1) The document introduces nursing by discussing nursing's key concepts including person, environment, health, and nursing. It describes how these concepts are interrelated. 2) It discusses the domains of nursing including the biological, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects of a person. It emphasizes viewing the person holistically and that a person's basic needs include safety, oxygen, nutrition, and sexuality. 3) Developmental theories by Erikson, Piaget, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs are introduced to explain how a person develops throughout their life.

1. 간호학입문
안녕하세요~
오가실입니다!

2. Introduction
to Nursing
Kasil Oh, PhD, RN

3. 간호학입문
간호의 관심
Domains of Nursing
• 사람(person)
• 환경(environment)
• 건강(health)
• 간호(nursing)

4. 간호학입문
전문직 간호를 위한 기본 개념간의 관계
사람
건강
전문직
간호
환경

6. 간호의 대상
Person 사람
 개인(person)
 가족(Family)
 집단(group)
 조직(organization)
 지역사회(community)
간호학입문

7. 간호학입문
도대체
“사람” 이란 무엇일까?
What about Person?

8. Nursing’s metaparadigm
Person(1)
1. The person as an Open System.
The interrelationships also contribute to making the whole
greater than the sum of its parts. This interrelation further
increases the complexity of each of us as unique individuals.
Figure is a typical representation of the holistic person. Note the
following three reflected in the figure :
1. The subsystems represent interacting wholes that are greater
than the sum of the parts.
2. The broken lines between the subsystems indicate the
passage of energy among the subsystems.
3. Inherent throughout the whole are the genetic base and
spiritual drive that make all persons unique.

9. Key Concepts in General Systems Theory
•
•
•
•
•
•
A System is a interrelated parts.
The parts form a meaningful whole.
The whole is different from and grater than the sum of its parts.
Systems may be open of closed.
Systems strive for homeostasis(internal stability)
Change in one part of the system creates change in other parts.

10. Open system 개방된 체계
Figure 10-2 General systems model.

11. 사람의 신체, 정신, 사회, 영적, 발달적 측면
간호학입문

12. 간호학입문
간호학입문
Variables of Person
•
•
•
•
•
Biological
Psychological,
Sociological,
Spiritual
Developmental,
“BEING”

13. 간호학입문
TABLE 4-1
Selected Variables of the Person
Biologic
Psychological
Sociological
Spitirual
Age
Attitudes
Basic needs
Beliefs
Genetic structure
Sex
Race
Biologic rhythms
Basic needs
Basic needs
Body image
Communication
Coping mechanisms
Defense mechanisms
Philosophy of life
Religion
Values
Growth
Feeling states
Culture
Family
Group membership
Language
Life-style
Relationship with
others
Acid-base balance
Circulation
Digestion
Electrolyte balance
Immune response
Mobility
Reproduction
Respiration
Temperature
regulation
Physical health
Past illness
Level of
developmental
resolution
Perception
Self-concept
Values
Cognition
Consciousness
Knowledge
Memory
Thoght process
Roles
Role prescriptions
School systems

14. 간호학입문
2. Holism: 전인
•
•
•
•
•
어원: Holistic & Holism (Greek): Whole
사람의 부분은 상호 관계하며 전체를 위하여 기여한다.
부분은 상호 의존하며 체계적인 방법으로 조화를 이룬다.
전체는 부분의 합보다 더 크다.
부분:
1.
2.
3.
4.
biophysical 신체,
psychological 정신,
social 사회,
cognitive 인지

15. Nursing’s metaparadigm
Person(2)
• Holistic personThe words holistic and holism are derived from
the Greek word meaning whole. Holism is basically a theory in
which the universe, and especially living nature, is seen in terms of
interacting wholes that are more than the sum of their parts.
Smuts(1926) indicated that holism is a theory that describes the
parts of person as dependent on each other and coordinated in a
systematic fashion. According to this theory, studying one part of a
person indicates the need to consider how that part interrelates with
all other parts of the person. An appreciation for the parts as whole
suggests the purpose and function of each individual part.

16. Holistic person
간호학입문

17. 간호학입문
3. Basic Needs
사람은 기본 욕구 를 가지고 있다.
– Activity & Rest 활동과 휴식
–
–
–
–
Security & Safety 안전과 안정,
Oxygen 산소,
Nutrition & elimination 영양과 배설,
Sexuality 성 욕구

18. 간호학입문
3. 사람은 자아 실현을 하기 위해 산다.
Self-actualizing person
Maslow의 욕구단계 + 영적 욕구=
자유 Freedoms
– to speak, does not harm others, express
oneself,
– to seek justice,
– to find fairness, honesty orderliness in the
group

19. Nursing’s metaparadig
Person(3)
 Self-actualizing person
A human need is
something that is a requirement for the person’s wellbeing. Theory of human motivation by Maslow(1954)
described the relationship of motivation and needs.
He suggested that human behavior is motivated by
needs.
He identified five levels of needs and
organized them into a hierarchical order, as shown
the following picture.

20. 간호학입문
사람의 욕구 구조

21. Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
Priority of Human Needs

22. 4.
Developing throughout life long:
person
사람은 태어나서부터 발달한다.
– Physical 신체발달
– Social 사회발달-Erickson
– Mental 인지발달-Piaget
– Spiritual 영적 발달
간호학입문
Growing

23. 간호학입문
Theoretical perspectives
of human growth and development
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
psychoanalytic
learning
cognitive
contextual
evolutional/sociological

24. 간호학입문
Psychosocial development:
Erickson

25. 간호학입문
Development Tasks – Erikson 61years and
on, late adulthood
Ego integrity versus
despair
Generativity versus
stagnation
Intimacy versus
isolation
Identity versus
Role confusion
41-60years
20-40years
12-20years
Industry versus
inferiority
6-11years
Initiative versus
guilt
4-5years
1-3years
Birth-1year
Autonomy versus
Shame and doubt
Basic trust versus
mistrust

26. Cognitive development
인지발달-Piaget
1.
Sensorimotor Level: Birth to 2 Years
감각운동기 (출생-2세): 모방, 기억, 사고의 시
작.단순 반사적 행동에거 목적성 행동으로 발전
–
–
–
–
–
–
반사운동 (출생-1개월)
일차순환 반응 (1-4개원)
이차순환 반응 (4-8개월)
이차순환 반응의 협응 (8-12개월)
삼차 순환 반응 (12-18개월)
사고의 시작 (18-24개월)
2. Preoperational Level: Age 2 to 7 Years
전조작기(2-7세): 일반적 관점에서 사고기능
자기중심적,
–
–
전 개념적 사고 (2-4세)
직관적 사고 (5-7세)

27. Cognitive Development: Piaget
3. Concrete operational stage (7-11세)
구체적 조작기: 보존개념, 유목화, 서열화,가역성개념습득
4 . Formal Operations Level: Age 11 to 16 Years
형식적 조작기(11-16세): 과학적 사고 가능, 복잡한 언어과제, 가
설적 문제해결

29. Structural hierarchy of nursing
knowledge components
• Metaparadigm:
person, environment, nursing,
health
• Philosophies: Nightingale, Watson, Benner
• Conceptual models: King, Newman, Orem,
Rogers, Roy
• Grand theory:
• Middlle-range theory

30. 간호이론가들의 인간관
-조사하여 정리해 둡시다.-
A. Theories Based on Basic needs
욕구이론
B. Theories Based on Interactive process
상호작용이론
C. Theories Based on Unitary process
총체,전인이론

31. F. Abldellah(1960)
Patient: 간호가 필요한 개인, 건강관리 제공자가 결정
사람들의 건강욕구와 관련된 중요한 간호문제를 해결하기
위해 문제해결방법을 활용하는것

32. Virginia Henderson (1966)

33. Henderson
• Patient: 간호가 필요한 사람, not limit
nursing to illness

34. D. Orem(1979)

35. Orem 1971
• Humans: 남, 여, 어린이
• Person as agent(1995)

36. D. Johnson 1974
• Human: behavioral system that strives to
make continual adjustment to achiev e,
maintain or regain balance to the steadystate that is adaptation(1980)

37. Betty Neuman

38. Betty Neuman 1995
• Human beings: client/client system
• Composite of variables: physiological,
psychological, sociocultural, development
and spiritual
• Each of which is subpart of all
parts…forms the whole of the client

39. B. Interactive process
• 상호작용과정에 기본을 둔 이론

40. Imogine King (1981)

41. Imogine King (1981)
• Individual: social beings who are rational
and sentient
• Communicate thought, actions, customs,
and beliefs through language.

42. Dynamic interacting systems
SOCIAL SYSTEM
( COMMUNITY )
INTERPERSONAL SYSTEM
( GROUP )
F. Nightingale (1859)
PERSONAL SYSTEM
( INDIVIDUALS )

43. Sister Callista Roy

44. C. Roy
• “the human adaptive system as a whole with
parts that function as a unity for some purpose
• Human systems include people, group,
organizations, communities, and society as a
whole
• “Individual adapt to coping with stimuli form the
environment
• Adaptation is a dynamic process
• Adaptation is the positive response to the stimuli

45. Based on Unitary process

46. M. Rogers (1970)

47. M. Rogers (1970)
• unitary human beings:
irreducialbe , indivisible, multidimensional
energy fields identifies by pattern and
manifesting characteristics that are specific to
the whole and which cannot be predicted from
the knowledge of the parts
• Energy fields ate open, dynamic, unique.

48. 인간장
환경장
(State of Living)
(State of Environment)
상호작용
간호중재
Potential Changes
(Pattern of Health-Illness Continuum )

49. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse

50. Parse 1998
• Intentional beings involved with their
world, having a fundamental nature of
knowing, being present, and open to their
world
• The unitary human is one who
coparticipates in the universe in creating
becoming and who is whole, open, and
free to choose ways of becoming

51. <함께 있으면 좋은 사람>
- 용혜원 -
그대를 만나던 날 느낌이 참 좋았습니다
착한 눈빛, 해맑은 웃음, 한마디 한 마디 말에도 따뜻한 배려가 있어
잠시 동안 함께 있었는데 오래 사귄 친구처럼 마음이 편안했습니다.
내가 하는 말들을 웃는 얼굴로 잘 들어주고
어떤 격식이나 체면차림 없이 있는 그대로를 보여주는
솔직하고 담백함이 참으로 좋았습니다.
짧은 만남이지만 기쁘고 즐거웠습니다.
오랜만에 마음을 함께 맞추고 싶은 사람을 만났습니다.
그대는 함께 있으면 있을수록 더 좋은 사람입니다