1. SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN ENVIRONMENTAL
A GUIDE TO
SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEMS
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
DESIGN, EFFICIENCY & BEST PRACTICE
2. Understanding Wastewater Treatment
AGENDA
Sizing a Sewage Treatment System
Sewage Treatment Systems
Site Considerations
Typical Installation
Questions
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
3. The Process
Definition of Terms
Sewage Characteristics
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
UNDERSTANDING
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
5. POPULATION (P): NUMBER OF PEOPLE THE SYSTEM WILL SERVE.
POPULATION EQUIVALENT (PE): COMMERCIAL LOADING SHOWN
AS DOMESTIC EQUIVALENT
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD5): MASS CONCENTRATION
OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONSUMED UNDER SPECIFIED
CONDITIONS (5 DAYS AT 20°C WITH NITRIFICATION INHIBITION) BY
THE BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION OF ORGANIC AND/OR INORGANIC
MATTER IN WATER.
AMMONIA EXPRESSED AS mg/l N: AMMONIA IS NH3, AMMONIUM IS
NH4OH. IN WASTEWATER WE FREQUENTLY REFER TO AND USE
AMMONIA/NH3. THE TERM AMMONIA USUALLY INCLUDES AMMONIUM
AS WELL.
SUSPENDED SOLIDS (SS): SMALL SOLID PARTICLES WHICH REMAIN
IN SUSPENSION IN WATER. USED AS ONE INDICATOR OF WATER
TYPICALLY FOR WASTEWATER APPLICATIONS. THE AMOUNT OF
SUSPENDED SOLIDS INDICATES HOW CLOUDY THE WATER IS.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
6. SEWAGE CHARACTERISTICS
Raw* Settled,*
i.e. ex
Primary
Tank
Septic Tank Secondary
treatment
Nitrifying Total “N” Gravel filled
horizontal
Reed Bed (after
treatment plant
Discharge quality is
dependent on unit
sizing/ appropriate
selection/ desludging
frequency
To achieve 95% ile
discharge qualities tend
to be at least 20-25%
less
May be lower if
incoming lower
BOD 300-400 200-260 150 20 20 20 10
SS 300-400 150-200 150 30 30 30 15
NH3 40-60 40-53 20-40 20 5 5 10
Total N 60-80 50-66 40-60 15 (Dom)
P 10.-30 As incoming Initially 20-50%
reduction, then
increasing
All figures expressed as mg/l.
* Assumes macerated and blended sewage.
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
7. COMMON PACKAGE
TREATMENT SYSTEMS
Activated Sludge
Biological / Submerged Aerated Filter
Rotating Biological Contactor
Sequential Batch Reactor
Peat Filter Media
Membrane Bioreactor
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
8. ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS
THE PROCESS INVOLVES AIR BEING INTRODUCED INTO A MIXTURE OF
SCREENED AND PRIMARY SETTLED SEWAGE TO DEVELOP A BIOLOGICAL
FLOC WHICH REDUCES THE ORGANIC CONTENT OF THE SEWAGE.
(INCLUDING EXTENDED AERATION SYSTEMS)
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
10. ROTATING BIOLOGICAL
CONTACTOR (RBC) SYSTEMS
ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTORS ARE MECHANICAL SECONDARY TREATMENT
SYSTEMS. DISCS SUPPORT THE GROWTH OF BACTERIA AND MICRO-ORGANISMS
TO BREAK DOWN AND STABILISE ORGANIC POLLUTANTS.
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
11. SEQUENTIAL BATCH REACTOR
(SBR) SYSTEMS
A SIMILAR PROCESS TO ACTIVATED SLUDGE, SBR SYSTEMS CONSIST OF A FIVE
STAGE PROCESS – SCREENED FILL, REACT, SETTLE, EMPTY / RECYCLE, REST.
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
12. PEAT FILTER MEDIA SYSTEMS
SETTLED LIQUID FROM PRIMARY TANK IS PUMPED TO AND
FILTERED THROUGH AN ORGANIC MEDIA (PEAT).
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
14. SITE ASSESSMENT
& OPTIONS
Connect to Mains by Gravity
Connect to Mains by Pumping
Install Septic Tank
Install Sewage Treatment System
Install Sealed Cesspool
No option!
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
15. CONNECT TO MAINS BY PUMPING
SELECTION OF THE CORRECT PUMP STATION IS CRITICAL
PUMPING STATIONS SHOULD HAVE 24 HOURS STORAGE IN THE
CHAMBER (IN CASE OF BREAKDOWN
OR POWER FAILURE).
WHAT DOES THE SPECIFIER NEED TO KNOW?
- VOLUME OF WASTE
- TYPE OF WASTE (SEWAGE, EFFLUENT, SURFACE WATER
- DISTANCE TO BE PUMPED
- TOTAL HEIGHT TO BE PUMPED
- INLET DEPTH OF SEWER TO CHAMBER
- DIAMETER OF RISING MAIN
- POWER SUPPLY AVAILABLE
- SOLIDS HANDLING OR GRINDER PUMP
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
16. INSTALL SEPTIC TANK OR
TREATMENT PLANT
REQUIRES SITE TESTING AS
DESCRIBED IN THE EPA. CoP
AND APPROVAL FROM LOCAL
COUNCIL.
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
17. REGULATIONS
& CODES OF PRACTICE
EPA CoP:2009 WASTE WATER AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS SERVING SINGLE HOUSE
EPA CoP:1999 TREATMENT SYSTEMS FOR SMALL COMMUNITIES,
BUSINESS,LEISURE,& HOTELS.
I.S. BS EN12566:
- PART 1 SEPTIC TANKS
- PART 2 SOIL INFILTRATION SYSTEMS
- PART 3 PACKAGE TREATMENT PLANTS
- PART 4 SEPTIC TANK ASSEMBLED IN SITU FROM PREFABRICATED KITS
- PART 5 PRE-TREATED EFFLUENT FILTRATION SYSTEMS
- PART 6 PREFABRICATED TREATMENT UNITS USED FOR SEPTIC TANKS
- PART 7 PREFABRICATED TERTIARY TREATMENT UNITS
BUILDING CONTROL PART “H” & SR66 2014
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
18. OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
REGULATIONS & CODES OF PRACTICE
SR66 PROVIDES GUIDANCE ON THE SELECTION OF WASTEWATER
TRATMENT PLANTS FOR USE IN IRELAND
IT PROVIDES GUIDANCE ON THE MINIMUM PERFORMANCE REQUIRED ON
UNITS TESTED TO I.S. EN 12566 (parts 1,3,4 AND 6)
IT PROVIDES GUIDANCE ON THE SCALING AND SLUDGE CAPACITY.
ALL TEST CERT’S MUST SHOW THE FOLLOWING RESULTS.
WATERTIGHTNESS – PASS/FAIL
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR - PASS/FAIL
DURABILITY - PASS/FAIL
SEPTIC TANK – TREATMENT EFFICIENCY >99.5%
SEPTIC TANK – SLUDGE VOLUME as per min requirements EPA CoP
TREATMENT PLANT – PART 3 & 6 MUST STATE THE NUMBER OF
DESLUDGES DURING THE TEST PERIOD.
ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION declared kWh/day
PERFORMANCE. 20mg/l BOD, 30mg/l SS. 20mg/l NH4-N
BUILDING REGULATIONS 2010 PART “H” + SR66-2014 REQUIRE THE FOLLOWING.
19. EPA CoP 2009 WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FOR SINGLE HOUSES. (PE<10).
ALL SITES NOT ABLE TO CONNECT TO THE MAINS WATER NETWORK
MUST COMPLY WITH THE ABOVE CODE OF PRACTICE.
ENSURING THAT THE WASTEWATER IS DEALT WITH AND DOES NOT
CAUSE A HEALTH RISK
EACH SITE AS PART OF PLANNING SHOULD HAVE A SITE ASSESSMENT
CARRIED OUT BY A PROFESSIONAL SITE ASSESSOR. (FETAC CERTIFIED
OR EQUIVALENT)
ALL SYSTEMS TO BE INSTALLED MUST COMPLY WITH PREFORMANCE
STANDARDS I.S. EN12566 PARTS 1-7
IN ADDITION TO I.S. EN12566 THE UNITS MUST MEET THE STANDARD
RECOMMENDATION I.S. SR66 2014
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
20. SITE ASSESSMENT.
THIS IS REQUIRED TO DETERMINE IF A SITE IS SUITABLE FOR AN ON-SITE
WASTEWATER SYSTEM.
TESTING OF THE GROUND SHOULD BE DONE IN ACCORDANCE WITH EPA
CoP. 2009:
A COMMENCEMENT NOTICE WILL ONLY BE GIVEN ONCE A FULL REPORT
HAS BEEN PRESENTED AND APPROVED BY THE LOCAL PLANNING
OFFICE.
THREE FACTORS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED
ARE THERE ANY RESTRICTIONS RELATING TO THE SITE?
IS THE SITE SUITABLE TO TREAT THE WASTEWATER? (attenuation)
IS THE SITE ABLE TO DISPOSE OF THE WASTEWATER VOLUMES?
(hydraulic load)
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
21. EPA 2009 ON-SITE ASSESSMENT.
DESK TOP STUDY – COLLECT INFORMATION FROM MAPS ETC.
ON –SITE ASSESSMENT.
A VISUAL ASSESSMENT
A TRAIL HOLE .
TO EVALUATE THE SOIL STRUCTURE, MASS
CHARACTERTISTICS, DEPTH TO BEDROCK AND WATER
TABLE.
PERCOLATION TESTS THAT GIVE AN INDICATION OF THE
PERMEABILITY OF THE SUBSOIL.
ASSESSMENT OF DATA OBTAINED
CONCLUSION ON THE SUITABILITY OF THE SITE
PROPOSED DISPOSAL ROUTE
RECOMMENDATION FOR A WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM
INCLUDING ON SITE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS.
ALL DETAILS TO BE ENTERED INTO A SITE CHARACTERISATION FORM &
RETURNED WITH A DETAILED SITE MAP TO PLANNING FOR APPROVAL.
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
22. EXCAVATE HOLE FILL WITH WATER TIME TO DRAIN AWAY
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
23. DESIGN A SUITABLE PERCOLATION AREA
Top soil
Geotextile
membrane
110mm rigid
perforated pipe
8-32mm stone
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
24. Building control (amendment) 2014
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
FROM 1ST MARCH 2014 ALL NEW BUILD MUST HAVE AN ASSIGNED
CERTIFIER BEFORE COMMENCEMENT OF A PROJECT
IT WILL BE THE RESPONSABILTY OF THE ASSIGNED CERTIFIER TO OFFER
A CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE AT COMPLETION.
ANCILLARY CERTIFIERS WILL THROUGHOUT THE PROJECT BE ASKED TO
CONFIRM COMPLIANCE OF ELEMENTS OF THE BUILDING, DESIGN OR
WORKS WITH BUILDING REGULATIONS. CoP:
ANCILLARY CERTIFIER: MEANS A PERSON OR COMPANY PROPOSED TO
ISSUE SUCH A STATEMENT
IN REGARDS TO A WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM BEING INSTALLED
A ANCILLARY CERTIFICATE MAY BE REQUIRED FOR
THE TREATMENT PLANT
THE PERCOLATION AREA
THE INSTALLATION OF EITHER.
OR A SINGLE CERTIFICATE TO COVER ALL…
26. DOMESTIC WASTE
Per person / activity / day (unless specified)
DOMESTIC DWELLINGS (grams)
Flow
(litres)
BOD
(grams)
Ammonia
as N
Standard residential 150 60 8
EPA: CODE OF PRACTICE - FLOWS & LOADS
WASTE PRODUCED FROM:
TOILETS
BATHS / SHOWERS
KITCHEN WASTE - WASHING MACHINE / DISHWASHER
DOMESTIC WASTE STRENGTH:
WASTE CONCENTRATION 400mg/l
NH4 53mg/l
DOMESTIC DWELLINGS
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
27. COMMERCIAL WASTE
COMMERCIAL WASTE IS PRODUCED FROM:
A VARIETY OF SOURCES
STAFF/PUBLIC TOILETS
COMMERCIAL KITCHENS, BARS, RESTUARANTS.
PROCESS / MANUFACTURING WASHDOWN.
SEASONAL
EPA. FLOWS AND LOADS OFFERS A GUIDANCE TO MOST
APPLICATIONS.
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
28. COMMERCIAL WASTE
Per person / activity / day (unless specified)
SCHOOLS
Flow
(litres)
BOD
(grams)
Ammonia
as N
Non-residential with canteen cooking on-site 60 30 5
EPA: CODE OF PRACTICE - FLOWS & LOADS
WASTE PRODUCED FROM:
VARIETY OF SOURCES, PRODUCING DIFFERENT
WASTE CONCENTRATIONS
WASTE STRENGTH:
WASTE CONCENTRATION 500mg/l
NH4 83mg/l
SCHOOL
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
30. COMMERCIAL WASTE
Per person / activity / day (unless specified)
INDUSTRIAL
Flow
(litres)
BOD
(grams)
Ammonia
as N
Office / factory without canteen 50 20 5
Office / factory with canteen
90 30 5
Open industrial site, e.g. construction, quarry, without canteen
40 20 5
Full time day staff 90 30 5
Part time staff (4 hour shift) 45 15 3
EPA: CODE OF PRACTICE - FLOWS & LOADS
INDUSTRIAL
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
31. COMMERCIAL WASTE
FACTORY
with canteen
No.
people
Flow
(l/hd/dy)
Total
flow
BOD
(g/hd/dy)
Total
BOD
NH3
(g/hd/dy)
Total
NH3
Office / factory 30 90 2,700 30 900 5 150
Casual worker 15 45 675 15 225 3 45
TOTAL 3,375 1,125 195
Waste concentrate 333mg/l
Ammonia 57mg/l
INDUSTRIAL SCENARIOS
BASED ON FLOWS & LOADS
FACTORY
without canteen
No.
people
Flow
(l/hd/dy)
Total
flow
BOD
(g/hd/dy)
Total
BOD
NH3
(g/hd/dy)
Total
NH3
Office / factory 30 40 1,200 20 600 5 150
Casual worker 15 45 675 15 225 3 45
TOTAL 1,875 825 195
Waste concentrate 440mg/l
Ammonia 104mg/l
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
32. SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN ENVIRONMENTAL
v
COMMERCIAL WASTE
EPA: CODE OF PRACTICE - FLOWS & LOADS
HOTELS, PUBS & CLUBS
Per person / activity / day (unless specified)
INDUSTRIAL
Flow
(litres)
BOD
(grams)
Ammonia
as N
Hotel guests (prestige hotels) 300 85 12
Hotel guests (3H and 4H hotels)
250 85 10
Guests (bedroom only, no meals)
80 50 6
Residential training/conference guests (inclusive all meals) 250 85 10
Non-residential conference guest 40 20 2.5
Drinkers 10 10 5
Holiday camp chalet resident 150 55 10
Resident staff 150 60 10
Restaurants – full meals, luxury catering 25 25 4
Restaurants – full meals, pre-prepared catering 15 15 2.5
Restaurants – snack bars and bar meals 10 10 2.5
Restaurants – function rooms, including buffets 15 19 2.5
Restaurants – fast food, i.e. roadside restaurants 12 10 2.5
Restaurants – Fast food meal, i.e. burger chain and similar 12 10 4
Student (accommodation only) 100 60 8
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
33. COMMERCIAL WASTE
HOTEL *** No.
people
Flow
(l/hd/dy)
Total
flow
BOD
(g/hd/dy)
Total
BOD
NH3
(g/hd/dy)
Total
NH3
Bedrooms 25x2 50 250 12,500 60 3,000 10 500
Additional full meals 25 25 625 25 625 4 100
Bar snacks 50 10 500 10 500 2.5 125
Conference 150 40 6,000 20 3,000 2.5 375
Full time staff 20 60 1,200 30 600 5 100
Part time staff 15 45 675 15 225 3 45
TOTAL 21,500 7,950 1,245
Waste concentrate 370mg/l
Ammonia 58mg/l
HOTEL SCENARIO
BASED ON FLOWS & LOADS
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
34. v
COMMERCIAL WASTE
EPA: CODE OF PRACTICE - FLOWS & LOADS
AMENITY SITES
Per person / activity / day (unless specified)
AMENITY SITES
Flow
(litres)
BOD
(grams)
Ammonia
as N
Toilet blocks (per use) 10 10 2.5
Toilet WC per use
10 10 2.5
Toilet urinal per use
5 10 2.5
Toilet blocks in long stay car parks / lorry parks (per use) 15 15 4
Shower (per use) 40 15 2
Golf club 20 10 5
Local community sports club, e.g. squash, rugby, football 25 15 6
Swimming (separate pool without associated sports centre) 10 10 2.5
Health club / sports centre 30 20 4
Tent sites 50 30 8
Caravan site – Touring, not serviced 100 30 8
Caravan site – Static, not serviced
100 30 8
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
35. v
COMMERCIAL WASTE
CARAVAN PARK
/ CAMPSITE
No.
people
Flow
(l/hd/dy)
Total
flow
BOD
(g/hd/dy)
Total
BOD
NH3
(g/hd/dy)
Total
NH3
Static caravan – 20 (x5) 100 150 15,000 60 6,000 8 800
Touring caravan – 20 (x3) 60 100 6,000 30 1,800 8 480
Tents – 15 (x2) 30 50 1,500 30 900 8 240
Full time staff 4 90 360 30 120 5 20
Part time staff 6 45 270 15 90 3 18
TOTAL 23,130 8,910 1,558
Waste concentrate 382mg/l
Ammonia 67mg/l
CARAVAN PARK / CAMPSITE SCENARIO
BASED ON FLOWS & LOADS
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
36. COMMERCIAL WASTE
Per person / activity / day (unless specified)
HOSPITALS & RESIDENTIAL CARE HOMES
Flow
(litres)
BOD
(grams)
Ammonia
as N
Residential elderly people / nursing 350 75 13
Small hospitals 450 120 Assess
Large hospitals Assess individually
EPA: CODE OF PRACTICE - FLOWS & LOADS
HOSPITALS & RESIDENTIAL CARE HOMES
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
37. v
COMMERCIAL WASTE
NURSING HOME No.
people
Flow
(l/hd/dy)
Total
flow
BOD
(g/hd/dy)
Total
BOD
NH3
(g/hd/dy)
Total
NH3
Bedrooms 25 25 350 8,750 75 2,750 13 325
Full time staff 20 90 1,800 30 760 5 100
Part time staff 15 45 675 15 375 3 45
Large laundry machines 4 221 884
TOTAL 12,109 3,885 470
Waste concentrate 321mg/l
Ammonia 39mg/l
NURSING HOME SCENARIO
BASED ON FLOWS & LOADS
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
39. OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
TREATMENT PLANT SELECTION
CONSIDERATIONS
MAKE SURE YOU HAVE ALL THE FACTS REGARDING LOADINGS.
IS THE APPLICATION DOMESTIC OR COMMERCIAL?
STANDARD OF EFFLUENT REQUIRED:
20/30/20?
AMMONIA REDUCTION
ACHIEVED BY INCREASING THE AMOUNT OF MEDIA AND
RETURNING SETTLED SLUDGE FOR FINAL TO PRIMARY
TANKS.
PHOSPHATE REDUCTION?
ACHIEVED BY CHEMICAL DOSING TO FLOW BETWEEN FINAL
BIOZONE AND FINAL SETTLEMENT AND RETURNING SLUDGE
FROM FINAL TANK.
TOTAL ‘N’?
ONLY ON DOMESTIC.
ARE THERE ANY PLANNED EXTENSIONS?
VERY LOW FLOWS SOCIAL CLUBS / RELIGIOUS CENTRES/ ETC.
41. OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
INSTALLATION
CONSIDERATIONS
ENSURE THAT THERE IS NO RAINWATER IN THE
SYSTEM.
IS THERE A REQUIREMENT FOR PUMPS?
EITHER RAW SEWAGE TO THE SYSTEM
AVOID PUMPING DIRECTLY INTO THE
PLANT.
OR TREATED EFFLUENT AWAY FROM THE
SYSTEM
INLET / INVERT SPECIFICATIONS:
LOCATION.
DISCHARGE POINT.
IS THERE A REQUIREMENT FOR A GREASE TRAP?
FOLLOW THE MANUFACTURES INSTALLATION
GUIDELINES.
42. OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
WHAT TO AVOID
RAINWATER.
CHEMICAL TOILET WASTE (CARAVAN PARKS).
WASTE DISPOSAL UNITS.
GREASE AND COOKING OILS.
OIL.
WEED KILLERS, INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES.
MEDICINES.
PHOTOGRAPHIC DEVELOPING AGENTS.
NAPPIES AND SANITARY TOWELS.
RAGS AND SOFT TOYS.
HOME BEER AND WINE MAKING.
CLEANING AGENTS IN THEIR RAW STATE.
43. DESIGN, SUPPORT & SERVICE
SIZING &
PRODUCT
SELECTION
IN FREE SITE
VISIT
FULL SYSTEM
DESIGN &
PRODUCT
INTEGRATION
PROPOSAL
REVIEW &
APPROVAL
MANUFACTURING
& DELIVERY
INSTALLATION
SUPPORT
FULL
COMMISSIONING
SERVICE &
MAINTENANCE
OFF-MAINS WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS
KINGSPAN KLARGESTER
A typical flow pattern for waste water treatment is as follows;
Primary treatment – allows for the settlement of heavy sludge.
Biological treatment – introduction of oxygen which will encourage the growth of a biomass reducing the levels of BOD and SS in the liquid
Final Settlement – to allow for fine partials and dead biomass to settle out.
Tertiary treatment – not always required- this will polish the effluent to a higher standard if required.
Final discharge – with approval by LG to water or ground
Population the number of people using the premises on a daily basis
Levels of pollutants are measured by BOD. NH4. and SS
Sewage Characteristics are levels of BOD,SS,NH3, Total N, and phosphate measure at different stages of treatment.
Raw (in this case macerated and blended)
Settled after primary settlement
Septic after a septic tank
Standard carbonaceous treatment
Nitrifying – de nitrifying
Tertiary
An overview of the most common types of package treatment systems.
Influent will require screening oxygen is then pumping into the primary settled sewage to develop a biological floc which reduces the organic content, a percentage of the treated effluent is returned to the aeration tanks to help with the process while the remainder passes through a final clarifier before discharge.
On larger schemes the sludge is drawn of and dewatered ready for disposal.
BAF and SAF systems allow for primary settlement and the liquid travels through a filter into which oxygen is pumped to encourage the growth of biomass which in turn will reduce the BOD levels. A final settlement to retain and finer solids or dead biomass before discharge.
RBC’s require primary settlement. The settled liquid then enters the Biozone where the disc’s rotate to create a aerobic – anaerobic action with 1/3 in liquid and 2/3 in oxygen. This will create a very stable process as each revolution passes through the same amount of liquid and air.
Due to the first point of contact being made at the start of the disc bank the RBC can operate on very low flows. Some units can split the disc bank into two sections and thus create a managed flow which will balance shock loads.
The treated effluent passes though a final settlement to settle out fine partials and dead biomass.
SBR is similar to activated sludge but works on a timed transfer of batches between the aeration chamber and the primary settlement, the timing off the cycles is dependant on the type and usage of the site. If set right it can produce a very high quality of effluent but on commercial sites require regular adjustment.
Simple filter, settled liquid is pumped from a correctly sized primary tank and allowed to filter down trough a secondary treatment unit filled with intermittent peat/sand textile media - requires replacement of media after a period of time depending on usage. Treated effluent can then pass directly in to the subsoil.
This is a combined activated sludge and membrane separation unit . The treatment is screened sewage activated by pumped oxygen then the treated liquid is drawn through the membranes to trap fine partials before discharge. Can be very labour intensive in keeping the filters clean.
This section will look at how to assess a site select the correct product and an overview of the local regulations and codes of practice.
First option should always be to connect to the public sewer by gravity.
If gravity is not possible consider pumps.
Every pump station is bespoke to the site correct sizing is critical
Consider 24hr storage where possible
Information required, Volumes etc. as listed.
If there is no mains available small properties should consider the installation of a septic tank or treatment plant following the local regulations and codes of practice.
ROI regulations are set out in the EPA 2009 CoP for single house and EPA Cop 1999 for small communities and commercial.
The I.S. EN 12566 are independent tests carried out on small systems and approved by DOE& LG
Building control regulations part H has recently been updated with SR 66 2014. (this requires addition information to be added to the test certs for products to be used in the Irish market)
SR66 is designed to give guidance to LG and contractors as to the suitability and performance of treatment plant
SR66 requires additional information from the test houses to be included on the test reports
Such as Watertightness, structural behaviour, durability. Volumes, desludging, power & performance.
EPA CoP 2009 . & SR66 2014
As listed
Site assessment. Required to make sure a site is suitable, testing method is set out in EPA 2009 CoP.
Planning and a commencement notice will only be given on approval of a suitable site assessment being presented.
Three factors for consideration
Ristrictions- separation distances in mts storm water soakpits (5) watercourse (10) open drain (10) Lake foreshore (50) site boundary (3) trees (3) roads (4) slopes (4) any dwelling (7) for wastewater treatment (10) percolation.
Is the ground suitable (attenuation) if the percolation is too fast the effluent will be untreated
If the site is unable or to slow to percolate ponding will occur.
The site assessment is a detailed program consisting of a Desk top study (collecting as much information about the site from Maps and different reference libraries as possible. On site Visual assessment examining the vegetation and rock formation. Trail Hole. Min 2mts looking at the build up layers of soil and noting water table levels and bedrock. Percolation Test either “T” or “P” depending on the results from the trail hole.
Photos should be taken at each stage and submitted with the report. Assess all the data and offer a conclusion as to suitability of the site.
Propose a disposal route either by gravity or raised percolation Recommend a system. Either Septic or Treatment Provide detail mapping of the site and area to be used for percolation.
Site Characterisation Form - General details
Trail Hole – given detail of soil layer, depth of bed rock and water table
T Test results
P Test results if required
Conclusion & Recommendation
Suggested Treatment system
Site assessor details
Based on trench widths of either (0.3m)(0.6m)(0.9m) no trench should be longer than 18mts.
The trench should then be designed to the length and width allowing for 300mm of 8-32mm clean stone below the pipe.
110mm Ridged (not flexible “field drain”) should be laid with a covering of clean stone. Covered with geotextile and soiled.
Drainage field should be laid to max 1:200.
From the 1st March 2014 all new build require an Assigned Certifier to confirm that a project has fully complied with building regulations.
This will require Ancillary Certifiers to sign compliance certificates at different stages of the project.
In regards to waste water treatment systems
The treatment plants need to be certified that (1) it meets all required standard EN12566, SR66, (2) that it has been installed correctly as per the manufactures instructions.
The Percolation area. Will have been planned preplanning and will now be require to be certified (1) that it has been install in the area as set out in the preplanning site assessment (2) that it has been installed in the style as recommended in the site assessment. (if any thing has changed this may require new testing.
If a Certified installer is used only one ancillary cert may be required.
This section we will look at sizing a system for Domestic waste and Commercial waste and understanding the different loadings on each.
Domestic waste is quite stable and easier to understand
We all use Toilets, baths, shower, kitchen waste, washing machine, dishwashers, etc. and the average daily usage per person has in the past been targeted at between 180-200lts/day however with more efficient machines and showers the EPA: code of practice has set this at 150lt/hd/day. Making the domestic waste strength stronger at 400mgs/l than previous 300mg/l
Commercial waste is produced from a variety of sources
Consider staff toilets/ public toilets with just a toilet flush and hand wash the waste strength will be high with no additional dilution from showers machines etc.
Public toilets- how many uses per day?
Commercial kitchens – consider the amount of waste etc flushed.
Bars – amount of drinks waste – very high in BOD !
Restaurants – type of food might be rich in cream and sauces!
Process water- some process use large volumes at the end of a shift for wash-down hygiene. Vets, food processors, etc
Seasonal – Holiday Camps, Visitors Centres, Think of the effect on a system at a visitors centre during a bank holiday against a normal day!
EPA flows and loads can offer guidance on most applications.
Looking at the EPA table and working through a few examples to consider variety of sources, producing different BOD concentrations and waste strengths.
We will now look at a few different scenarios of commercial applications using EPA Code as guidance.
A school with 150 pupils and a canteen on site EPA will guide you to the following loadings
Look for full time staff –part time staff – could be special needs teachers, canteen staff, ground staff.
Is there other activities outside school hours that could add to the volume ?
Dividing the BOD total by the Flow total will give you the waste strength. 500mg/l likewise the ammonia @ 83mg/l in this case higher than domestic.
EPA gives loadings for industrial sites
With or without canteen – with out would still allow for a kitchen with basic Kettle, microwave, sink.
Consider an open industrial site were more washing is required to remove ingrained dust and grime.
Full time staff (office based)
Part time staff ( lorry drivers etc.)
This show two commercial scenarios same factory numbers one with a canteen the other without.
From this you will see that the factory with the canteen has the weaker concentrate due to additional water in washing up.
Hotels, pubs, clubs, can lead to a more detailed and complicated design the following should be considered
Type ie star rating, B&B , do they cater for weddings, business conferences, is there leisure facility, bars (sports bar) type of Restaurants and meals.
Hotel Scenario. 3 * hotel
25 rooms taken as doubles However you might consider the fact that it is aimed a small families and some rooms might cater for 3-4 persons
Over and above the guest they might cater for additional meals!
Again additional bar snacks?
Conference?
Full time and part time staff
Although the Waste concentrate is quite low on this in some cases with an adjustment to the types of meals and bar drinkers the concentrate could be over 600mg/lt
Amenity sites
British water give a good range of uses from public toilets to sports centre’s and caravan sites.
Caravan- campsite scenario.
Consider – static, touring, tents, full and part time staff,
Make use that chemical waste is disposed and contained separately as this will have an impact on any biological treatment.
Consideration should be given to systems that can cope with very low loadings and shock loadings as well as prolonged periods of shut down.
Hospital and nursing homes usually have a high hydraulic and BOD demand.
Nursing homes will usually accommodate one person per room (residential homes will have rooms for husband and wife)
They will always have a high patient staff ratio,
Most will have an on site laundry with high usage.
A large kitchen which will require a grease trap.
This section we will look at the selection of a treatment system
