3. Demographic Factors
Demographic factors include a number of
individual differences that influence behavioral
choices
Socioeconomic
Background
Educational
Attainment
Nationality
Age
Race
Gender
4. Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 2 4
Biographical
Characteristics
Marital
Status
Gender
Tenure
Age
6. A lot of athletes say they want
to be part of a cohesive
team—but they also want
their name printed on the
back of their jerseys in 6-
inch-high block letters.
-S.P.Robbins
10. Diversity
• Increasing Diversity in today’s
organizations
–Changing workforce demographics
–Competitive pressures
–Rapid growth in International
business
11. Technology
• The impact on work and jobs
• Flattening and downsizing of
organizations
• Paperless organizations
13. Surface level diversity
Those differences that are easily noticeable
such as age, gender, race, culture,
language, disability etc. Surface level
diversity is easy to be measured. Surface
level diversity is often difficult to change.
14. Deep level diversity
Those differences that are not easily
noticeable and measurable since they are
communicated through verbal and non-
verbal behaviors. Examples are personal
differences in attitudes, values, beliefs and
personality.
19. Intellectual Ability
• Intellectual abilities are abilities needed
to perform mental activities like,
thinking, reasoning, problem solving
etc.
20. Dimensions of Intellectual Ability
Intellectual
Ability
Number
Aptitude
Verbal
Comprehens
ion
Perceptual
Speed
Inductive
Reasoning
Deductive
Reasoning
Spatial
Visualization
Memory
21. Dimensions Of Intellectual Ability
• Number Aptitude:
Ability to do speedy
and accurate
arithmetic.
• Verbal Comprehension
Ability to understand
what is read or heard
and the relationship of
words to each other.
22. • Perceptual Speed : Ability to identify
visual similarities & differences,
quickly & accurately.
• Inductive Reasoning: Ability to
identify a logical sequence in a
problem & then solve a problem.
• Deductive Reasoning: Ability to use
logic & assess the implications of an
argument.
23. • Spatial Visualization: Ability to imagine
how an object would look if its position in
space would change.
• Memory: Ability to retain and recall past
experiences.
24. Physical Abilities
• The capacity to
do tasks that
demand
stamina,
strength and
similar
characteristics.
26. Basic Physical Abilities
Strength Factors:
• Dynamic Strength: Ability to exert
muscular force repeatedly or
continuously over time.
• Trunk Strength: Ability to exert
muscular strength using the trunk
muscle.
27. • Static Strength: Ability to exert
force against external objects.
• Explosive Strength: Ability to
expend a maximum amount of
energy in one or a series of
explosive acts.
28. Flexibility Factors
• Extent Flexibility:
Ability to move the
trunk and back muscles
as far as possible.
• Dynamic Flexibility:
Ability to make rapid,
repeated flexing
movements.
29. Other Factors
• Body Coordination: Ability to
coordinate the simultaneous actions
of different parts of the body.
• Balance: Ability to maintain
equilibrium despite forces pulling off
balance.
• Stamina: Ability to continue
maximum effort requiring prolonged
effort over time.
34. • In classical conditioning, an individual
responds to some stimulus that would
not normally produce such a response.
• This theory grew out of Pavlov’s
experiments
• Something happens, and we react in a specific way.
Classical
Conditioning
35. • In operant conditioning, desired voluntary
behavior leads to a reward or stops a
punishment. This theory argues that
behavior is a function of consequences.
Operant
Conditioning
