31. Cache Memory
% ; ; ; ; ; ;= . "m Odk u lfhka o a ilikh fj f dr re ikaksfõokh jk fõ h
; ; . ; . ¿o a ilikfha fõ j a njg fkdiEfyk neúka eg j uÕ yerùug fuu m
% ; ; ; ; ; ; . ; ; ;Odk u lh a o a ilikh a w rg wêfõ S u lhl wjYH djh we s
úh' ta i|yd Cache Memory ; , ;Ndõ fõ' wêl ksIamdok ñ la iys
; % ; ;fõ' fuh 80$20 kS shg wkqj l shd aulfõ' tkï ksYaÑ
, % ; ¨ .ld hloS hï l shdjla i|yd Ndú jk ish u mß Kl jev igyka
; ;= ; ;f dr re iy o a Cache ; ] %u lfhka 20 l m udKhla tu ld¾h
, ] ;=< ; % .flfrk ld fhka 80 la Ndú fõ' fïjd m Odk j¾ folls'
• L1 Cache - % ;=< ; . ; ;fm dfiirh we s fõ j a u l Ñmhhs'
• L2 Cache - % , ; . ; ;fm dfiirh wi we s fõ j a u l Ñmhls
40. CPU Register – CPU memory
; ;o a ilik Processor ;=< . ;iuyr wêfõ Sj u lhka
. < : ;nvd l yels ia dk we ' fïjd Internal registers ,f i
yÿkajhs' RAM , . ;j g jvd fú j ah' CPU tl yd ALU ;tl fuu u l
. ; ; ; , . ; , ,nvd Ndú d lrñka o a nd kS' tfukau djld slj ilik o
; ; . ; ;= ; ; . ;o a o nvd lr nhs' fuu fya fjka o a ilikfha fú j a nj
.jeäfú' fïjd j¾ lsysmhls'
PCR - Programme Counter Register
IR - Instruction Register
MBR - Memory Buffer Register
MAR - Memory Address Register
IO/AR- Input Output Address Register
I/OBR- Input Output Buffer Register
50. BIOS
fuu BIOS , , ., ; <fmr ld j oS jd kej iõ l yels jqjo
wo Flash BIOS ; <iú lr we s neõka th l
; ; ;= <fkdyel' tfy a tys f dr re fjkia l yelsh'
BIOS program hï hï fodaI oelaùug Beep
Sound ;Ndõ d lrhs
Ami BIOS jdr jro
2-3 RAM
4-5-7-10 Mother Board
8 VGA
9 BIOS Chip
6 Key Board
51. Primay Memory
1 Rom (Read Only Memory
Rom - ; ;+ , ; .Ñmfha f dr re sùfï dlaIKh wkqj j¾ flf¾
PROM – Programmable Read Only Memory
. , ‘fuu j¾ fha tlajrla muKla súh yelsh
EPROM- Eraseble Programmable Read Only Memory ;kej
; , , ; ;+ ,kej shk o f dr re ulñka sõh yelsh' uelSu
i|yd ,mdrcïnq lsrK (Ultra Violet Ray) ;Ndú d
‘lrhs
EEPROM – Electrically Eraseble Programmable Rom:-
“Flash” ; , % ;u lh f i oekg ckms h fjïka mj sk
.fuuß Ñma j¾ hls fuys (Electrical field) ; ;%úoHq a fCIa hla
. ; ;= ,u ska f dr re sùu yd uelSu folu isÿlrhs
'
52. 2 Ram ((Random Access Memory)
; ; . ; %o a nvdjl wNHka ßl m Odk tallh
% ; ,jk fuh iiïNdù m fõY u lh f i
, ; , ; ; .yÿkajkq efí' djld slj o a r|jd ekSfï
; ; ; .yelshdj we s neúka kej kej nvdjk
; ; ; ; / ; <o a bj a lsÍu a |ùu a isÿ l yels
neúka Volatile Memory ,f i o ye|
skafõ'
58. DRAM - Dynamic Ram
, ; %f i yÿkajk w r g dkaisiag¾ yd
.lemEisg¾ fhdodf k fndfyda úg
, ; ; ; ;ksmojkq nhs' fuys o a kej kej
< ;wdfrdamKh fkdl fyd a (refresh)
; ; ‘o a uelS hhs
70. )A Magnetic tape
^pqïNl má 300 $ 600 $ 1200 $ 2400 $ 3600feet ;merKs u
. * , < ;nvd udOH jk fuys f ßla Tlaihsâ wdf am l mÜhlska iukaõ h' wâ
. ;2400 muK os pqñNl má o Ndõ d õh'
B) Magnetic Drum
. ; ; . < % ; ;jYfhka j¾ 2 ls o a nvd lsÍu máfha fl jrl isg wkql ñj isÿfõ b du a
. ; ;wvq fõ hlska o a ikaksfõokh lrhs' Read head yd Write head 2 la
; ‘Ndú d fõ
A)Magnetic Disk –
Floppy Disk ; ; ;fyj a kuH eá s kñka yÿka jk fïjdfha (Iron Oxide
Coating) , ; ;fmßla Tlaihsä wdf amhla jrd ksmojd we '
Single side ; ; .tl me a l muKla nvd lrk Double side ; ;fome af u
.nvd lrk úYalïNh wkqj 8” " 5'25” " 3'5” , ;f i Ndú úh'
• Hard Disk -
• ;eá kñka yÿka jk fïjd iron oxide , ;wdf amlr fydoska Tm oud we '
•
* Zip Disk - Jass Disk .= ; . ; %fïjd o úfYaI jQ pqïNl K iys j wê K aj l u
;Ndú lr úfYaI Zip Driver . ; ;= . ;u ska f dr re nvd lsÍug Ndú d lrhs'
71. ; .oDYH udOHh Ndú d lrk nvd WmlrK
Optical Media
. ; ;= ; ; . <wêl K ajhlska hq j o a nvd l yelsh'
, ; . ; ; . ;f ai¾ lsrK dCIKh u ska o a nvd lsÍu iy kej
, . , ’ ,nd ekSu isÿlrkq nhs i¾ms dldrj fuys
; ; . ;’o a nvd jk má msysgd we (Spiral track)
"úYalïnh wkqj
0 10 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PIT
LAND
laser
aluminum
data layer
clear
plastic
sensor
laser
sensor
0 0 0 0
LAND
polycarbonate
layer (clear plastic)
aluminum layer
laquer layer
motion
polycarbonate
substrate
aluminum
reflective layer
laquer
laquer
polycarbonate
substrate
reflective layer (gold)
dye
CD-ROM
CD-R
Protective coating
Laquer layer
Spiral groove is a guide.
It is pressed into the blank disk
when manufactured.
Reflective layer (gold)
Recording layer (dye)
Disc substrate (polycarbonate resin)
Laser beam
top side
(label
printed here)
72. DVD - Digital Versatile Disk
,f i yÿkajk fïjd CD , ; ; .j g yevyqrefjka iudk jqjo tys o a nvd lsÍfï
: ; ; ;. ; ;oS ia r lsysmhla hgf a o a nvd lsÍfï ishqï dËKhla Ndú
lrhs' (Several layers data records) 12cm fyda 8cm
, .= ; .úYalïNj ska oelsh yelsh' fïjdfha Kd aul nj wkqj j¾
, ‘5 la olakg efí
D V D 2 GB
4 GB
4 . 5 GB
6 . 5 GB
8 GB
16 GB
200 GB
(B) OPTICAL CARDS ;by CD ; ;dËKhg iudkj ksmojd we s
card úfYaIhls fuys 4 mb ; ;isg 6 olajd Odß djla we '
77. TV/FM card
.%-ikaksfõok w iñnkaOl Comunication
Port & Connector
BNC Connector—
British Naval
Connector
Centronics Connector
-SCSI Interface
TV/FM card
The last device in
both the internal and
external chain must
be terminated.
SCSI host adapter
CD-ROM
hard
disks
scanner
external
chain
internal
chain
78. RJ45 - RJ11 Connector
DIN Connector-
USB Connector
IDE connector - Integrated Drive Electronic
5-pin DIN
Used on earlier PC keyboards
and various audio
6-pin Mini-DIN
Used on mouse, keyboard and other devices
(PS/2 connector)
5/16"
1/2"
80. .uDÿldx
(Software)
; .moaO s uDÿldx
(System software) .fhojqï uDÿldx
(Application software)
;fufyhqï moaO s
(Operating Systems)
; .Wmhqla uDÿldx
(Utility Software)
; .mßj¾ k uDÿldx (Translator
Programs)
fhojqï meflac
Application packages
.mß Kl NdId
Languages
81. . ,mß Kl cd Computer Network
, =cd hla hkq l ula o ? What is a
Network?
=idudcslhska tla wfhll g jvd jeäfhka isák
; ;yd ta ishÆu idudcslhska w f¾ wka ¾
; ; . , ,iïnkaO djh mj ajd f k hkakla cd hla f i
yÿkajhs
(- = ,Wod uyck nexl cd h
% , , ,Ys xld fg sfldï cd h
82. . , ,mß Kl cd j jdis Advantages of
computer network
. ; . ;1 mß Kl w r oDVdx iïm a (hardware
resources) .fnod ekSug yels ùu'
Printer / HDD
. ; .2 mß Kl w r uDÿldx (software recourses)
.fnod ekSug yels ùu'
(DBMS )
. ; .;3 mß Kl w r mKsúv yqjudre lr yels ùu'
( E-Mail / Fax / Video Phone )
83. . , ,mß Kl cd j wjdis Disadvantage
of computer network
. , : ;1 mß Kl cd hla ia dms lsÍfï úhou
‘jeä fõ
2 hardware iy software ,fldgia j g
;ydks we s úh yels ùu' (Virus)
. ; ; ; ,3 mß Klfha we s o a j wdrlaIdj
< . ¿ ;=ms sno eg u ùu' (Hackers
84. node
. ,mß Kl cd hg iïnkaO computer, printer, file
server . ,jeks oE mß Kl cd fha node ,f i yÿkajkq
, . ,efí' mß Kl cd fha iEu node tllgu wkkH jQ
, ;smskhla we ' ( Unique IP Address )
Client
. , , ,mß Kl cd fhka hï lsis fiajdjla b a d isák
(Request) node tl client , ,f i yÿkajkq efí'
Server
Client . , , ,u ska b a d isák fiajh imhkq nk node
tl Server , ,f i yÿkajkq efí'
86. Network Topology
. , !; : ; ;mß Kl cd hla fN sl jYfhka ia dms lr we s wdldrh
(physical layout) network topology , ,f i yÿkajkq efí'
Star Topology
. ,rEmfha oelafjk wdldrhg fuysoS mß Kl cd hg iïnkaO
.iEu mß Klhlau Hub / Switch tllg fyda Host
Computer . ,tllg iïnkaO ùfuka mß Kl cd h ks¾udKh
‘fõ Host ComputerHub / Switch
Host Computer
Hub / Switch
87. Ring Topology
. , ;rEmfha oelafjk wdldrhg mß Kl cd fha we s
. ; ; ; .tla mß Klhla ks ru j a mß Kl follg iïnkaO ù
, ; . ,j hdldrj we s kï tjeks mß Kl cd hla Ring
Topology , ,f i yÿkajkq efí'
88. Bus topology
. , ;rEmfha oelafjk wdldrhg mß Kl cd fha we s
. % ,ieu mß Klhlau tla m Odk k hlg (Common
Channel) . ,iïnkaO ùfuka mß Kl cd h
ks¾udKh fõ'
Terminator
89. Tree topology
. , ;rEmfha oelafjk wdldrhg mß Kl cd fha we s
. . ;= ;ieu mß Klhlau il w úysos we s wdldrhg
. ,iïnkaO ùfuka mß Kl cd h ks¾udKh fõ'
90. . , .mß Kl cd j¾ SlrKh Types of Network
. , = . , ; ;mß Kl cd hla N f da Sh jYfhka me sÍ we s
, , , . ; .wdldrh ie ls a g f k my ioyka wdldrhg mß Kl
, . < ‘cd j¾ slrKh l yel
1. Local Area Network (LAN)
2. Wide Area Network (WAN)
3. Metropolitan Area Network
(MAN)
91. 1 Local Area Network (LAN)
!; ; , . . ,fN sl jYfhka t rï úYd fkdjq f dvke s s úYaj
, ; , ; . ,úoHd jeks wdh k j Ndú jk mß Kl cd (1km
. %j¾ m udKhla muK ) LAN , ,f i yÿkajkq efí'
;tla wdh khl LAN , % ;úYd m udKhla we ' Bus /
star network topology ;Ndú d flf¾'
92. 2 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Local Area Network , , + . ,j g jvd úYd N f da sh m
% . , ,foaYhla wdjrKh lrkakd jq mß Kl cd hla f i
, ,yÿkajkq efí' WodyrKhla f i fuys oS iudk
; ; % ; . ;dËKhla hgf a ls hd aul jk k r lsysmhl we s
; ; .wdh k tlg iïnkaO lr msysgqjd we s mß Kl
,cd hla yÿkajd osh yel'
93. 3 Wide Area Network (WAN)
+ . , : , ;N f da Sh jYfhka úúO ia dk j we s
.mß Kl tlg iïnkaO ùfuka Wide Area Network
ìys fõ' tkï WAN . , , ,hkq mß Kl cd j cd hls'
WAN ;=, LAN yd MAN , %úYd m udKhla
oelsh yel'
94.
95. . , ; %mß Kl cd hla iEoSug Ndú jk m Odk
WmlrK
Main Devices that are used to create a network
.lsishï WmlrKhla mß Klh yd iïnkaO lsÍu
; .ioyd w rueos WmlrK wjYH jkjd fiau mß Klhla
. ,mß Kl cd hlg iúlsÍu ioydo WmlrK wjYHfõ'
Network Interface Card (NIC)
Modem
Router
Hub
Switches
Bridge
96. Network Interface Card (NIC)
. , ; % :mß Klhla cd hlg iú lsÍu ioyd wjYH b d m d ñl
,WmlrKh f i Network Interface Card tl yeoskaúh yel'
Network Interface Card tlla tl milska motherboard tl
;u jQ slot .tlla u ska motherboard yd iïnkaO fõ'
; ; .wfkla miska msysgqjd we s fidlÜ Ndú d lr mß Klh
, < ; ;cd hg iïnkaO l yel' úúO dlaIK hgf a ksmojk
. , . .mß Kl cd yd iu mß Klh iïnkaO lrùu ioyd wjYH
;fidlÜ fujeks ldâ msgqmiska msysgqjd sfí'' ieu
Network Interface Card ,tllgu wkkHh jQ smskhla
;we ' fuh MAC Address , ,f i yÿkajkq efí
98. . ; ,mß Klhla wka ¾cd hg iïnkaO jkafka Analog Signal
; : . . ;Ndú lrkd ÿrl k ud¾ hla yryd kï mß Klh yd ÿrl k
. ; = ,ud¾ h tlsfklg iïnkaO lsÍfï w rueosfhl f i Modem kï
; . .WmlrKh Ndú d flf¾' fï u ska isÿ flfrkqfha mß Klh
.u ska ckkh lrk Digital Signal : . .ÿrl k ud¾ h Tiafia uka
<l yels Analog Signal ; ; :njg mßj¾ kh lr oSu a ÿrl k
. ,ud¾ h yryd efnkd Analog Signal . ; .;mß Klhg f areï
yels Digital Signal ; ;njg mßj¾ kh lr oSu ah' fuys oS
RJ11 Connecters ; .Ndú d lr mß Klh yd Modem
%WmlrKh iïnkaO flf¾' m Odk jYfhka Modem .j¾
;folla we '
1 Internal Modem
2 External Modem
99. Digital Signal Analog Signal
Modulation
Demodulation
Modem
Computer
Digital Device
Analog Device
Digital Signals
Analog Signals
Telephone
100.
101. Router
Routers
. ,tlsfklg wiudk jQ mß Kl cd hka folla tlg
iïnkaO lsÍu ioyd Router ;kï WmlrKh Ndú fõ'
Router kï ; ;úfYaIs WmlrKh my ioyka ld¾hka
.ioyd fhdod kS'
1 tlsfklg fjkia jQ LAN folla iïnkaO lsÍug'
(Dissimilar type of LAN)Router
103. Router %tllg m Odk jYfhka Port ;folla we '
1 LAN Port
2 WAN Port
tu ksid Router tllg IP Address ;folla we '
1 LAN ,tlg nd fok IP Address tl
2 WAN ,tlg nd fok IP Address tl
fuys os WAN Port ; ;tlg my ioyka iïnkaO d
; <Ndú l yels fõ'
1 Dial-Up connection
2 Leased Line Connections
3 ISDN Connections
4 ADSL Connections
104. Hub
.mß Kl , .cd hla ks¾udKh lsÍfïos mß Kl tlsfklg
iïnkaO lsÍu ioyd Hub ; ; .keu s WmlrKh Ndú d fõ' mß Kl
, ; .cd fha we s ieu mß Klhlau Hub tlg fjk fjku iïnkaO fõ'
fï ioyd RJ 45 Connectors iy UTP Cable ; ‘Ndú d fõ
Hub tlla Passive Device ,tlla f i kï flf¾'
. , ; ;tkï tla tla mß Klfhka efnk o a
(Data Packet) ,úYaf aIKh lsÍfï yelshdjla Hub ;tlg fkdue '
Hub ;tlla Ndú lr LAN < < .tlla ms sfh lr ekSug wjYH
(-oE
Network Interface Card (NIC)
UTP Cable
RJ 45 Connectors
105. Switch
. , .mß Kl cd hla ks¾udKh lsÍfïoS mß Kl tlsfklg
iïnkaO lsÍu ioyd Switch ;keue s
; ;WmlrKh Ndú d fõ' fuu WmlrKh nqoaêu a
WmlrKhla (Intelligent Device) ,f i yeoska fõ' tkï
. , ; ; , ,tla mß Klhlska efnk o a úYaf aIKh lr th nd
;= .osh hq mß Klh (Using Destination Address) fï
. . ,u ska yÿkd kq efí' fï ioyd NIC Card , ;j we s
MAC Address ;Ndú d flf¾'
109. Server
. , =; . ,mß Kl cd hlg iïnkaO wfkl a mß Kl j g
fiajd
, .imhkq nk mß Kl jevigyka (Computer
Program)
.= .wvx úfYaI mß Kl Server , ,f i yÿkajkq efÄ'
Server
ClientClient