:
Usos, Aplicaço˜es, Vantagens e Desvantagens”, Congresso
Usinagem 2000, Saõ Paulo-SP.
Machado, A.R. and Wallbank, J. (1997), “The effect of
extremely low lubricant volumes in machining”, Wear,
Vol. 210, pp. 76-82.
Miranda, G.W.A., Coppini, N.L., Diniz, A.E. and Braga, D.U.
(2001), “Quando as brocas de metal duro revestidas
dispensam os fluidos de corte”, O Mundo da Usinagem,
March, pp. 20-5.
NT MECH 038 (1997), Cutting Fluids for Drilling: Evaluation
by Drill Life Test, Nordtest, Espoo.
Palmer, F.R. (1932-1935), US Patents: 1.846.140,
2.009.713, 2.009.714, 2.009.715, 2.009.716, 1932-1935.
Pickering, F.B. and Garbaz, B. (1989), “Strengthening in
perlite formed from termomechanically processed austenite
in vanadium steels and implications for toughness”,
Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 5, pp. 227-37.
Pray, H., Peoples, R.S. and Fink, F.W. (1941), “Addition of
bismuth for producing free-machining stainless steel”, Proc.
ASTM, Vol. 41, pp. 646-55, US Patent 2.273.731,
February 17.
Sahm, D. and Schneider, T. (1996), “A Produçaõ sem
Refrigeraçaõ e´ Interessante e Deve ser mais Conhecida”,
Ma´quinas e Metais, agosto, pp. 38-55, Editora Aranda.
Figure 7 Order of influence of the variables on drill performance
ORDER OF INFLUENCE OF THE VARIABLES
MQL flow rate
30 → 100
(ml/h)
9%
Cutting Speed
45 → 60
(m/min)
70%
Feed
0.15 → 0.25
(mm/rev)
83%
Tool
TiN-B → TiN-A
30%
Workpiece
Material
WO/T → T
103%
Eder Costa et al.
Volume 63 · Number 6 · 2011 · 420–426
425

Somekawa, M., Kaiso, M., Matsushima, Y. and Yaguchi, H.
(2001), “Free cutting non-leaded steels”, Kobelco
Technology, Vol. 24, October.
Tasdelena, B., Wikblomb, T. and Ekeredc, S. (2007),
“Studies on minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) and air
cooling at drilling”, Journal of Materials Processing
Technology, Vol. 200 No. 9, pp. 339-46.
Teeter, F.J. (1999), “Coating takes place of coolant”,
American Machinist, June, pp. 50-2.
Trent, E.M. (1988), “Metal cutting and the tribology of
seizure: III. Temperature in metal cutting”, Wear, Vol. 128,
pp. 65-81.
Trent, E.M. (2000), Metal Cutting, 4th ed., Butteworths-
Heinemann, Oxford, p. 273.
Troiani,F.(2005),“Açosressulfuradosdecortefaćil”,Disponı´vel
em: www.usinagem-brasil.com.br/construtordepaginas/htm/
1_1_3511.htm (Acesso em: 27 set 2005).
Weinert, K. (1999), Trockenbearbeitung und
Minimalmengenkuehlschmierung, Springer, Berlin.
Werkema,M.C.C. andAguiar, S. (1996), Planejamento e Ana´lise
de Experimentos: Como Identificar as Principais Varia´veis
Influentes em um Processo, Fundaçaõ Cristiano Ottoni,
Escola de Engenharia da UFMG, Belo Horizonte-MG.
Wright, P.H. (1990), ASM Handbook, Properties and Selection:
Irons, Steels and High-Performance Alloys, 10th ed., Metals
Handbook, Vol. 1, ASM International, The Materials
Information Society, Materials Park, OH, p. 1063.
Corresponding author
Emmanuel Ezugwu can be contacted at: eoezugwu@gmail.
com
Eder Costa et al.
Volume 63 · Number 6 · 2011 · 420–426
426
To purchase reprints of this article please e-mail: reprints@emeraldinsight.com
Or visit our web site for further details: www.emeraldinsight.com/reprints

Influence of tellurium addition on drilling of microalloyed steel (din 38mns6)

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (15)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (12)

Similar to Influence of tellurium addition on drilling of microalloyed steel (din 38mns6)

Similar to Influence of tellurium addition on drilling of microalloyed steel (din 38mns6) (20)

More from Lepuufu

More from Lepuufu (19)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Influence of tellurium addition on drilling of microalloyed steel (din 38mns6)