2. 1
2
3
4
2

3. Extensive Tests – Cooling
Water Specific Gravities,
Specific Heats, Salinity
Basic, Uncorrected, Overall Tube
Bundle Heat Transfer Rate U1 –
Referenced to Clean, 18 BWG
Admiralty Tubes at 70° F
3

4. 4
OD 5/8” ¾” 7/8” 1” 11/8” 11/4”
C 267 267 263 263 259 259

5. U1, FW, FM from HEI Standards
Design FC Based on Tube Material,
Cooling Water, O&M Practices
Typical Design Values of FC:
Admiralty – 0.85; Stainless Steel –
0.90; Titanium – 0.95
Wall Thicknesses Studied: Admiralty 18
BWG, SS (Austenitic) 22 BWG, SS (Super-
Ferritic)/(Super-Austenitic) 25 BWG,
Titanium 25 BWG/27 BWG
5

6. 6

7. 7

8. 8
Admiralty (18 BWG) 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00% 1.00 0.998 -0.002 -0.20%
304SS (22 BWG) 0.79 0.86 0.07 8.86% 0.86 0.862 0.002 0.23%
Titanium (25 BWG) N/A 0.95 N/A N/A 0.95 0.951 0.001 0.11%
AL-6XN (25 BWG) N/A 0.90 N/A N/A 0.90 0.879 -0.021 -2.33%
AL29-4C (25 BWG) N/A 0.93 N/A N/A 0.93 0.928 -0.002 -0.22%
SEA-CURE (25 BWG) N/A 0.93 N/A N/A 0.93 0.932 0.002 0.22%
Tube Material
Change
in Heat
Transfer
Rate, %
HEITUBE MATERIAL AND GAUGE CORRECTION FACTOR FM
Change
HEI7th
Edition
(1978)
Change
in Heat
Transfer
Rate, %
HEI9th
Edition
(1995)
HEI
11th
Edition
(2012)
Change
HEI9th
Edition
(1995)

9. 9
VWO HEAT BALANCE FOR CASE STUDY
70 °F CIRCULATING WATER INLET TEMPERATURE
GENERATOR OUTPUT = 561,024 KW
NET TURBINE HEAT RATE = 7810 BTU/KWHR
0 W 0 W
3,600,000 W 0 W
2414.70 P 3,169,741 W
1000.00 F 1524.83 H 346.14 P
1460.39 H 1000.00 F
620 W 1524.74 H 142,170 W
1389.91 H
4,251 W
FP POWER
3,600,000 W EFF.=79.0 % 12186 KW
3000.00 P 2,946,129 W
1460.39 H 1389.91 H 1097.44 H
1028.38 F 2.50 IN.HGA TOTAL SHAFT KW = 570,531
2,803,959 W GEN. POWER FACTOR = 0.90
4,708 W 4,277 W 114.96 P PB = 339.21 114.96 P 1389.91 H GEN. H2 PSIG= 60.0
HB = 1524.74 MECH. LOSSES, KW = 2,252
4,781 W 3,903 W GEN. LOSSES, KW = 7,255
64.11 P 41.56 P 11.89 P 5.11 P GENERATOR OUTPUT, KW = 561,024
0 W 1328.17 H 1286.42 H 1183.77 H 1127.72 H
768.19 h 1276.71 H 580.18 P 1276.71 H 1389.91 H 197.02 P 197.02 P 1389.91 H
1315.76 H 1452.73 H 1452.73 H 62.19 P 40.31 P 11.54 P 4.95 P ELEP = 1022.45 H
27,449 W 2,397 W 2,397 W 1328.17 H 1286.42 H 1183.77 H 141,325 W UEEP = 1045.36 H 1.55 IN.HGA
0 W 1349.24 P 1127.72 H 2,311,055 W
460.58 h 384.60 P 562.77 P 1404.96 H 191.11 P 191.11 P
114.96 P 114.96 P 0 W 142,170 W
0 W 1097.44 H
3,165,490 W
1277.74 H 0 W MATERIAL = Admiralty
1389.91 H 75,854 W BWG= 18
1328.17 H CF, %= 85%
0 W 2,400 W 1.55 IN.HGA GPM = 300,000
768.19 h 0 W 1323.28 H CWT, F= 70.00 F
86.37 P 98,940 W HWT, F= 86.23 F
0 W 1389.91 H 8,897 W 0 W
48.04 h 0 W 98,759 W 1323.28 H HW=92.68 F 504,601 W
0 W 1183.77 H 150,223 W
1139.31 H
0 W 107,925 W 75,854 W 176,965 W 2,960,226 W
170,980 W 240,990 W 119,878 W 1380.48 H 1328.17 H 1286.42 H 200.00 P
545.40 P 373.06 P 185.21 P 0 W 111.51 P 60.30 P 39.10 P 11.18 P 4.80 P 2,800 W
TD = 0.00 F TD = 0.00 F -TD = 2.00 F TD = 5.50 F TD = 5.50 F TD = 5.50 F TD = 5.50 F TD = 5.50 F 1323.28 H 60.70 h
3,600,000 W 2901.00 P 200.00 P 200.00 P
476.06 F 437.83 F 377.42 F 336.24 F 329.52 F 330.30 F 287.53 F 260.38 F 193.02 F 154.98 F 93.76 F 93.76 F
460.58 h 418.71 h 354.64 h 312.02 h 300.47 h 301.12 h 256.89 h 229.14 h 161.07 h 122.93 h 61.78 h 61.78 h
476.06 F 437.83 F 375.42 F 335.80 F 293.03 F 265.88 F 198.52 F 160.48 F
DC = 15.7 F DC = 15.7 F DC = 15.7 F DELTAH =11.55 SC = 9.0 F DC = 15.7 F DC = 15.7 F DC = 15.7 F DC = 15.7 F 0 W
2,800 W
0 W 180.20 h
170,980 W 411,970 W 531,849 W 639,774 W 75,854 W 252,819 W 351,578 W 501,801 W
453.53 F 393.12 F 351.94 F 326.80 F 276.08 F 208.72 F 170.68 F 109.46 F 504,601 W
434.26 h 367.83 h 323.87 h 297.49 h 297.49 h 245.19 h 176.91 h 138.67 h 77.46 h
DELTAH =.00
AIR
PREHEATER
CONDENSER
BFP
LP TURBINE (SCHEMATIC ONLY)
CP
HP TURBINE
6
BOILER
2
HTR. 1 HTR. 3
TOBFPT
HTR. 4 HTR. 6 HTR. 7
SPE
BLDN.
TO EVAP.
BFP
SEALS
4
BFP
TURBINE
TO CONDENSER
HTR. 5
TO BFP
SEALS
BP
FROM BFPT
FROM MAIN
STEAM
BFP
RECIRC.
LOSSES
HTR. 2
1
7
3
5
4
TO RHTR
FROM RHTR
8 9
14
14
MAKEUP
6
16
15
EVAP
IP TURBINE
BFP
RECIRC.
HDP
15
16
TO CONDENSER
HTR. 8
STEAM SEAL
REGULATOR
FROM
APH
2
TOSSR
5 7 8 9
18 17
17
11
11
10
12
1312
A
B
C C
D D
E F G H

10. 10

11. 11

12. 12

13. 13

14. 14
26,100 Tubes (10% Less than Admiralty)
Below 70 °F, Virtually No Change in Output
Above 70 °F, 1-2 MW Loss Between 80 °F & 90 °F
7TH.ED 11TH.ED 7TH.ED 11TH.ED 7TH.ED 11TH.ED 7TH.ED 11TH.ED 7TH.ED 11TH.ED 7TH.ED 11TH.ED ∆MW
35.00 7.00 263 0.615 0.696 0.79 0.862 0.786 0.660 304.3 375.7 27.90 22.61 560.560 560.291 -0.269 0.73
40.00 7.00 263 0.683 0.743 0.79 0.862 0.849 0.747 337.9 401.1 25.12 21.17 560.644 560.495 -0.149 0.76
50.00 7.00 263 0.810 0.834 0.79 0.862 1.042 0.970 400.7 450.2 21.17 18.84 560.836 560.769 -0.067 0.80
60.00 7.00 263 0.915 0.923 0.79 0.862 1.335 1.268 452.7 498.3 18.73 17.02 561.053 561.019 -0.033 0.82
70.00 7.00 263 1.000 1.000 0.79 0.862 1.740 1.671 494.7 539.8 17.16 15.72 560.666 560.828 0.162 0.82
80.00 7.00 263 1.045 1.045 0.79 0.862 2.308 2.222 517.0 564.1 16.49 15.10 557.779 558.352 0.573 0.82
90.00 7.00 263 1.075 1.075 0.79 0.862 3.050 2.948 531.8 580.3 16.09 14.76 550.580 552.184 1.604 0.82
EQUIVALENT
TUBE
CLEANLINESS
CORR.
FACTOR,FC
CIRC.
WATER
INLET
TEMP.
T1,F
WATER
VEL.,
FPS
CONSTANT
C
UNCORR.HEAT
TRANSFER
COEFFICIENT
U1,BTU/HR-
SQ.FT-F
CIRC.WATER
INLETTEMP.CORR.
FACTOR,FW
TUBEMATERIAL&
GAUGECORR.
FACTOR,FM
TUBE
CLEANLINESS
CORR.FACTOR,
FC
COND.PRESS.,
IN.HGA
SERVICEHEAT
TRANSFER
COEFFICIENTU,
BTU/HR-SQ.FT-F
LMTD,F
GENERATOROUTPUT,
MW
U1 =Cx√V
695.8 0.90
695.8 0.90
695.8 0.90
695.8 0.90
695.8 0.90
695.8 0.90
695.8 0.90

15. 15
CIRC.WATER
INLETTEMP.
CORR.
FACTOR,FW
TUBE
MATERIAL&
GAUGE
CORR.
FACTOR,FM
COND.
PRESS.,
IN.HGA
SERVICEHEAT
TRANSFER
COEFFICIENTU,
BTU/HR-SQ.FT-F
LMTD,F
GENERATOR
OUTPUT,MW
11TH
ED 11TH
ED 11TH
ED 11TH
ED 11TH
ED 11TH
ED
35.00 7.00 263 0.696 0.951 0.609 437.5 20.18 560.116
40.00 7.00 263 0.743 0.951 0.694 467.1 18.90 560.384
50.00 7.00 263 0.834 0.951 0.911 524.3 16.82 560.712
60.00 7.00 263 0.923 0.951 1.202 580.2 15.19 560.973
70.00 7.00 263 1.000 0.951 1.594 628.6 14.03 560.956
80.00 7.00 263 1.045 0.951 2.127 656.9 13.46 558.946
90.00 7.00 263 1.075 0.951 2.832 675.8 13.18 553.570
695.8 0.95
695.8 0.95
CIRC.
WATER
INLET
TEMP.T1,
F
WATER
VEL.,
FPS
CONSTANTC
UNCORR.HEAT
TRANSFER
COEFFICIENTU1,
BTU/HR-SQ.FT-F
TUBE
CLEANLINESS
CORR.FACTOR,
FC
U1 =C x √V
695.8 0.95
695.8 0.95
695.8 0.95
695.8 0.95
695.8 0.95

16. 16

17. 17
CIRC.WATER
INLETTEMP.
CORR.
FACTOR,FW
TUBE
MATERIAL&
GAUGE
CORR.
FACTOR,FM
COND.
PRESS.,
IN.HGA
SERVICEHEAT
TRANSFER
COEFFICIENTU,
BTU/HR-SQ.FT-F
LMTD,F
GENERATOR
OUTPUT,MW
11TH
ED 11
TH
ED 11
TH
ED 11
TH
ED 11
TH
ED 11
TH
ED
35.00 7.00 263 0.696 0.928 0.643 404.5 21.83 560.239
40.00 7.00 263 0.743 0.928 0.730 431.8 20.44 560.462
50.00 7.00 263 0.834 0.928 0.951 484.7 18.20 560.751
60.00 7.00 263 0.923 0.928 1.247 536.4 16.43 561.006
70.00 7.00 263 1.000 0.928 1.645 581.2 15.18 560.876
80.00 7.00 263 1.045 0.928 2.191 607.3 14.57 558.551
90.00 7.00 263 1.075 0.928 2.911 624.7 14.26 552.675
695.8 0.90
695.8 0.90
695.8 0.90
695.8 0.90
695.8 0.90
695.8 0.90
695.8 0.90
CIRC.
WATER
INLET
TEMP.T1,
F
WATER
VEL.,
FPS
CONSTANTC
UNCORR.HEAT
TRANSFER
COEFFICIENTU1,
BTU/HR-SQ.FT-F
TUBE
CLEANLINESS
CORR.FACTOR,
FC
U1 =C x √V

18. 18
CIRC.WATER
INLETTEMP.
CORR.
FACTOR,FW
TUBE
MATERIAL&
GAUGE
CORR.
FACTOR,FM
COND.
PRESS.,
IN.HGA
SERVICEHEAT
TRANSFER
COEFFICIENTU,
BTU/HR-SQ.FT-F
LMTD,F
GENERATOR
OUTPUT,MW
11
TH
ED 11
TH
ED 11
TH
ED 11
TH
ED 11
TH
ED 11
TH
ED
35.00 7.00 263 0.696 0.932 0.641 406.2 21.74 560.232
40.00 7.00 263 0.743 0.932 0.728 433.7 20.35 560.458
50.00 7.00 263 0.834 0.932 0.948 486.8 18.12 560.749
60.00 7.00 263 0.923 0.932 1.244 538.7 16.36 561.004
70.00 7.00 263 1.000 0.932 1.642 583.7 15.11 560.881
80.00 7.00 263 1.045 0.932 2.187 609.9 14.51 558.575
90.00 7.00 263 1.075 0.932 2.906 627.4 14.20 552.731
695.8 0.90
695.8 0.90
695.8 0.90
695.8 0.90
695.8 0.90
695.8 0.90
695.8 0.90
CIRC.
WATER
INLET
TEMP.T1,
F
WATER
VEL.,
FPS
CONSTANTC
UNCORR.HEAT
TRANSFER
COEFFICIENTU1,
BTU/HR-SQ.FT-F
TUBE
CLEANLINESS
CORR.FACTOR,
FC
U1 =C x √V

19. Examined Evolution of HEI Correction
Factors & Impact on Condenser
Performance & Operation
Individual Results Dependent Upon
Specific Plant Design
LP Turbine Last Stage/Condenser
Interface /Operating Range Significant
HEI Edition Used Will Impact
Predicted/Expected Performance
19

20. HEI Methodology for Overall Heat
Transfer Based Upon Tube Bundle Heat
Transfer
Modular Replacements/Redesigns
Based Upon Optimized Shell/Tube
Geometry Permit Higher Overall Heat
Transfer Compared to HEI
Technological Advances Paving Way for
Wall Thicknesses of 30 BWG
20

21. Conduct Accurate Performance Tests to
Benchmark Performance
Develop Overall Heat Transfer
Coefficients to Validate HEI Values
Develop Performance Predictions for
Entire Condenser Operating Range
HEI to Develop Correction Factors for
Greater Than 25 BWG & Incorporate
Operating Experiences from Plants
Using Current Correction Factors
21

22. Thank You!
Contact Information:
Power & Energy Systems Services
22