Biotechnology project

1. BIOLOGYPROJECT
BIOTECHNOLOGY

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
“There aretimes when silencespeaks so
muchmoreloudlythan wordsofpraise
to onlyasgoodasbelittle aperson,

3. whose wordsdonotexpress, butonly
puta veneerovertrue feelings, whichare
ofgratitude atthis pointoftime.”
Iwouldliketoexpressmysincere
gratitude tomyBiologymentorDrSB
HeenaKhanam,forhervitalsupport,
guidance andencouragement –without
whichthisprojectwouldnothavecome
forth.Iwouldalsoliketodisclose the
significance ofresourcesavailableon
internet whichhelped mealotin

4. completing thisinvestigatory project.
Theywerereallyhelpinghandtome.
BIOTECHNOLOGY:PRINCIPLESAND
PROCESSES
WhatisBiotechnology?
GeneralDefinition
 Theapplicationoftechnologytoimprove
 abiologicalorganism .
DetailedDefinition
 Theapplicationofthetechnologytomodify
the biologicalfunctionofanorganismby

5. addinggenesfromanotherorganism.
Biotechnologyinvolvesthemodificationofa
wholerangeoforganism.
• Hereweseebeanhasmanyseedcoatcolors
andpatternsinnature-

6.  Butweknownaturedoesnothaveallofthe
traitsweneed.
 Thephotographofbeanseedsisagreat
illustrationofthevariationinnature.You
cannoticenotonlymanydifferentcolors,
butalsomanydifferentpatterns.Alarge
arrayofinteractinggenesareresponsible
forthisvariation.
 Butmancanalwaysdreamofanewusefor
anorganism. Biotechnologyinvolvesadded
newtraitstoaspecies.

7. Whatcontrolsthisnaturalvariation?
 Allelicdifferencesatgenescontrola
specifictrait
 Gene-apieceofDNAthatcontrolsthe
expressionofatrait
 Allele-thealternateformsofagene
EXAMPLE:

8.  Genescontrolspecifictraits.GregorMendel
provedthisfromhisexperimentonthepea
plant.
 Hence,wecancomeuptotheconclusionthat
Genescontrolspecifictraits.ThisImpliesa
GeneticContinuum
GeneManipulationStartsAttheDNALevel

9.  Thisistherootofbiotechnology.
 Chromosomesarethecondensedformof
DNA.
 Thisisanimportantconceptbecauseitis
thebasisofanimportantscreeningprocess
calledhybridization.
Structureofachromosome-
GenesAreClonedBasedOn:

10. Similaritytoknowngenes- Homologycloning
(mousecloneusedtoobtainhumangene).
Proteinsequence- Complementarygenetics
(predictinggenesequencefromprotein).
Chromosomallocation-Map-basedcloning
(usinggeneticapproach).
Homologycloning-

11. PCRAnimation
Denaturation:DNAmelts
Annealing:Primersbind
Extension:DNAisreplicated
 ThisisananimationofonestepinthePCR
process. Takeafewminutesandletthe
animationrunthroughanumberoftimes.

12.  Itwillrecycleonitsown.Thisstepwillshow
thedenaturation(convertingtheDNAfrom
single-todouble-strandedstate).
 Thesecondstepisannealing(thebindingof
theprimertothesingle-strandedDNA).The
finalstepisextension.
DiagrammaticrepresentationofPCR-

13.  ManyfeatureofthePCRprocessisthe
replicationofonedouble-strandDNA
moleculeintotwo.ButthePCRprocess
doesnotinvolvejustasinglereplication
cycle.Rather,thestepisrepeatedmany
times(35-50times).
 Thisrepetitionleadstoanexponential
increaseintheamountofDNA. Atthe
end,alargeamountofDNAisproduced
thatcanbeusedforanumberofpurposes.
 Attheend,wehavesufficientDNAtouse
asaprobeforlibraryscreening.

14. Map-basedCloning

15. TransformationCassettes
ItContains-
 Alltransformationcassettescontainthree
regions.The“geneofinterest”region

16. containstheactualgenethatisbeing
introducedintotheplant.Thisisthegene
thatprovidesthenewfunctiontotheplant.In
thisdiagram,theregionisshowninred.
DeliveringtheGenetothePlant

17. Regardlessofthedeliverymethod,thedelivery
systemmustuseaplanttissuesourcethatcanbe
manipulatedtoproducenewplants.
ModernExamples

18.  Morerecently,suchvariedtraitsassalt
toleranceandmercuryresistancehavebeen
introducedintoplantstransferringgenesfor

19. specificprotein.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
NCERTTextbook(class12)

20. S.Chand’sBiology
www.google.co.in
Wikipedia