2. Embedded vs. Real Time Systems
• Embedded system: is a computer system that performs a
limited set of specific functions. It often interacts with its
environment.
• RTS: Correctness of the system depends not only on the
logical results, but also on the time in which the results are
produced.
Embedded
Systems
Real Time
Systems
Examples?
3. Examples
• Real Time Embedded:
– Nuclear reactor control
– Flight control
– Basically any safety critical system
– GPS
– MP3 player
– Mobile phone
• Real Time, but not Embedded:
– Stock trading system
– Skype
– Pandora
• Embedded, but not Real Time:
– Home temperature control
– Sprinkler system
– Washing machine, refrigerator, etc.
– Blood pressure meter
4. Characteristics of RTS
• Event-driven, reactive.
• High cost of failure.
• Concurrency/multiprogramming.
• Stand-alone/continuous operation.
• Reliability/fault-tolerance requirements.
• Predictable behavior.
5. Definitions
• Hard real-time — systems where it is absolutely imperative that responses occur
within the required deadline. E.g. Flight control systems.
• Soft real-time — systems where deadlines are important but which will still
function correctly if deadlines are occasionally missed. E.g. Data acquisition
system.
• Real real-time — systems which are hard real-time and which the response times
are very short. E.g. Missile guidance system.
• Firm real-time — systems which are soft real-time but in which there is no benefit
from late delivery of service.
A single system may have all hard, soft and real real-time subsystems.
In reality many systems will have a cost function associated with missing each deadline
6. Control systems
Example: A simple one-sensor, one-actuator control system.
control-law
computation
A/D
A/D
D/A
sensor plant actuator
rk
yk
y(t) u(t)
uk
reference
input r(t)
The system
being controlled
Outside effects
7. Control systems cont’d.
Pseudo-code for this system:
set timer to interrupt periodically with period T;
at each timer interrupt do
do analog-to-digital conversion to get y;
compute control output u;
output u and do digital-to-analog conversion;
end do
T is called the sampling period. T is a key design choice. Typical
range for T: seconds to milliseconds.
8. Tasks and Processes
• A task is a functional description of a connected
set of operations.
• (Task can also mean a collection of processes.)
• A process is a unique execution of a program.
– Several copies of a program may run simultaneously or at different
times.
• A process has its own state:
– registers;
– memory.
• The operating system manages processes.
9. Why multiple processes?
• Multiple tasks means multiple processes.
• Processes help with timing complexity:
– multiple rates
• multimedia
• automotive
– asynchronous input
• user interfaces
• communication systems
10. Multi-rate systems
• Tasks may be synchronous or asynchronous.
• Synchronous tasks may recur at different
rates.
• Processes run at different rates based on
computational needs of the tasks.
15. 15
Taxonomy: Static
• Task arrival times can be predicted
• Static (compile-time) analysis possible
• Allows good resource usage (low idle time for
processors).
16. 16
Taxonomy: Dynamic
• Arrival times unpredictable
• Static (compile-time) analysis possible only for
simple cases.
• Processor utilization decreases dramatically.
• In many real systems, this is very difficult to
handle.
• Must avoid over-simplifying assumptions
– e.g., assuming that all tasks are independent,
when this is unlikely.
17. 17
Taxonomy: Soft Real-Time
• Allows more slack in the implementation
• Timings may be suboptimal without being
incorrect.
• Problem formulation can be much more
complicated than hard real-time
• Two common and an uncommon way of handling
non-trivial soft real-time system requirements
– Set somewhat loose hard timing constraints
– Informal design and testing
– Formulate as an optimization problem
18. 18
Taxonomy: Hard Real-Time
• Creates difficult problems.
– Some timing constraints are inflexible
• Simplifies problem formulation.
19. 19
Taxonomy: Periodic
• Each task (or group of tasks) executes
repeatedly with a particular period.
• Allows some static analysis techniques to be
used.
• Matches characteristics of many real problems
• It is possible to have tasks with deadlines
smaller, equal to, or greater than their period.
– The later are difficult to handle (i.e., multiple
concurrent task instances occur).
20. 20
Periodic
• Single rate:
– One period in the system
– Simple but inflexible
– Used in implementing a lot of wireless sensor
networks.
• Multi rate:
– Multiple periods
– Should be harmonics to simplify system design
21. 21
Taxonomy: Aperiodic
• Are also called sporadic, asynchronous, or
reactive.
• Creates a dynamic situation
• Bounded arrival time interval are easier to
handle
• Unbounded arrival time intervals are
impossible to handle with resource-
constrained systems.
22. Example: Adaptive Cruise Control
• Demo video
• Control system
• Hard Real Time
• Multi-rate periodic
• Camera
• GPS
• Low-speed mode for
rush hour traffic
United States Patent 7096109
23. Data Acquisition and Signal-Processing
Systems
• Examples:
– Video capture.
– Digital filtering.
– Video and voice compression/decompression.
– Radar signal processing.
• Response times range from a few milliseconds to a few
seconds.
• Typically simpler than control systems
24. Other Real-Time Applications
• Real-time databases.
• Examples: stock market, airline reservations, etc.
• Transactions must complete by deadlines.
• Main dilemma: Transaction scheduling algorithms and real-time
scheduling algorithms often have conflicting goals.
• Data is subject temporal consistency requirements.
• Multimedia.
• Want to process audio and video frames at steady rates.
– TV video rate is 30 frames/sec. HDTV is 60 frames/sec.
– Telephone audio is 16 Kbits/sec. CD audio is 128 Kbits/sec.
• Other requirements: Lip synchronization, low jitter, low end-to-end
response times (if interactive).
25. Are All Systems Real-Time Systems?
• Question: Is a payroll processing system a real-time system?
– It has a time constraint: Print the pay checks every two weeks.
• Perhaps it is a real-time system in a definitional sense, but it
doesn’t pay us to view it as such.
• We are interested in systems for which it is not a priori
obvious how to meet timing constraints.
26. The “Window of Scarcity”
• Resources may be categorized as:
– Abundant: Virtually any system design methodology can be used to
realize the timing requirements of the application.
– Insufficient: The application is ahead of the technology curve; no design
methodology can be used to realize the timing requirements of the
application.
– Sufficient but scarce: It is possible to realize the timing requirements of
the application, but careful resource allocation is required.
28. OS or not?
Hardware
Operating
System
User Programs
Typical OS Configuration
Hardware
Including Operating
System Components
User Program
Typical Embedded Configuration
32. Foreground/Background Systems
• Task-level, interrupt level
• Critical operations must
be performed at the
interrupt level (not good)
• Response time/timing
depends on the entire
loop
• Code change affects
timing
• Simple, low-cost systems
33. RTS Programming
• Because of the need to respond to timing demands made by different stimuli/responses,
the system architecture must allow for fast switching between stimulus handlers.
• Because of different priorities, unknown ordering and different timing requirements of
different stimuli, a simple sequential loop is not usually adequate.
• Real-time systems are therefore usually designed as cooperating processes with a real-time
kernel controlling these processes.
Concurrent programming
34. Real Time Java?
• Java supports lightweight concurrency (threads and
synchronized methods) and can be used for some soft
real-time systems.
• Java is not suitable for hard RT programming but real-time
versions of Java are now available that address problems
such as
– Not possible to specify thread execution time;
– Uncontrollable garbage collection;
– Not possible to access system hardware;
– Etc.
– Real-Time Specification for Java
– Sun Java Real-Time System
Requires a Real Time OS underneath (e.g., no Windows support)
35. Classification of Scheduling Algorithms
All scheduling algorithms
static scheduling
(or offline, or clock driven)
dynamic scheduling
(or online, or priority driven)
static-priority
scheduling
dynamic-priority
scheduling
36. Scheduling strategies
• Non pre-emptive scheduling
– Once a process has been scheduled for execution, it runs to
completion or until it is blocked for some reason (e.g. waiting for I/O).
• Pre-emptive scheduling
– The execution of an executing processes may be stopped if a higher
priority process requires service.
• Scheduling algorithms
– Round-robin;
– Rate monotonic;
– Shortest deadline first;
– Etc.
37. Real-time operating systems
• Real-time operating systems are specialised operating systems
which manage the processes in the RTS.
• Responsible for process management and
resource (processor and memory) allocation.
• Do not normally include facilities such as file management.
14
38. Operating system components
• Real-time clock
– Provides information for process scheduling.
• Interrupt handler
– Manages aperiodic requests for service.
• Scheduler
– Chooses the next process to be run.
• Resource manager
– Allocates memory and processor resources.
• Dispatcher
– Starts process execution.
39. Interrupt servicing
• Control is transferred automatically to a
pre-determined memory location.
• This location contains an instruction to jump to
an interrupt service routine.
• Further interrupts are disabled, the interrupt
serviced and control returned to the interrupted
process.
• Interrupt service routines MUST be short,
simple and fast.
40. Metrics for real-time systems differ from that for time-sharing systems.
– schedulability is the ability of tasks to meet all hard deadlines
– latency is the worst-case system response time to events
– stability in overload means the system meets critical deadlines even if all
deadlines cannot be met
What’s Important in Real-Time
Time-Sharing
Systems
Real-Time
Systems
Capacity High throughput Schedulability
Responsiveness Fast average response Ensured worst-case
response
Overload Fairness Stability