What-is-TOS.pptx

Department of Education-Divisionof Quezon

REX L. MIRANDO
School Principal I
Malaya Elementary School
General Luna District

Session Objectives
At the end of the session participants are expected
to:
 Define TOS comprehensively;
 Elaborate the importance of constructing a
TOS;
 Describe and differentiate the three formats of
the TOS; and
 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
each TOS format.

Pre-Test
OR
Table of Specifications or TOS is the
blueprint or framework of the test.

Pre-Test
OR
TOS tells the important knowledge,
understanding, and skills to be covered
included in the test.

Pre-Test
OR
It is ideal to construct the TOS before instruction
begins.

Pre-Test
OR
TOS ensures match between the instructional
objectives and what the test captures.

Pre-Test
OR
Developing a test without a TOS promote students’
right to accurate, fair and quality assessment.

What is a Table of
Specifications (TOS)?
A TOS –
 is the test blueprint or framework
 shows the coverage of the test
 tells the important knowledge, understanding, and
skills to be covered by the test

What is a Table of Specifications (TOS)?
A TOS tells the following information:
• theoretical framework for the test
• test objectives
• content or topics covered by the test
• levels of cognitive behavior to be measured by the
test
• distribution of items in the test
• number, placement and weight of test items
• test format

Why prepare a test TOS?
• It ensures match between the instructional objectives and what the
test captures.
• It ensures that the test constructor will not overlook details
considered essential to a good test.
• It makes test development easier and more efficient.
• It ensures that the test will sample all important content areas and
processes.
• It is useful in planning and organizing instruction.
• It offers an opportunity for teachers and students to clarify
achievement expectations and to sharpen their vision of what it
means to be successful.

When to prepare a TOS?
• The TOS should be done before constructing a test but it is ideal
to construct it before instruction begins to ensure that the test
has instructional validity.
• Some teachers do a TOS after they have constructed the test for
compliance. This is not a good practice especially if there are
errors that are too late to correct as students have already been
tested and graded using this test.
• Developing a test without a TOS could violate students’ right to
accurate, fair and quality assessment.

What test formats could be included in
the TOS?
1. Selective
• Multiple Choice
• Binary
• Matching Type
2 . Supply
• Completion
• Short Answer (identification, labelling)
• Essay/Open-ended/Constructed Type
Remember: A good test uses all possible formats considering
time and resources and the intents and limitations of tests.
The most common format is the multiple choice as it can
be used in assessing all levels of cognitive behavior.

What are the formats of the TOS?
 One-way – the test is designed primarily based on the
content or the test objectives
 Two-way – the test is designed to reflect the levels of
cognitive behavior targeted per test content based on the
theory behind cognitive testing. For example, the common
framework for testing at present in the DepEd Classroom
Assessment Policy is the Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy
(DepEd, 2015 & 2020).
 Three-way – the test is designed to reflect the features of
one way and two-way

How does a 1-Way TOS look like?

 What is the advantage of this format?
Easy to use because one just works on the objectives without
worrying on the different levels of cognitive behaviors.

• What is the disadvantage of this format? Test may not
capture all levels of cognitive behaviors that a meaningful
instruction should have developed .

• What is the advantage of this format?
• It allows one to see at a glance the levels of thinking skills that are being emphasized.
The format also shows the Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy as the framework of assessment.

• What is the disadvantage of this format?
• It is difficult to construct items for a target level without a
statement of objective where the required behavior is given.

• What is the advantage of this format?
• It shows the variability of thinking skills targeted giving emphasis
on the most desirable learning outcome that the test could measure
and all the possible pre-requisite thinking skills to achieve this

• What is the disadvantage of this format?
• Its complexity may require so much time from the test
writer.

Let’s look at a sample TOS.

Note:
The teacher has the flexibility in the use of the
format for the TOS but not on the learning
outcome to be assessed as this should be based
on what has been targeted during instruction.

POST-TEST
OR
Table of Specifications or TOS is the
blueprint or framework of the test.

POST-TEST
OR
TOS tells the important knowledge,
understanding, and skills to be covered
included in the test.

POST-TEST
OR
It is ideal to construct the TOS before instruction
begins.

POST-TEST
OR
TOS ensures match between the instructional
objectives and what the test captures.

POST-TEST
OR
Developing a test without a TOS promote students’
right to accurate, fair and quality assessment.

Maraming salamat po!

What-is-TOS.pptx

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