We are Mechanical Engineering students from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. This video is uploaded for educational purposes.
We are from Group 23, Fantastic Four:
1. Zulhilmi bin Yusri (Photographer)
~ https://www.linkedin.com/in/zul-hilmi-bin-yusri-aa37101ab
2. Nik Muhammad Faiz Shuhadan bin Mohd Zamri (Slide Editor)
~ https://www.linkedin.com/in/faiz-shuhadan-62aa661b2/
3. Muhammad Alif Iqrak bin Suhairul Azmie (Data Collector)
~ https://www.linkedin.com/in/alif-iqrak-7a19651b2
4. Leong Yen Min (Animation and Video Editor)
~ https://www.linkedin.com/in/yenminleong/
Link of YouTube presentation can be found at https://youtu.be/XZADwFcp9Ok
Hope you enjoy our presentation :)
Feel free to like and comment below XD
Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
2. Brought to you by
Group 23 Fantastic Four Group Members:
1. Zulhilmi bin Yusri
✓ https://www.linkedin.com/in/zul-hilmi-bin-yusri-aa37101ab
2. Nik Muhammad Faiz Shuhadan bin Mohd Zamri
✓ https://www.linkedin.com/in/faiz-shuhadan-62aa661b2/
3. Muhammad Alif Iqrak bin Suhairul Azmie
✓ https://www.linkedin.com/in/alif-iqrak-7a19651b2
4. Leong Yen Min
✓ https://www.linkedin.com/in/yenminleong/
Lecturers:
1. Prof. Dr. Andanastuti Muchtar
2. Dr. Nabilah Afiqah Binti Mohd Radzuan
3. Dr. Nashrah Hani Binti Jamadon
3. Presented by Zulhilmi bin Yusri
Application of light bulb01
Presented by Zulhilmi bin Yusri
Materials used02
Presented by Nik Muhammad Faiz Shuhadan bin Mohd Zamri
Chemical composition03
Physical and Material Properties04
Content
Presented by Nik Muhammad Faiz Shuhadan bin Mohd Zamri
Manufacturing Process05
Presented by Muhammad Alif Iqrak bin Suhairul Azmie
Local Manufacturers06
Presented by Leong Yen Min
How It Works07
Presented by Leong Yen Min
4. Application
Light Bulb
• First commercially practical incandescent light in 1879 by Thomas
Alva Edison
• Light bulbs become an integral part of our lives before used candle
• Light bulb widely used in household and commercial lighting, for
portable lighting such as table lamps, car headlamps, electronic
equipment and automotive.
5. • Five most common types of Light Bulbs is
➔ Incandescent Bulbs
➔ Fluorescent Lamps
➔ Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)
➔ Halogen Lamps
➔ Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Incandescent Bulbs
Compact Fluorescent
Lamps (CFL)
Fluorescent
Lamps Halogen Lamps
LED Bulbs
8. Materials OF light bulb
increase the life of the
filament
Mixture of argon
and nitrogen gas
• made of molybdenum
to support the Lead-in
wires
Support Wires
• made of nickel-iron wire
(called dumet because it
uses two metals)
• best conductor because
carry current from the
base to filament.
Lead-in Wires
• Made of Tungsten
• Withstand high
temperature, emits
light and conducts
electricity
Filament
• made of aluminum or brass
to received electric current.
• cheap, light weight, conduct
electric current.
Base
• soda-lime glass is soft glass can
withstand higher temperatures
• Transparent, cheap, high melting
point, easily molded
Bulb
light bulb
Materials
9. Chemical Composition
Hydrofluoric Acid
Manufacturers began
using hydrofluoric acid
to add a frostlike effect
to the bulbs, which
helped to spread the
light over a wider area.
Inert gas
In light bulb, an inert
gas fill in it such as
argon and nitrogen
Halogen
Halogen produce
intense white light.
Commonly used in car
head light.
10. Physical And Material Properties
1. Bulb
- soft glass is generally used
- made from silica, trona (soda ash), lime, coal
and salt.
- Soda-lime glass is used due to its properties
• High thermal conductivity, 1.06 W/m·°C,
to reduce the heat produced by heating of
filament, sustain in high temperature.
• Low density, 2.5 g/cm3, light weight.
• High hardness which is 6-7 in Mohs
scale.
• High melting point, ≈1000 °C
• Transparent and cheap
3. Filament
• Usually is made of tungsten.
• The filament may be a straight wire, a coil, or a
coiled coil.
• Since the filament is super thin (approx. 0.254 mm),
it is actually coiled from a more than 2 meters long
tungsten.
• Tungsten is chosen due to these properties:
2. Gas
• usually a mixture of nitrogen and argon
to retard evaporation of filament.
• Helps in even distribution of heat
produced by filament to the bulb.
• Provides pressure on the filament so that
light bulb lasts longer.
• Prevent blackening of light bulb.
Tungsten
High melting point, 3422 °C
Low specific heat capacity, 134 J/kg.°C
High resistivity, 5.6 x10^-8 Ohm.m
High temperature coefficient, α, 0.0045/°C
11. 4. Contact wire (Connected to foot <Part 11>)
• The electrical foot contact connects wires to an electricity source.
• The tungsten filament is heated until it glows, and inert gases inside the
glass bulb help keep the light bulb from catching on fire.
5. Contact wire (Connected to base <Part 8>)
• Made of copper wires
• Thin wires extend from the filament to the screw base and the foot contact at
the base of the bulb.
• They complete the electrical circuit when the bulb is screwed in.
6. Support wire
• Made of Molybdenum wire.
• To support the tungsten filament.
7. Glass mount
• Serves as the skeleton of the
bulb, holding the other elements
of the bulb in place.
8
11
8. Base contact wire
• Made of brass or aluminium
• Electric conductor carrying the current to the
filament
11. Electrical foot contact
• The electrical foot contact is at the base of the bulb and connects it with
an electricity source.
12. 9. Screw thread
- Is the grooved metal band at the base of
the glass bulb.
10. Insulation
- leads up to the filament and a conductor
that leads away from the filament.
12. Soldered finish of base contact wire
- Is the grooved metal band at the base of
the glass bulb.
13. Physical Properties
A-Shape light bulb
A 19
Arbitary
Bulb diameter
in 19/8”
Bulb diameter
Smaller base for inserting into
the power supply adapter
• Space allowance for argon gas
• To prevent filament from
touching the glass wall and
burns
15. 1. Glass tubes are lined up to be cut into specific
length according to the final size of light bulb. The
cut glass tube is landed on a glazing wheel which
heats up the cutting edge for about 7 seconds to
smooth the surface.
2. Next is the flare-making machine which heats the
cut tube to make it easier to stretch and malleable
into flared shape.
3. The 2 copper lead wires will load into the flare
end and inserted into the exhaust tube. It then goes
through hotter flames to soften the tubes. Then, a
press is used to encase the wires in the glass so
that it stays in place nicely. Simultaneously, a small
hole is punched in between the two wires to allow
the air removal at later stage.
4. The lead wires are separated and the ends are
bent a little bit into hooks to fasten the filament are
formed.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPc7Dspn1_8
16. 5. The coating of synthetic silicone and white
powder are inserted and form a thin layer
inside the bulb using specific heat.
7. All the air from the glass tubes are
vacuumed and replaced with pressurized
argon gas in the globe of bulb.
6. Torches then fuse the flared end of the
mount to the neck of the bulb.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPc7Dspn1_8
17. 10. Finally, the bulbs are brought for
testing and packed for exportation.
8. The lead wire are bent and the exhaust
glass is torched to seal the bulb preventing
the argon gas to escape.
9. One of the lead wire is inserted into
aluminium base in the middle and soldered
in place.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPc7Dspn1_8
18. Local Manufacturer
Philips
✓ One of the leading lighting
company in Malaysia
✓ https://www.philips.com.my/
THL Brand light bulb
OSRAM Licht AG
✓ Penang, Malaysia
✓ Kulim, Kedah
✓ Jalan Pudu, Kuala Lumpur
✓ Headquarters at München, Germany
✓ https://www.osram.com/os/contact/directi
ons_malaysia.jsp
19. International Manufacturer
Feilo Sylvania Group
- Headquarters in Budapest, Hungary
- https://www.sylvania-lighting.com/en-
int/help-support/about-us/
Tungsram
- Headquarters in Budapest,
Hungary
- https://tungsram.com/en/contact
Chiyoda Lighting Group
- Indonesia
- http://chiyoda-
lighting.com/about-us/
OSRAM Licht AG
- München, Germany
- https://www.osram-
group.com/en/investors/contacts-
and-service
Eurolite
- Toronto, Canada
- https://eurolite.com/collectio
ns/bulbs
NOMA
- United States
- https://noma.com/pages/co
ntact-us
22. Reference list
• Light Bulb Sizes, Shapes and Temperatures Charts - Bulb Reference Guide. (t.th.).SuperioLighting.com
https://www.superiorlighting.com/lighting-resources/light-bulb-learning-center/bulb-reference-guide/ [17 July 2020].
• It’s Elemental - The Element Carbon. (t.th.).Education.jlab.org https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele006.html [16 July 2020].
• How light bulb is made - material, manufacture, history, used, parts, components, structure, industry, machine. (t.th.).MadeHow.com
http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Light-Bulb.html [16 July 2020].
• Table of Resistivity. (t.th.).Hyper Physics GSU Education http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Tables/rstiv.html [16 July 2020].
• Arthur. 2019. What are light bulbs made of? | LEDwatcher. LEDWatcher.com https://www.ledwatcher.com/what-are-light-bulbs-made-of/ [16 July
2020].
• Author. 2019. Carbon - Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization - Nuclear Power. Nuclear-power.net
https://www.nuclear-power.net/carbon-specific-heat-latent-heat-vaporization-fusion/ [16 July 2020].
• EdisonTechCenter. 2011. The Incandescent Lamp. YouTube.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPaeIFjpoQ8 [17 July 2020].
• Energynownews. 2011. Energy 101: Light Bulbs. YouTube.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pk60-D61h34 [17 July 2020].
• Evans, P. 2016. Specific heat capacity of materials - The Engineering Mindset. TheEngineeringMindset.com
https://theengineeringmindset.com/specific-heat-capacity-of-materials/ [16 July 2020].
• Harris, T. 2002. How Light Bulbs Work. HowStuffWorks.com https://home.howstuffworks.com/light-bulb1.htm [16 July 2020].
• Insider. 2018. How Light Bulbs Are Made. YouTube.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPc7Dspn1_8 [16 July 2020].
• Johnson, D. 2018. What Elements Are in Light Bulbs? Sciencing.com https://sciencing.com/elements-light-bulbs-7615670.html [16 July 2020].
• Karazi, S.M., Ahad, I.U. & Benyounis, K.Y. 2017. Laser Micromachining for Transparent Materials. Reference Module in Materials Science and
Materials Engineering. Elsevier.
• Mclemore, V. 2018. GEOLOGY, MINING, AND PROCESSING OF THE INDUSTRIAL MINERALS SPRING 2018.
• Supply, L. 2020. A-Shape Light Bulbs. YouTube.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-9iMd4D-ErQ [17 July 2020].
• Taylor, B. 2006. How a light bulb works. YouTube.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YnMP1Uj2nz0 [17 July 2020].
