ARC 211: American Diversity and Design

1. University at Buffalo – State University of New York
ARC 211 – American Diversity and Design – Spring 2017
Online Discussion Questions
Lauren Greatrix

2. The following pages document my responses to the online discussion questions in the Spring 2017 version of ARC 211
American Diversity and Design at the University at Buffalo – State University of New:
Diversity and Design has truly shown me the value of designing for all. This learning experience has taught me that inclusive
design does not just have to be geared toward people with physical disability, but design can also affect minority groups such as,
people with mental disabilities and families in poverty. This class has also opened my mind to the way design can affect people in
more ways than only architecturally. For example, I really enjoyed gaining insight on the way sport’s teams will use ethnicity as a
marketing technique, and the different viewpoints concerning the topic. Today I feel that a lot of companies will compromise design in
order to cut corners in cost, production, or time. However, by utilizing design that is well thought out and inclusive for all, barriers can
be eliminated, and all-encompassing environments can be created to promote interaction between people with many different
viewpoints. I look forward to bringing the knowledge and insight I gained from taking Diversity and Design into my future endeavors.

3. This thread provides you with an opportunity to "meet" each other and initiate a connection with participants in your group.
In responding to this discussion thread, please introduce yourself and provide us with one interesting fact about yourself.
After posting your introduction, take a look through and reply to some of the others. The purpose of this exercise is to develop
a sense of community. You might find that you share similar experiences and can help each other in many ways throughout
the semester.
Hello Everyone,
My name is Lauren Greatrix. I am an intended Occupational Therapy major. This course is a prerequisite for my major, but
unlike some prerequisites I've taken I can easily see just how relevant this class will be to my potential career as an Occupational
Therapist, so I am very excited to learn more. I am a sophomore, and I am a transfer student from The College at Brockport. The
farthest I have ever traveled was Bermuda, which was a very fun experience I got to share with my best friend. I can't think of any
near death experiences I've had, although I feel like I should have had one because I'm a pretty big klutz. I am a huge animal lover,
and it's probably a little unhealthy how much I adore my dog. A couple more fun facts about me are that I am a vegetarian, and my
favorite place to get a quick bite to eat is Moe's. I look forward to talking to everyone later on.
http://images.clipartpanda.com/working-together-as-a-team-Working-Together-Small.jpg

4. Response to "What is design?" from Hello World
On “What is design?” from Hello World: Where Design Meets Life by Alice Rawsthron
The author opened her chapter with the example of Ying Zheng, the ruler of the Qin empire, one of the most powerful and
enduring empires I the history of China. She explained how design innovation contributed to Ying Zheng’s success. For
example, in the development of weaponry, he resolved many problems by standardizing parts, and this single innovation gave
his armies great advantage over other armies.
For this discussion, let’s move away from 246 B.C. China, and into the U.S. Describe an innovation or invention (can be
current or historical) that gave advantage to a group of people in the U.S. or to the population as a whole. What were the
social impacts of this innovation? Were any groups negatively impacted by this innovation? For example, the
telegraph, developed and patented in the United States in 1837 by Samuel Morse, permitted people and commerce to transmit
messages across both continents and oceans almost instantly, with widespread social and economic impacts. This heightened
communication speed allowed business persons to make decisions with up-to-date information, often resulting in big profits.
Those without access had to rely on out-dated information, which put them at a disadvantage.
The printing press truly transformed the lives of people all over the world. Invented around 1440 by Johaness Gutenberg, the
printing press lead to the mass production of books that were cheaper and less time consuming to construct. Because of this new
invention books were able to reach a widespread variety of people from the lower class to upper class. As the printing press persisted
through time it was able to increase the literacy rates of the general public. The printing press helped disperse scholarly works and
information to an extensive amount of people. The printing press also created more forms of businesses as it launched the opening of
other printing shops, which helped provide jobs for people. The creation of the printing press also had a positive educational impact.
The books were used as teaching tools by teachers. Students used it as a visual aid to learn from, also they could build upon or
challenge the information within the books. The printing press created a new way to spread information all over the world, and had
great influence on journalism and education.
As the general public acquired more information, it created political and religious conflict. This was bad for the upper class
and the church who wanted loyal followers, but in a positive way it also meant that people were more informed and
knowledgeable about issues happening around them. In the long term the mass production of books also had negative
environmental impacts.

5. Hello World: Where Design Meets Life by Alice Rawthron
https://i2.wp.com/vrworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/benjamin-franklins-printing-press-science-source.jpg

6. Response to "Introduction" from Diversity and Design
On “Introduction” from Diversity and Design: Understanding Hidden Consequences
The editors state that “diverse participation in the design process, from both professionals and public citizens alike, yields
more equitable results.” This makes sense, but typically has not been the case. Nonetheless, many marginalized groups have
impacted design in ways that have changed our visual and physical worlds as well as our systems, policies, and institutions.
For example, in the 1960s, disability rights advocates designed media events to raise awareness about barriers in the physical
environment. They persisted with their efforts for decades, and, finally, in 1990, the Americans with Disabilities Act became
law. It mandated accessibility in public accommodations such as restaurants and stores, public transportation,
communication, and other areas of public life. This dramatically changed our physical environment (from curb cuts to ramps
to automatic doors) and the results made public life more equitable.
Now it’s your turn. Describe a design that was impacted by a diversity group. How and why did it change form and/or
circumstances? (Note that a design can be anything requiring planning and development prior to the production of an action,
system, visual, material object, or environment. Also, keep in mind that, for our purposes, a diversity group is a group of
individuals who are underrepresented in society in some way—children, older adults, the economically disadvantaged, those
with cognitive disabilities, etc.)
There have been many innovations that help the elderly population live happy, meaningful, and independent lives. Some of
these changes have been occurring at nursing homes. There has been a bit of a push to have nursing homes feel more home-like and
comfortable, and less like a regimented facility. They are not only built to resemble a homey setting for the elderly patients, but they
are operated more like home as well. The dedicated staff members often build strong relationships with their patients. Daily activities
at these nursing homes are typically less systemized as compared to more traditional nursing homes. For example, when it comes to
meals patients are able eat when they want as well as use the kitchen to prepare their food. A more elaborate nursing home built to
create a sense of homeliness is called Hogewey, and it is located in the Netherlands. This nursing home specializes with elderly
patients who suffer with dementia. It is a gated village that comes complete with individual homes, a supermarket, movie theatre, and
restaurants. This allows patients the ability to walk around more freely, and have a heightened sense of independence.
Diversity and Design: Understanding Hidden Consequences edited by B. Tauke, K. Smith, and C. Davis

7. http://www.best-alzheimers-products.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/hogeway.jpg

8. Response to Media/Society Chapter and TED Talk on Photographs
Where would you place the images shown in Photos That Changed the World into Croteau and Hoynes' diagram entitled
“Model of Media and the Social World”? Identify a mass media photograph taken in your own lifetime that has served as an
icon of an event. (Feel free to add an attachment.) What roles does this photo play in the communication of the event?
I would place the pictures shown in Photos That Changed the World into the "Readers or audience" category. I would put them
there because I feel that the images shown in the video were made public to evoke an emotional response from the people viewing
them. A powerful image from the Boston Marathon depicts the fear and panic happening in the moment of the second explosion.
Since people are easily stimulated by visuals, images can really grab the attention of viewers and start engagement and discussion
among them.
“Photos That Changed the World” by Jonathan Klein http://www.ted.com/talks/jonathan_klein_photos_that_changed_the_world.html
http://c.o0bg.com/rf/image_960w/Boston/2011-
2020/2013/07/23/BostonGlobe.com/Metro/Images/tlumacki_Bostonmaratonfinish_sports504-4416-9428.jpg

9. Response to Articles on Hats as Communication Design
Typically, we do not think of hats as elements of mass media or social media. However, the two hats (red and pink) discussed
in the articles certainly have taken on that role. Why are the two hats (red and pink) mentioned in the articles vehicles of
communication design? What meanings do each of the two hats carry? In terms of communication design, how are they
similar? And how are they different from one another?
The hats described in the articles were a red hat with Donald J. Trumps’ “Make America Great Again” slogan printed on the
front, and a pink hat that states the word “NO”. These hats were used as methods of marketing. They were successful because the
relayed their own individual messages to large quantities of people. For example, Trumps’ “Make America Great Again” hat was seen
all over television at rallies, and it was common to spot someone wearing the hat during a normal day. Likewise, the “NO” hat reached
magnitudes of people at the Women’s March. The hats were similar because they were tools of mass communication. However, they
had different messages that resonated with different people. It is also interesting to look at how marketing and design contributed to
the impact of the hats.
"The Worst Design of 2016 Was Also the Most Effective" by Dianna Budd, fastcodesign.com
"Fashioning Protest for the Women’s March on Washington" by Katie Rogers, New York Times, 01/18/2017
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Make_America_Great_Again_hat_(27149010964).jpg

10. Response IDEA Awards and Cradle-to-Cradle Video
Which of the 2016 IDEA Gold Award products seems to defy the Cradle-to-Cradle concept developed by architect William
McDonough and chemist Dr. Michael Braungart? How does this product resist or disregard the concept? Provide an example
of any products that embrace Cradle-to-Cradle design, please describe and cite.
I think that one of the products on the 2016 IDEA Gold Award list that defies the cradle-to cradle concept would be Robin by
Nextbit. I feel that this product ignores cradle-to-cradle because in today’s society a lot of people have smartphones, and people are
constantly upgrading their old phones for new ones. Many companies also come out with new versions of smartphones every year. I
think it would be a smart approach to start looking into ways to reuse the parts from older phones that aren’t being used, or find a way
to produce phones that is environmentally friendly. However, the typical smart phone can be beneficial in some ways for the
environment. Smart phones are used by an abundance of people all over the world, and people could use their voice on social media
outlets to express their concerns and ideas about environmental issues to a large group of people. While I was looking at the products
registered by cradle-to-cradle, the most recognizable brand to me was Aveda. Although I hadn’t heard of most of the products on the
list before, I found it very interesting to look through them and see what’s out there.
2016 IDEA Awards http://www.idsa.org/awards/idea/gallery
Introduction to Cradle to Cradle http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMsF1P-_vWc
http://technicallyeasy.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/green-tech-apps.jpg

11. Response to “Industrial Design” by John Heskett and "The Incredible Inventions of Intuitive AI" by Maurice Conti
In his chapter on industrial design (written in 1987), historian John Heskett claims that the methods of mass production
introduced by Henry Ford in the U.S. involved new concepts of the standardization and integration of the production line that
were adopted across the world. With Ford’s method, work could be completed by relatively unskilled workers; it was more
efficient and with this method, products were made more quickly and cheaply than previously possible. What were some of the
social consequences of Ford’s production line? In other words, how did this system change our U.S. society? Do any of those
changes remain with us today? Now consider Maurice Conti’s TED Talk, and the predictions he makes about
production. How do you think manufacturing processes will change in the next twenty years? How do you think these changes
will affect our U.S. society?
Ford’s creation of the assembly line brought a lot of change to society. Sudden changes that resulted from the creation of the
assembly line were it allowed more job opportunities for unskilled workers. However, it did leave more and more skilled workers
without a job, and smaller businesses were unable to compete. It also meant that the workers at Ford’s factory were easily replaceable.
Ford’s assembly line also made the production cost of the automobile a lot lower, and therefore made the price of the automobile more
affordable to the public. I feel that new advancements in technology will have similar effects on society in the future as the assembly
line had. I believe that new technology, such as AI, will require less manual work from humans, it will cut the cost to produce goods
and services, and that it will lower the price of goods and services for the consumer.
“The Incredible Inventions of Intuitive AI" by Maurice
Conti http://www.ted.com/talks/maurice_conti_the_incredible_inventions_of_intuitive_ai?language=en
“Industrial Design” by John Heskett

12. http://wpmedia.driving.ca/2016/10/henry-ford-history-2.jpg?quality=70&strip=all&w=800&crop=1&strip=all

13. Response to Ballantyne and Zumthor Articles
Andrew Ballantyne and Peter Zumthor present ideas about architecture that seem to value the sensorial and material
elements of life. How are Ballantyne’s and Zumthor’s viewpoints on architecture alike? More importantly, how do they
differ? (Use the SEE-IT method to respond to this question.)
Zumthor and Ballantyne both talked about how the architecture and design of a building is an extension of oneself. However,
they had different views on the way design and human interaction within the structure effects the character of a building. Ballantyne
thought that the way people behave and operate within a building played an important role in the atmosphere of a building. Zumthor
argued that the design of a building could create a certain feeling or ambiance for those within a designed space.
"Architecture, Life, and Habit" by Andrew Ballantyne
"A Way of Looking at Things" from his book entitled Thinking Architecture. Peter Zumthor
http://static4.businessinsider.com/image/51e58f08eab8ea391b00000a/15-office-spaces-that-push-the-boundaries-of-innovation.jpg

14. Response to All Module 4 Materials
Your readings and viewings this week present different ways of thinking about architecture. Mies Van der Rohe describes
architecture as “The will of the epoch translated into space.” Andrew Ballantyne describes architecture as the background for
life. Jeanne Gang describes it as the act of building relationships. All agree that architecture can change based on context and
culture.Choose two works of architecture from any of your materials this week—one with sensibilities about the past and one
with sensibilities about the present and/or future. How do each of these buildings either reflect or challenge their cultural
contexts? (Use the SEE-IT method to respond to this question.)
The Virginia State Capitol, designed by Thomas Jefferson, was a historic building that started a trend for future government
buildings. This building reflected the current cultural contexts, as well as challenged old ones. The building was designed to defy
Georgian architecture, and distinguish themselves from the popular design. By doing this they also celebrated their independence by
differentiating themselves in terms of design. A modern day example of architecture that reflects and challenges cultural context is
Aqua Tower, designed by Jeanne Gang. Many buildings we come in contact with in our daily life don’t typically use design to
promote social interaction, especially within the design of apartment buildings. Aqua Tower challenges that by consisting of patios
that make it easy to chat with neighbors from different floors, and create new relationships. Arcus Center was also designed to
increase interaction with people within a work environment, and encourage the exchange of ideas. Arcus Center has a round gathering
lounge in the center of the building that creates a comfortable atmosphere to engage in conversations.
"Buildings That Blend Nature and City" by Jeanne Gang
https://www.ted.com/talks/jeanne_gang_buildings_that_blend_nature_and_city
"Design at the Intersection of Technology and Biology" by Neri
Oxman https://www.ted.com/talks/neri_oxman_design_at_the_intersection_of_technology_and_biology
"Ten Buildings That Changed America" http://www.pbs.org/program/ten-that-changed-america/10-buildings-changed-america/

15. http://legacy.skyscrapercenter.com/class-
image.php/pic.jpg?width=1000&height=800&image=/images/albums/userpics/10002/P7170053a.jpg

16. Response to Levy Article
John Levy’s article, “An Overview: The Need for Planning,” discussed ways in which planning can determine the
characteristics of a place. For example, some smaller towns restrict the heights of buildings to maintain a certain scale. How
did planning define the character of the place in which you grew up?
I live about thirty minutes from the city of Buffalo in the village of East Aurora. East Aurora consists of a center of town and
then many houses surrounding it. The center of the village attracts people to it for a number of reasons. The American Arts and Crafts
movement attracts tourists to the Roycroft Campus, and sight seers come to see the Millard Fillmore house. For people who live in the
village a lot of your daily activities can be done within a short walk. There is a grocery store as well as boutiques, restaurants coffee
shops, and more within walking distance. Because of this design the center of the village is often very busy and lively. East Aurora
also consists of multiple parks, such as Knox State Park, which adds extra recreational benefits to the town.
"An Overview: The Need for Planning" by John Levy
http://www.uwishunu.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/First-Friday-Old-City-InsideOut-680uw.jpg

17. Response to Pruitt Igoe Project, Talen, and Larson
Imagine that you are part of a urban planning and design firm working with Emily Talen (author of “Design That Enables
Diversity”) and Kent Larson (who gave the TED Talk "Brilliant Designs to Fit More People In Every City" The thee of you
have been tasked with developing a plan to rebuild Pruitt Igoe in St. Louis. City officials told the three of you that that they
want to do it right this time. Identify three strategies for rebuilding Pruitt Igoe in ways that promise to be more successful.
What would Talen do? What would Larson do? What would you do? How would your strategies differ from those of the
original urban planners/designers of the project? Why would your strategies be more effective?
Talen and Larson would bring their own unique perspectives if they were presented with the task to redesign Pruitt Igoe. Talen
would create a built environment that would promote social equity, and attract many different types of people. She would do this by
adding public spaces that would make the environment livelier and encourage social interaction. She would also be focused on the
economic stability of the remodeled Pruitt and Igoe. Larson would produce a space in which there are many businesses and
recreational activities within a short walking distance. This would benefit the people who lived in Pruitt and Igoe, as well as help it
thrive economically. Larson would add innovative technology that would allow a small living space to function more efficiently and
comfortably for a family. I feel that I would also make it a priority to incorporate public spaces, shops, and recreational activities that
would contribute to the project’s vitality, and create a sense of community.
The Pruit Igoe Myth http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKgZM8y3hso
“Design that enables Diversity” Dr. Emily Talen
“Brilliant Designs to Fit More People in Every City” by Kent Larson
http://www.ted.com/talks/kent_larson_brilliant_designs_to_fit_more_people_in_every_city?language=en#t-367652

18. https://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/SAVINGPLACES/UploadedImages/d801971a-47e1-4cf1-92f5-
db432e59ec22/Pruitt%20Igoe/003.jpg

19. Response to F.L. Olmsted
Displaying his plan at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Frederick Law Olmsted stated that "Buffalo is the best
planned city, as to its streets, public places, and grounds, in the United States, if not in the world." What was the basis for this
claim? Would Olmsted still make that claim today? Why or why not?
I feel that the basis of Frederick Law Olmsted statement was based upon his own work within the Buffalo park system.
Olmsted was inspired by the beautiful bodies of water that Buffalo is next to. He visited Niagara Falls as a child, and it impacted how
he went about designing parks in Buffalo. He wanted the natural beauty of Niagara Falls to speak for itself, and to keep the area from
becoming over industrialized. I believe that Olmsted was also impressed by the radial layout of the streets. This layout inspired his
innovative design for Buffalo’s park system. The structure of the streets provided the perfect framework for a system of several parks
that were connected to each other. I feel that Olmsted would be disappointed in some design aspects in Buffalo today. Olmsted would
not like how the highways and expressways cut off and disturb parts of Buffalo’s waterfront and parks. I also feel that Olmsted would
not be happy about how developed and touristy the area surrounding Niagara Falls has become.
The Atlantic entitled "When Parks Were Radical" https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/09/better-than-nature/492716/
“Olmsted ,Designing Western New York” http://www.pbs.org/video/2365468061/
https://buffalo-niagaragardening.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Olmsted-parks-in-Buffalo-NY-300x225.jpg
Response to Walter Hood's Work

20. Identify something that should be memorialized either on UB's campus or in your hometown. Imagine that you are the person
who will oversee this project, and that you are using Walter Hood's 'triad of investigations' as your approach to the
project. What would your landscape intervention commemorate/memorialize? How will you use Hood's 'triad of
investigations' to design a new landscape intervention? What do you imagine that the design will be? (Either written or visual
descriptions are acceptable).
I would commemorate the running/hiking path in Knox Farm State Park. In high school I used to run cross country and this
was my friends’ and I’s favorite trail to practice and hike on in our free time. This trail is already surrounded by beautiful trees, and
lovely scenes. I think that this would be a nice place to commemorate in my home town because hiking is a healthy activity for
people’s body and mind. It could also help people strengthen old bonds with their current friends, and create new bonds with people in
their community. I would redesign the trail so that there were more benches for people to hangout and chat on, or simply enjoy the
view. The trails are pretty narrow so I would widen them. I would also add commemorative tiles to the sides of the trail that were
representative of members and visitors of the community that really enjoy hiking or running on the trail. These tiles could consist of
the footprints, or the person’s favorite motivational quote or advice.
"Diverse Truths: Unveiling the Hidden Layers of the Shadow Catcher Commemoration" by Walter Hood and Megan Basnak
https://s3-media4.fl.yelpcdn.com/bphoto/c0XpyXsUdnM3Na0FEazSnQ/348s.jpg
Response to Charles Davis and equityXdesign's Work

21. Critique either the MLK Memorial or the National Museum of African American History and Culture
using equityXdesign’s core beliefs and/or design principles. (Use the beliefs or principles that are most relevant to your
critique rather than all of them.)
The National Museum of African American history allows visitors to take a deeper look into the history of African
American life in the past and the present. This building is used as a vehicle to enlighten the general public about the African
American experience in the context of American history. The design of the National Museum of African American History truly
stands out compared to other monuments and buildings within the National Mall. The building adds more inclusion and
diversity within the National Mall. Before its creation, there had been a serious lack of structures that celebrate African
American history, and illustrate the African American experience in the past. The creation of The National Museum of African
American History helps heighten the voice of marginalized groups of people. Within the museum, visitors can learn more about
the injustices African American citizens have experienced in the past and present, and start a conversation about how to bring
about equity for marginalized groups of people in the future.
"No Longer Just a Dream" Charles Davis
http://a.abcnews.com/images/US/EPA_museum_11_er_160914_1_12x5_1600.jpg
Response to the Brookes

22. The abolitionist poster, the Brookes, is an iconic image that often is included in exhibits that explore issues of race and
power. It was commissioned by Thomas Clarkson in 1788, and the Committee of the Abolition of Slavery used it to inform and
shock the public.While some consider the poster as an important component of the abolitionist campaign, it recently “has been
strongly criticized by some individuals and groups of African heritage as providing a very limited view of the history of the
transatlantic slave trade, resistance and abolition (Hudson 2007).” The lesson here is that how a viewer sees an image is
dependent upon his/her social, economic, and cultural position. Keeping this in mind, find another iconic graphic that addresses
racial issues and post it for others in your group to view. (Add it to your response by clicking on the picture in the tools
section. Do not add it as an attachment that needs to be opened.) How do you interpret the graphic? What is its
meaning? Now imagine that someone from a racial and cultural background different than your own is looking at the same
graphic. Briefly describe this person. How might s/he interpret its meaning? How might this differ from your interpretation?
What are the possible reasons for these differences?
The Clark Doll Study was an experiment performed by Dr. Kenneth Clark. The experiment was done to look at the effect that
segregation had on the development of African American children’s self-worth. Dr. Clark wanted to see how children’s race and status
in the community effected the perception of their self-image. The findings of this study was used in Brown v Board of Education of
Topeka, which found that the segregation of schools was unconstitutional. The study found that segregation negatively affected
African American children’s self-esteem, and that African American children saw themselves as inferior to white citizens. I feel that
this study shocked many people about how racism and stereotypes can become so internalized by young children. This experiment
caused more people to look closely at how segregation and racism can harm the development of African American children’s sense of
self-worth, and caused more people to empathize for them.
"The Brooks: Visualizing the Transatlantic Slave Trade”

23. https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TIW6bfHNaaY/WLwq1gJvhmI/AAAAAAACmCQ/80-
hRu8M8gAGaQ1ZFepiffaKo6lMPiRQQCEw/s640/kenneth-and-mamie-clark-doll-test-3.jpg

24. Response to "Landscape Stories" Chapter
First, let’s start with your own home. Describe a place in your home (indoors and/or outdoors) that you think of as
representative of your own ethnic background and discuss why you consider this place to be ‘ethnic’. –OR-- Describe an object
in your home that you think of as representative of your ethnic background and discuss why this object is considered to be
‘ethnic’. (If possible, add photo/s.) Is this object or place something that you will keep or continue when you establish your
own home? Why or why not?
Now let’s move into your community. In “Landscape Stories,” the authors show how landscape architects develop a historical
narrative that sifts through and interpets the culture and material of underrepresented groups. Think about the community
where you grew up. Describe and discuss any evidence of cultural influences on the physical environment in your community.
If possible, describe evidence of the cultural influence of an underrepresented group. (If possible, add photo/s.) Is this cultural
influence being acknowledged or preserved from future generations? Why or why not?
As a kid my family and I used to go to the Niagara Celtic Festival. Every year I would get a souvenir to remember the
experience. One year I picked out a glass window ornament in the shape of a shamrock from a vendor’s stand at the festival. I feel that
it was a nice addition to my home, and I like that it pays tribute to the experience my family and I had celebrating our heritage.
There are many festivities happening in Buffalo on and around St. Patrick’s Day. The annual First Ward parade and
Downtown Buffalo’s parade are large events that celebrate the Irish holiday. There is also the Buffalo Irish Center. The goal of the
Buffalo Irish Center is to promote many aspects of the Irish culture within Buffalo, and provide a space for the Irish population to
celebrate and foster their heritage. The building consists of a pub, areas for dancers and musicians to perform, a library, and more.
Buffalo also hosts the Buffalo Irish Festival at the Outer Harbor during the summer.
“Landscape stories” by Patsy Eubanks Owens, Maggie La Rochelle, and Jennifer McHenry

25. http://www.thecuriousgecko.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/StainedGlass/.pond/shamrock.JPG.w300h299.jpg

26. Response to Article on Sports Branding
Recent controversies about sports branding focus on ethnicity. The Washington Redskins team is just one example of the
larger controversy, but it receives the most public attention due to the name itself being defined as derogatory or insulting in
modern dictionaries, and the prominence of the team representing the nation’s capital. Should sports team branding designers
use ethnic references (Fighting Irish, Boston Celtics, Atlanta Braves, etc.)? Why? Why not? What are some of the complexities
of this issue?
I feel that sports teams should not be able to use names or images that derive from other cultures. I believe teams simply do not
have the right to use other people’s culture as a name brand. However, there are some complexities that go along with this argument.
One complication is whether the name or image depicted by a sports team has a positive or negative connotation about the culture. For
example, the Fighting Irish and Washington Redskins have obvious negative implications about the cultures they are describing within
their names. Both the logo and the name of Notre Dame’s sports teams depict the Irish as violent and aggressive people. As well, the
term Redskin has been used as a slur against Native Americans. However, names like the Boston Celtics and Atlanta Braves are more
neutral and not as obviously offensive.
“The real history of Native American team names” by Erik Brady http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/2016/08/24/real-history-
native-american-team-names/89259596/

27. http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/sites/default/files/styles/insert_medium/public/images/5087/shutterstock_Businessmen_playing_vo
lley_isolated_Luis_Louro.jpg?itok=LLDkIAzF

28. Response to Bathroom Bill
Last year, North Carolina Governor Pat McCrory signed into law a bill that repealed local LGBT anti-discrimination laws,
and required people to use the bathroom that corresponded with the biological gender written on their birth certificates. This
prompted massive backlash. McCrory stated, “You know, we all have to make adjustments in life. And we’ve had the proper
etiquette situation for decades in our country, and all of a sudden through political correctness we’re throwing away basic
etiquette.” Just this past Thursday, the North Carolina General Assembly passed a bill to repeal the law while placing a
moratorium on nondiscrimination measures.
Should people be required to use the bathroom that corresponds with the biological gender written on their birth certificate?
State why AND state why not. In other words, to receive full credit for this question, you need to present an argument for both
sides of the issue. As a designer, how would you solve this gender dilemma?
I believe that it would be a great thing to provide the option for transgender people to be able to use the bathroom they feel
most comfortable in. I do not feel that transgender men and women, or anyone who veers from traditional gender roles should have to
face discrimination when using public restrooms. However, people who oppose transgender men and women using public restrooms
that align with their gender identity might say that it threatens their safety. People are concerned that men and women might use
public restrooms that do not fit their biological gender or gender identity, and pose a threat to others using the bathroom. If I were a
designer I would try to add more gender neutral bathrooms in public spaces. This would provide another option for transgender
people. Also I feel that the majority of people using gender neutral bathrooms would not feel threatened by gender ambiguity, and
hopefully lessen the discrimination transgender people face when using public restrooms.

29. http://www.chicagobusiness.com/apps/pbcsi.dll/storyimage/CG/20150716/NEWS07/150719878/AR/0/gender-neutral-restroom-
sign.jpg&maxw=708&q=100&cb=20170517134440&cci_ts=20150716162129

30. Response to "Visualizing Gender" Chapter
In their chapter “Communicating Gender,” Maya Ganesh and Gabi Sobliye discuss two primary visual advocacy approaches:
1) get the idea, and 2) stories in data. Find a new example of either of the two visual advocacy approaches to gender issues,
and post it in this thread. Cite the source.
First, identify the approach. Then explain how the designer uses the approach to communicate a gender issue. Is the approach
effective in this example? Why or why not? How could this graphic be improved?
The first PSA uses shocking statistics about sexual assault to demonstrate how important it is to be aware of the issue. I feel
that the design of the PSA is effective in making the statistics about sexual assault very evident to the viewer because the layout of the
PSA is simple to follow. I think that the designer could’ve added more layers to the design of the PSA. Whereas the statistics provided
in the PSA are very shocking and provoke thought and emotion from the viewer, I do not feel that the actual design of the PSA would
have a lasting impact on the viewer.
The second PSA I am discussing illustrates the “get the idea” approach from the chapter. This PSA shows how women’s rights
and gender stereotypes is a universal issue. The designer did this by entering generic statements about underrepresented groups into
Google search engine, and placing the concerning results over the mouth of someone from that underrepresented group. I feel that this
PSA instills a sense of shock and alarm within the viewer. This approach is successful at illustrating the issue of women’s rights and
gender stereotypes is a way the leaves a memorable impact on the viewer.
"Visualizing Gender" by Maya Indira Ganesh and Gabi Sobliye

31. http://timenewsfeed.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/un-women-search-engine-campaign-4.jpg

32. Response to Hidden Ways
Author Steven Flusty categorized five types of disciplinary architecture that perpetuate what he calls urban spatial injustice:
1) stealthy, 2) slippery, 3) crusty, 4) prickly, and 5) jittery. Go out into the city of Buffalo, and find/photograph two examples
from the list of five. Identify what type of space you’ve photographed and why it might discriminate against a specific
population. Identify the location where you took the photograph, and make certain that you are in at least one of the two
photographs.
My first image is of a bus stop on Niagara St. This is an example of a “prickly” spatial injustice. The bus stop consists of a bench
with some shelter over it. The bars on the bench make it almost impossible to stretch out on the bench comfortably. I feel that this
design targets homeless people, and prevents them from resting under the shelter for long periods of time.
My second picture depicts “crusty” spatial injustice. In this picture I am at Hamburg’s Town Park Beach. There is viable wheelchair
access to the shore. However, the food stand at the park is raised above ground level, and has no wheelchair accessibility. This makes
it very difficult for physically disabled people to independently get food, or seek retreat from the weather while at the beach.
"The Hidden Ways Urban Design Segregates the Poor" by Eric Jaffe
Photographer: Lauren Greatrix

33. Response to People Like Us
After almost two decades of public assistance, Tammy Crabtree took herself and her family off the welfare rolls. But her job
cleaning bathrooms at a local Burger King barely paid the bills. Crabtree wanted to do better and hopes to go to college and
become a teacher.
Imagine this scenario. You are a designer who works at the well-known firm, iPD (Integrated Planning and Design). You work
on a team with planners, urban designers, policy designers, architects, and social designers. You have been tasked to
develop/design a way for Tammy Crabtree and her family (and others with situations similar to Tammy’s) to move themselves
out of poverty. What will your team to do to help Tammy and her family achieve their goals? What approach will your team
take to address this difficult problem?
In order to address the issue of transportation, whether it be to and from work or classes, I would try to create a community car
program. People could book a car, for the date and time they would need it, and return it after work or class. I would also try to
provide incentives to get people to carpool with each other when possible. For people who do not feel that they have viable
transportation, or time to physically attend classes I would try to design a program that would loan laptops or tablets so people could
participate in online classes at a speed that suits them.
For people who don’t see college as a possibility for themselves at that moment, but would still like to further themselves
towards a personal goal I would try to create a program that would team up advisors with people of low income. The advisors would
help people find opportunities within their community. For example, Tammy’s dream was to become a teacher. An advisor could
assist Tammy in finding a job as a teacher’s assistant, a Cafeteria Server, or maybe at her local library working with or reading to
children.
I also feel that the community could get involved with helping those in poverty excel in the future, especially with children
from lower class families. They could do this by making a breakfast or after school lunch program to make sure that children are
getting the nutrition the need to participate fully in school. People could also volunteer as tutors or mentors to help kids who are
struggling with academics, or other school related issues like bullying.
People Like Us “Tammys Story”

34. http://www2.maxwell.syr.edu/plegal/ltgr/meadewq1_files/image003.jpg

35. Response to Carroll Article: “(Re)forming Regent Park: When Policy Does Not Equal Practice”
The development of Regent Park is phased, and there are several more phases to the project. What actions could be taken to
ensure more social integration for the older people living in the ‘new and improved’ Regent Park?
Aspects of design that promote independence and social participation for the elderly population would be key in ensuring the
social integration for adults living at Regent Park. I feel that some rooms within Regents Park should be designed specifically in
consideration for the safety of the elderly to promote their independence. This could be done by installing railings, making sure the
ground is free of stairs or rugs that could cause tripping, and designing the counter space and cabinets to eliminate the risk of falling if
things are not in arm’s length. In order to promote the social participation of the elderly population, designers could take surveys about
the favorite hobbies of their elderly residents. Creating a café, a community kitchen and garden, or outdoor walking space are
examples of design that could encourage the social integration of older people within Regents Park.
I also found an interesting study that looked at the discrimination people in wheelchairs, and people who are deaf or hard of
hearing face when looking to rent a place to live. These are fairly common disabilities that elder adults may experience in their lives.
The researches would send in a pair of applications with the main difference of one applicant being in a wheelchair, and the other was
not. The rentals did state that they could accommodate people with these disabilities. Initially, applicants in a wheelchair were 1.7%
less likely to even be contacted to look at the place. If the applicant did get contacted to schedule an appointment the researches would
send in a pair of people with similar demographics, with the main difference again being in a wheelchair. They found that landlords
were 2.4% less likely to tell the disabled applicant about available spaces, and 3.1% less likely to show them any of the spaces. The
researchers conducted the same study with people who were deaf and hard of hearing and found similar results. This study shows how
difficult it can be for people with disabilities to find a home to rent that accommodates their disability, as well as face discrimination
when applying to rent a place.
"(Re)forming Regent Park: When Policy Does Not Equal Practice" by M.J. Carroll
Discrimination in the Rental Housing Market Against People Who Are Deaf and People Who Use Wheelchairs: National Study
Findings by Diane K. Levy, Margery A. Turner, Rob Santos, Doug Wissoker, Claudia L. Aranda, Rob Pitingolo, and Helen Ho

36. http://www.theneweconomy.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/visit-Mannheim.jpg

37. Response to Enriquez TED Talk: “What Will Humans Look Like in 100 Years?”
For this question, we will focus on Juan Enriquez’ Life Two civilization, which alters fundamental aspects of the body. We are
living longer than ever before in human history. Enriquez argues that, because of advances in bio-medical technology, the
possibility of living to 120 years of age and beyond is quite possible for many of us in this D+D class. Assuming that his
assertion is accurate, how do you think extended life spans will change our societies and built environments? What new issues
might designers face because of extended life spans?
Since people are going to live longer lives in the future, designers will have to accommodate to the growing population, and
make sure they are keeping the elderly in mind when doing this. When designing public and private living spaces designers will have
to provide aspects that promotes the independence and mobility of the growing elderly population. Since the general human
population will also be much larger, designers will face the challenge of fitting larger amounts of people into a smaller space. The
increasing population will also affect the environment. The environmental effects may limit the design possibilities of creators, as well
designers may play a role in coming up with solutions to help fix the effects that the growing population will have on the environment.
A growing population could also lead to an increase in unemployment, and designers may have to build more affordable and
sustainable living environments. The government will mostly likely have less money to spend of social and public infrastructure due
to the growing population. Therefore designers will have to find affordable ways to build, and effective ways to implement projects
such as schools or parks.
“What Will Humans Look Like in 100 Years?” by Juan E Enriquez
https://www.ted.com/talks/juan_enriquez_what_will_humans_look_like_in_100_years?language=en
http://a.abcnews.com/images/Health/HT_edythe_kirchmaier_1_jtm_150119_12x5_1600.jpg

38. Response to PPT, Smithsonian, and Roy
The two most frequently mentioned models of disability are the ‘social’ and the ‘medical’ models. The medical model of
disability views disability as a medical ‘problem’ that belongs to the disabled individual. The social model of disability, in
contrast, draws on the idea that it is society that disables people, through designing everything to meet the needs of the
majority of people who are not disabled. There is a recognition within the social model that there is a great deal that society
can do to reduce, and ultimately remove, some of these disabling barriers, and that this task is the responsibility of society,
rather than the disabled person.
In the Smithsonian online exhibition, the story about the superhero hand, and Elise Roy’s TED Talk, you saw examples of
ways to engage disability that use the social model rather than the medical model. In the Disability and Design PowerPoint,
you were introduced to the concept of Universal Design (UD) (sometimes called inclusive design, design-for-all, or human-
centered design). Certainly, UD embraces the social model of disability. In this same PowerPoint, you saw positive and
negative examples of each of the seven principles of universal design.
For the Module 12 Thread 1, please select one of the seven universal design principles, and post photographs that show both a
positive and a negative example of the principle. Then address the following question: How do your examples empower or
disempower various people? Describe the specific features of the positive example and the specific features of the negative
example. Discuss ways that the positive example could be even further improved.
My examples go along with the equitable use principle within universal design. The typical shopping cart has very limited space
for mothers or caretakers to place their child as they shop. This design poses issues for mothers and caretakers of disabled children or
elderly people who need to be in a wheelchair, but also need assistance operating their wheelchair. Caroline’s Cart is an example of
positive equitable use. It provides a larger and safer space for caretakers to transport disabled people within stores, and eliminates the
struggle of handling both a wheelchair and a shopping cart at the same time. By having an array of seat sizes available to shoppers this
design can fit young children to elderly adults, and could be used by anyone who needs to.
Although Caroline’s Cart is a step in the right direction, I feel that there is still a lot of steps to be made to make the shopping
environment friendlier for people in wheelchairs. Most Products in grocery stores are out of reach of people who are unable to stand,
and many department and clothing stores are difficult to maneuver around in because of a lack of space between display shelves or
clothing racks. Making the shopping experiences for people in wheelchairs more pleasant could be done by creating assistive
technology, or by redesigning the space.

39. “An Artifact History of Disability in America” https://everybody.si.edu/#main-content
"When we design for disability, we all benefit" by Elise Roy
PPT on Disability and Design
https://localtvwjw.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/cart.png?w=370&h=204&crop=1

40. Response to Survey, FIXED, and Stelarc
Currently, we have the technology for you to choose many of the survey characteristics in your future child, and this ability to
choose poses some ethical questions. Of course, we all want the best for our own child. However, as we move into a more
collective situation, we need to consider how the consequences of majority choices for children might change who we are as a
species.
In the film trailer FIXED, you were introduced to the dilemma of living in a culture in which the “science-fiction of human
enhancement” has become almost a way of life, from prenatal genetic screening to bionic body parts. In the video, “A Man
with Three Ears” you are introduced to an artist who is using current technology to move humans beyond their current
abilities. Last week, Juan Enriquez asked us if it is ethical to evolve the human body. All of these videos suggest that the
concept of disability ‘as we know it’ could cease to exist in the future.
This leads us to this week’s discussion question:
What lessons do you think we should learn from history when thinking about emerging enhancement technologies
and reproductive technologies? What are some of the possible consequences (both positive and negative) of being able to
design our bodies and the bodies of our children? What ethical quandaries do these technologies pose?
Throughout history it’s been human nature to place people into classes or hierarchies based on one’s talents or money. Without further
development it would be difficult to see what affect genetic engineering will have on the status of people in society. One possibility is
that these technologies could be used to help people move up from poverty and lower class, or it could be used to make wealthy
people even more powerful.
Positives of genetic engineering are the potential benefits of curing genetic diseases, and it could help people live longer healthier
lives. However, this increase in lifespan would cause overpopulation, and lead to a depletion in natural resources. Another negative of
genetic engineering is that it could diminish diversity within the population by eliminating unfavorable or adverse traits.
Ethically I feel that there will be further debate about in what situations it is appropriate to utilize these technologies. Such as using
genetic engineering to help cure someone of a genetic disease, versus altering an athlete’s genes in order to make them faster or more
agile. I also feel that some religious groups could see a lot of ethical problems with humankind altering the genetics of people. They
would probably look at someone’s biological makeup and believe that it was determined by their religious authority or God, and
should not be altered by humans.

41. “FIXED: The Science/Fiction of Human Enhancement”
“Stelarc: The Man with Three Ears” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNdV8Ilw9Nc
https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--760TuiQp--/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_636/1864vhw3kkkd6jpg.jpg

42. Response to Titicut Follies
The state of Massachusetts tried to ban the 1967 documentary Titicut Follies, arguing that director Frederick Wiseman had
violated the patients’ rights by not getting written permission to film them. The case went to court, and Wiseman argued that
he had consent from their legal guardian, the institution. After a judge ruled in favor of the state, the legal appeals carried on
for several years: in 1969, Massachusetts allowed the film to be shown to doctors, lawyers, and health care professionals; in
1991, a superior court judge ruled it could be released for the “general public,” as privacy concerns were no longer at issue, so
many years later.
Should Wiseman have been allowed to film the residents of Bridgewater Massachusetts Correctional Facility? Why or why
not? How might this film be of value to designers (communication designers, product, designers, architects, interior designers,
planners, landscape designers, systems designers, and/or social designers)? In other words, what might they gain from this
film that they could use in their work?
Wiseman should have been able to film the residents of Bridgewater Massachusetts. The counterargument to this statement is
that he did not have the right to film the patients without their permission. However, I feel like the patients of Bridgewater did not
have much of a voice about their living situation, and Wiseman helped expose these deplorable and harmful conditions to the public.
By releasing this film reform was brought to Bridgewater, and the living conditions of the patients improved. I feel that this film could
also be used as a lesson from history for designers of all kinds. It can show them what designs and treatment did not work, so the same
mistakes aren’t repeated in the future.
Titicut Follies http://www.poetv.com/video.php?vid=75226

43. http://static2.opacity.us/images/db/10/resource/1946_report_disrepair.jpg

44. Response to PPT, The Architecture of Autism, Public Space
Prelude: Wolf Wolfensberger's seminal work "The Origin and Nature of Our Institutional Models" posited that society
characterizes people with intellectual disabilities as sub-human and burdens of charity, He argued that this dehumanization,
and the segregated institutions that result from it, ignored the potential productive contributions that all people can make to
society. He pushed for a shift in policy and practice that recognized the human needs of those with intellectual challenges and
provided the same basic human rights as for the rest of the population.
The Scenario: Imagine that you and your four children live in Amherst, New York in a $650,000 home at the end of a cul-de-
sac on the edge of a ten acre woods. The town has purchased a one acre lot three houses away from yours, and plans to build a
group home for ten intellectually challenged adults.
As a resident of the neighborhood, would you support or oppose this proposal and why?
You've learned additional information about the residents of the proposed group home in your neighborhood. In 2013, three
of the ten intended residents exhibited challenging behaviors including screaming, public masturbation, repetitive rocking,
and echolalia (elective incontinence). However, these behaviors have not occurred since then.
How would this change your opinion about the construction of the group home in your neighborhood?
The residents in your neighborhood voted (14-3) to reject the town of Amherst’s proposal to build a group home in the
neighborhood. Town officials agreed that the home would not be built in your neighborhood if you and your neighbors could
develop a workable alternative.
What are some possible solutions that would allow the residents of the home to be provided with “the same basic human rights
as the rest of the population”?
Initially, I would not find myself opposed to a group home within my neighborhood. After learning that the residents had
challenging behaviors in the past my opinion would not change, but I would become more involved in the development of the facility
in order to ensure there was 24 hour care, that the staff to patient ratio was small, that the staff was knowledgeable an well trained, and
that the living environment of the patients promotes a healthy, positive, and productive lifestyle. After the proposal got shot down I
would try to create a community based program. This program would get the intended patients of the group home, the staff, and
members of the community engaged together in their community. For example, people could do some gardening/landscaping at their

45. local park, or participate in fundraisers together. This will help boost the skills of the patients and help them develop an enhanced
sense of belonging within communities. This could also help members of the community feel more comfortable with people who have
cognitive disabilities, build bonds with the patients, and potentially help them feel less hesitant about the proposal of a group home in
the neighborhood.
File ARC 211 S17 Intellectual and Mental Disabilities.pdf (5.209 MB)
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/10/garden/the-architecture-of-autism.html?_r=0
https://discoverbcfs.net/sites/default/files/content-photos/Disabilities%20tile%20final_1.jpg

46. Response to The Connection Between Religion and Urban Planning by David Engwicht
In his article, David Engwicht discusses the fact that religions (of all types) have played major roles in the development of our
cities. Today, places of worship are primary components of almost all urban centers. Author Lorne Daniel writes “From their
often active role in supporting people who live in city centers to their iconic influence on design and use of space, religious
structures tell us a lot about our history, our current needs, and where we might be headed in the future. This is an aspect of
our urban future that planners and urbanists should attend to.”
Identify a place of worship with which you are somewhat familiar. (If you are not familiar with any places of worship, do a bit
of research on one in your own city or town.) Show a photograph of this religious structure. (You may use photographs from
the web.) What roles has this place served in the development of your city/town? How has it influenced the design of the area
around it? How has its role changed over time? What roles could this place of worship play in the future development of your
city/town?
There are many different types of churches within East Aurora, however I feel that one of the more influential ones is Immaculate
Conception. Immaculate Conception is also a school for kids to attend from elementary to middle school. I feel that many of the
churches in East Aurora, including Immaculate Conception, were built in the center of town so that most members of the community
could easily walk to attend mass. The church provides a space for members of the community to meet and practice their faith. The
school also allows for children of the community to learn more about and practice their religion. Immaculate Conception also has a
structure separate from the school and the church. Within this structure, people can light a candle and pray or reflect on their faith in a
more independent and personal level.
"The Connection Between Religion and Urban Planning" by David Engwicht

47. https://s3-media4.fl.yelpcdn.com/bphoto/2nOUrqt4vaU0lPwnCYpqvA/ls.jpg

48. Response to Prospects for the Future of Diversity and Design
Consider the quote in your syllabus from educator Michael J. Shannon: “Design, as vision in action--the intersection of
understanding and creation--is a universal human capability that can play a fundamental role in social evolution, in the
process that transforms resources, energy, and information to make our world.”
At the beginning of this course, we discussed the idea that we are all designers regardless of our profession or field of study.
We’ve asked some big questions along the way, and the conclusion section of our textbook raises additional issues that require
input from people who might not consider themselves to be part of the formalized design professions.
Think about your own major and/or future profession. What is the biggest challenge, problem, or question that your field
needs to tackle right now? What do you plan to do to address this challenge, problem, or question either as part of your
studies or professional life?
I am an intended Occupational Therapy major. Occupational Therapists, as well as many other Health Care professionals, work
with patients from many different backgrounds, socio-economic statuses, and cultures. I feel that there are a lot of disparities that
people from underrepresented groups in the United States face within the healthcare system. For example, it is difficult for families
with a low income to even attain medical care. Statistics have also shown that people from different racial backgrounds were less
likely to attend regularly scheduled medical checkups.
Cultural competence is also an issue the Health Care system needs to face. Health Care providers often times do not
understand, or have an open-mind towards aspects and beliefs of cultures that to not align with their own. This makes it difficult for
Health Care providers to negotiate and interact with their patient in a way that is respectful and thoughtful towards the beliefs of the
recipient of medical treatment. This subject has been briefly brought up in classes I have taken in the past, but I feel that it would be
beneficial for students to have to take a class or seminar that goes more in depth about this subject. I feel that students and
professionals will gain the most impactful learning through experience. In order to help students and professional gain the most
insight, a program could be designed that allows health care professionals to talk to people from different diversity groups about the
struggles they face within the Health Care system, and how their experience can be improved.
Refrence
"Why Diversity Matters in Health Care." ExploreHealthCareers.org. Accessed May 08, 2017.
https://explorehealthcareers.org/career-explorer/diversity-matters-health-care/.

49. https://www.stdavidscenter.org/sites/default/files/therapies/OT-in-action-DSC_5415.jpg

50. Refrences
Levy, Diane K., Margery A. Turner, Rob Santos, Dough Wissoker, Claudia L. Aranda, Rob Pitingolo, and Helen Ho. "HUD USER."
Housing Discrimination in the Rental Housing Market Against People Who Are Deaf and People Who Use Wheelchairs: National
Study Findings | HUD USER. Accessed May 03, 2017. https://www.huduser.gov/portal/publications/fairhsg/hds_disability.html.
"Working Together Small." Digital image. Clipartpanda.com. Accessed May 16, 2017.
http://www.clipartpanda.com/clipart_images/working-together-small-43675157.
"Gutenberg’s printing press." Digital image. Vrworld.com. Accessed May 16, 2017. https://vrworld.com/2014/08/17/week-history-
gutenbergs-bible/.
"Hogewey Dementia Village ." Digital image. Best-alzheimers-products.com. Accessed May 16, 2017. http://www.best-alzheimers-
products.com/hogewey-dementia-village.html#prettyPhoto/0/.
Tlumacki, John. "A photo of 78-year-old Bill Iffrig." Digital image. Nydailynews.com. April 16, 2013. Accessed May 16, 2017.
http://assets.nydailynews.com/polopoly_fs/1.1317964.1366121067!/img/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/article_1200/iffrig17n-
1-web.jpg.
Skidmore, Gage. "Make America Great Again hat." Digital image. Commons.wikimedia.org. June 18, 2016. Accessed May 16, 2017.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Make_America_Great_Again_hat_(27149010964).jpg.
"Green-Tech Apps." Digital image. Http://technicallyeasy.net. Accessed May 16, 2017. http://technicallyeasy.net/top-5-green-tech-
apps/.
"The moving assembly line at Ford’s Highland Park factory in 1913." Digital image. Http://driving.ca. Accessed May 16, 2017.
http://driving.ca/ford/auto-news/news/rearview-mirror-how-henry-ford-changed-everything-about-cars.
"BBC North in Manchester, England." Digital image. Businessinsider.com. July 16, 2013. Accessed May 17, 2017.
http://www.businessinsider.com/the-most-innovative-workspaces-2013-7.
"Aqua Download ." Digital image. Legacy.skyscrapercenter.com. Accessed May 17, 2017.
http://legacy.skyscrapercenter.com/chicago/aqua/886/.

51. Krist , B. "More than 40 of Old City's restaurants, shops, museums and galleries are moving outside tomorrow, July 6 for the Inside
Out event, a day full of deals, sales, exhibitions and other fun activities." Digital image. Uwishunu.com. July 5, 2013. Accessed May
17, 2017. http://www.uwishunu.com/2013/07/old-citys-inside-out-first-friday-weekend-event-brings-more-than-40-businesses-
outside-with-free-samples-live-music-and-sweet-discounts-saturday-july-6/.
"The towers no longer stand at Pruitt-Igoe, but other parts of the cultural landscape remain—including the park where these young
men played baseball." Digital image. Http://forum.savingplaces.org. November 30, 2106. Accessed May 17, 2017.
http://forum.savingplaces.org/blogs/special-contributor/2016/11/30/how-pruitt-igoe-became-a-national-historic-landmark.
"Olmsted parks in Buffalo NY." Digital image. Buffalo-niagaragardening.com. May 30, 2011. Accessed May 17, 2017.
https://buffalo-niagaragardening.com/2011/05/31/hurry-dont-let-the-bus-leave-without-you/olmsted-parks-in-buffalo-ny/.
"Knox Farm State Park." Digital image. Http://jeanieunbottled.blogspot.com. September 17, 2015. Accessed May 17, 2017.
http://jeanieunbottled.blogspot.com/2015_09_01_archive.html.
"A view of The National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, Sept. 14, 2016." Digital image.
Http://abcnews.go.com. September 24, 2016. Accessed May 17, 2017. http://abcnews.go.com/US/360-vr-tour-inside-national-
museum-african-american/story?id=42319929.
"Doctors Kenneth and Mamie Clark and "The Doll Test" in the 1940s." Digital image. Http://www.vintag.es. March 5, 2017.
Accessed May 17, 2017. http://www.vintag.es/2017/03/doctors-kenneth-and-mamie-clark-and.html.
"Shamrock." Digital image. Http://webhosting.web.com. Accessed May 17, 2017.
http://webhosting.web.com/imagelib/sitebuilder/misc/show_image.html?linkedwidth=240&linkpath=http://www.thecuriousgecko.com
/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/StainedGlass/.pond/shamrock.JPG.w300h299.jpg&target=tlx_pic4no5&title=%22Shamrock%2
2.
"Office Sports Etiquette." Digital image. Http://www.quickanddirtytips.com. September 9, 2013. Accessed May 17, 2017.
http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/relationships/etiquette-manners/office-sports-etiquette.
All Gender Bathroom. Digital image. Http://www.chicagobusiness.com. July 16, 2016. Accessed May 17, 2017.
http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20150716/NEWS07/150719878/coming-to-an-office-near-you-gender-neutral-restrooms.

52. UN Women Campaign. Digital image. Http://newsfeed.time.com. October 18, 2013. Accessed May 17, 2017.
http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/10/18/new-ad-campaign-uses-popular-search-terms-to-show-how-the-world-really-feels-about-
women/.
Child in Poverty. Digital image. Http://www2.maxwell.syr.edu. Accessed May 17, 2017.
http://www2.maxwell.syr.edu/plegal/ltgr/meadewq1.html.
Rossbach, Dominik. "Germany's Mannheim city is famous for its world-shaking inventions, creative citizens and outstanding
infrastructure." Digital image. Http://www.theneweconomy.com. March 21, 2014. Accessed May 17, 2017.
http://www.theneweconomy.com/technology/the-manhattan-of-germany-the-innovative-mannheim-city.
"Edythe Kirchmaier blows out the candles on her birthday cake in 2014." Digital image. Http://abcnews.go.com. January 19, 2015.
Accessed May 17, 2017. http://abcnews.go.com/Health/happy-birthday-facebooks-oldest-member/story?id=28321809.
Caroline's Cart. Digital image. Http://fox8.com. February 11, 2016. Accessed May 17, 2017. http://fox8.com/2016/02/11/shopping-
cart-for-children-adults-with-special-needs-will-be-available-at-target/.
Genetic Engineering. Digital image. Http://io9.gizmodo.com. Accessed May 17, 2017. http://io9.gizmodo.com/5850293/10-words-
you-might-think-came-from-science-but-are-really-from-science-fiction.
"Overcrowding and disrepair in a dormitory (most likely from an older C-block). From: A Pictorial Report on Mental Institutions in
Pennsylvania, 1946." Digital image. Http://opacity.us. Accessed May 17, 2017.
http://opacity.us/site10_philadelphia_state_hospital_byberry.htm#historic|1946_report_disrepair.
Community Programs for People with Intellectual Disability. Digital image. Discoverbcfs.net. Accessed May 17, 2017.
https://discoverbcfs.net/services/people-disabilities.
"Immaculate Conception Catholic Church." Digital image. Www.yelp.com. Accessed May 17, 2017.
https://www.yelp.com/biz/immaculate-conception-catholic-church-east-aurora.
"An occupational therapist works with a child in one of our therapy gyms." Digital image. Www.stdavidscenter.org. Accessed May
17, 2017. https://www.stdavidscenter.org/therapies/occupational-therapy.

53. Putting Puzzle Pieces Together. Digital image. Http://www.computerworld.com. January 6, 2016. Accessed May 17, 2017.
http://www.computerworld.com/article/2948957/it-management/putting-the-pieces-together-a-connector-extraordinaire-of-the-ibm-
ecosystem.html.
Lack of Wheel-chair Accessability, Hamburg Beach Park. Personal photograph by author. April 1, 2017.
Looking at a Different Viewpoint , West Seneca . Personal photograph by author. May 17, 2017.