Presentation on QR code improvement

1. FASTER HIGH DENSITY MONOCHROMIC
QRCODES
WITH REDUCED ERROR RATE

2. Overview
 Motivation
 QR code evolution
 QR code encode and decode
 QR code distortion issues
 Our approach on QR code distortion issues
 Our proposed QR code
 Conclusion
2

3. 3
Motivation

4. QR codes traditional use
QR codes have come a long
way since their creation.
They are now used in:
 Transport ticketing
 Entertainment
 Commercial tracking
product labeling/marketing.
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5. Current QR code use
QR codes can send or make user:
• Website for browsing.
• Bookmark a webpage.
• Initiate phone calls, send SMS, send email.
• Produce links to web URL’s.
• Connect to WI-FI networks.
• Access information.
• Get coupons.
• View videos.
• Purchase items.
• Process orders.
• Advertise products.
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6. Motivation
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A new age of smart technologies.

7. QR code in Robotics
7
Humanoid Robot Indoor Navigation Based on 2D Bar Codes: Application to the
NAO Robot.
Aldebaran Robotics A-Lab

8. Robot communications
Communications of Wireless
 RANGE
– The typical range of a common 802.11g network with standard equipment is on the order of tens of
meters. While sufficient for a typical home, it will be insufficient in a larger structure. To obtain
additional range, repeaters or additional access points will have to be purchased. Costs for these
items can add up quickly.
 RELIABILITY
– Like any radio frequency transmission, wireless networking signals are subject to a wide variety of
interference, as well as complex propagation effects that are beyond the control of the network
administrator.
 SPEED
– The speed on most wireless networks (typically 1-54 Mbps) is far slower than even the slowest
common wired networks (100Mbps up to several Gbps). However, in specialized environments, the
throughput of a wired network might be necessary.
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9. Robot Communications
Voice Communications:
• Lack of Accuracy and Misinterpretation
• Time Costs and Productivity
• Accents and Speech Recognition
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10. QR code for driverless cars
10
Driverless Cars Need to read road signs

11. Future Use of QR code
• Drone Delivery
• Driverless Cars
• Robot operated shops
• Robot Travel guides for airports/cinema
parks, etc.
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12. QR codes Evolution
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13. What is QR code
 Barcode - a code consisting of a group of printed
and variously patterned bars and spaces and sometimes
numerals that is designed to be scanned and read into
computer memory and that contains information (as
identification) about the object it labels.
 QR Code - a matrix barcode (or two-dimensional
code), readable by QR scanners, mobile phones with a
camera, and smartphones.
13

14. QR codes Timeline
 1952, a patent for “Classifying Apparatus And Method” is filed.
 1959, Collins manages development of a car identification system (KarTrak).
 1967, a standard for bar codes is formed based on KarTrak’s.
 1968, Collins forms Computer Identics Corp.
 1971, first portable bar code scanners and wands made.
 1973, UPC codes invented and adopted by food stores.
 1974, Code 39 developed.
 1982, Code 128 developed. 1st handheld scanner & barcode printer released.
 1987, Code 49 developed. Collins forms Data Capture Institute.
 1990, ANSI X3.182 standard on bar code print quality is issued. PDF417, is
introduced by Symbol Technologies
 1994, Checkerboard symbology Data Matrix invented by International Data Matrix,
Inc.
 2005, airlines implement QR Codes as a part of boarding passes.
 2008, mobile phones implement usage of the QR Code
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15. Some 1D QR code
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a) The 2d postal barcode
b) The colored railroad barcode
c) The 49 barcode
d) The Universal Product Code

16. Some 2D QR code
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a) MaxiCode
b) CrontoSign
c) ShotCode
d) HCCB
e) QRcode
f) HCCBQR

17. QR code Encode and Decode
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18. 1D QR code decode
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1D QR code Decoding
1D QR code Decoding

19. 1D QR code Encode
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1D QR code Encoding

20. 2D QR code Decode
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1. Quiet Zone
2. Finder
3. Alignment
4. Timing pattern
5. Version
6. Data cell
2D QR CODE

21. 2D QR code Decode
QR Codes are interpreted
from a picture skipping the
light wave process.
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22. Color QR code Encode
22
Color QR code

23. Microsoft HCCB QR code
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Microsoft HCCB color code

24. Issues on Color QR code
Advantages of Monochromic QR code over Color QR code
 Brightness loss over time which makes some color
indistinguishable when converted to grey-scale for image
scanning.
 Different printer prints slightly different color for the same
color-code.
 Printing Quality needed to be high.
 Shadow or glare on image change color capture in camera.
 Color reference palette takes a good amount of space, and if
that part is somehow damaged it is too hard to recover the
data
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25. 25
QR Code Distortions

26. QR Code Timer pattern
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27. QR code distortion issues
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When a QR Code is
enlarged or made smaller
using an image processing
tool or the like, every module
becomes distorted.
It may look like a normal QR
Code, but it may be difficult
or impossible to read the
code.

28. QR code distortions
28
Camera Angle distortions and curvature distortions

29. QR code distortions
29
Un even color/shadow and Cross Channel Modulation

30. QR code distortions
30

31. QR code distortions
31

32. QR code distortions
32

33. QR code distortions
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34. Our approach on QR code
distortion issues
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35. Backtracking Algorithm
Backtracking is a methodical way of trying out
various sequences of decisions, until we find
one that “works”.
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36. Zone
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37. Block Matrix
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Zone 1 75% black 25% white known bits 60%
Zone 2 50% black 50% white known bits 60%
Zone 3 60% black 40% white known bits 30% after first iteration 60%

38. Bit Detection
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39. New Zone based on first
iteration
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Zone 5 70% black 30% white known bits 60%
Zone 2 70% black 30% white known bits 60%
Zone 3 60% black 40% white known bits 70%

40. Bit Detection after 1st iteration
40
Zone 5 70% black 30% white known bits 60%
Zone 2 70% black 30% white known bits 60%
Zone 3 60% black 40% white known bits 70%

41. Algorithm
 Step 1. Find the timing pattern
 Step 2. Based on timing pattern divide image in blocks
 Step 3. Based on block number start creating zones from
side of timing pattern
 Step 4. Get the zone percentages of darker and whiter
area make the assumption of black and white bit
 Step 5. From 3 different zone set the values of black and
white bit using matrix construction algorithm we
proposed
 Step 6. Use the matrix to generate new QR code
41

42. Advantages
• Uneven light, shadow and printing issues can be
completely recoverable as bits compared with its
nearby bits.
• If the curvature is small and symmetric, we do not
need to use curvature correction code while
measuring the bits.
• For HiQ color, it could be a big help as we are not
using a reference color from one area of QR code
with other area of QR code.
42

43. Disadvantages
 Worst time complexity
 Not good for light glare issues
43

44. Our proposed QR code
44

45. Encoding Method
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46. Encoding
46

47. Steps of Encoding
1. Convert the data in Binary string consisting only 1 and 0.
2. Split the Binary string in two part, part1 and part2.
3. Add ending bit 1 in the end of both part1 and part2.
4. Divide image size with the SQRT of Part2 data length. It is BitSize.
5. Place a Rectangle in BitSize at the top-left most corner in image.
6. Take another two same size bitmap.
7. In bitmap1, take each character from part1 and started to draw line if
value which width is one third of the BitSize but length is equal to bit size.
After reach at image end increase X position by bit-size and start again.
8. In bitmap2, take each character from part1 and started to draw line if
value which width is one third of the BitSize but length is equal to bit size.
After reach at image end increase X position by bit-size and start again.
9. Merge bitmap1 and bitmap2 and get the image.
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48. Implementation
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49. Implementation
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50. Decoding
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51. Decoding
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52. Decoding
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53. Decoding
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54. Decoding
 Encode data in two QR code.
 Reduce black bit size to one-third.
 Place one on another by rotating 90 degrees.
 Printed on material.
 Scan the printed material.
 Scan left to right and top to bottom.
 Ignore black bits if the black bits sequence
length is smaller than the module size.
 Decode the data.
54

55. Advantages
 Our QR code can store almost double data than
Universal QR code.
 Our QR code encoding and decoding time are faster
than Universal QR code.
 Our QR code can detect curvature distortion issue
better.
 Cross module color issue can be ignored.
55

56. Limitations
• For very large data but with image size small, the
algorithm might not work.
• If the image size cannot be divisible by bitsize, for
large data size we will be lost line after read some
data.
• This new QR code is more vulnerable to light glare
and illumination issue.
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57. Limitations
57
One of the issues in the encoding process is rounding up the
floating bit size to integer point, as we flooring the results, we have
to waste some space.
If the data is big, then this waste of space gets more visible.

58. Experimental Results
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59. Future Work
 We will try to improve our algorithm so it can give faster
result and also can work in bigger matrix size with less
known value.
 For our new QR code method, we can also add the third
and 4th layer of QR code by rotating 45 and 135 degrees
respectively, that is why it can store 4X data than normal
QR code.
 If we apply HiQ color bits instead of binary bits, that
could make this QR code a huge storage of database to
use securely.
 Adding curvature detection bits.
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60. Conclusions
We able to reduce the error rate of QR code by using a
backtracking algorithm, which can work without image
normalization for reducing most of the error type.
However, our error reduction code time complexity is high and
we ignore curve effect but for some cases where the curve is
ignorable, this algorithm could help.
In addition, we proposed a faster QR code which has more
storage and can scan faster.
The new QR code generation takes twice the time than normal
QR code but it can also store double QR code data.
Its scanning process is as fast as other QR code scanning
technique.
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61. 61
Thank you, everyone!