LET REVIEWER

1. SOMEWHERE DOWN THE ROAD REVIEWER
KEY TO CORRECTION | BAKA MAKAHELP
GENERAL SCIENCE
Q.456
Which of the following statements best describes a hypothetical element with an electron
configuration of 1s22s22p63s23p5?
a. The hypothetical element has an atomic number of 11.
b. The hypothetical element is a member of Group V, otherwise called the Nitrogen Group.
c. The hypothetical element is in the fifth position in the p-block, along the third period of the periodic
table.
d. The hypothetical element is located at the third position of the p-block, along the fifth period of the
periodic table.
Answer: C
Q.457
Despite the observed diversity among organisms, they are all made from the same set of
biomolecules composed of monomeric units except:
a. Proteins
b. Carbohydrates
c. Nucleic Acids
d. Lipids and Fats
Answer: D
Q.458
What will be formed when radium isotope, with 88 protons and 138 neutrons undergoes alpha decay?
a. Radon Atom (Rn222) with 86 Protons
b. Francium Atom (Fr222) with 87 Protons
c. Actinium Atom (Ac222) with 89 Protons
d. Thorium Atom (Th232) with 90 Protons
Answer: A
Q.459
Which of the following examples best illustrates application of Boyle’s Law?
a. A tire becomes harder as more air is pumped into it.
b. A sealed aerosol can explode when thrown into a fire.
c. A balloon expands and bursts when exposed to direct sunlight.
d. A scuba diver stops at certain depths as he ascends to the ocean’s surface.
Answer: D
Q.460
Three liquids A, B, C were studied in a laboratory. Liquid A was found to float over B and C. It was
also found that liquid A flows fastest among the three. What can be said about liquid A?
a. Densest and most viscous
b. Densest and least viscous
c. Least dense and most viscous
d. Least dense and least viscous
Answer: D
Q.461
Which of the following statements represents a physical change?
a. An antacid tablet forms bubbles when dissolved in water.
b. A flashlight beam slowly gets dimmer and finally dies out over time.
c. The lawn grows thicker every day because fertilizers were added into the soil.
d. Frozen mango juice melted when left standing at room temperature for 30 minutes.
Answer: D
Q.462
Which of the following best explains why farmers burn rice straw and hull during seasons of harvest?
a. Burning rice hulls and straws produce compounds that act as repellant for pests which may
damage plantation.
b. The smoke produced by burning rice hulls and straws stimulate growth and fruit bearing of trees.
c. Rice hulls and straws are burned so that more spaces will be available for planting next set of
crops.

2. d. Ash from burnt rice hulls and straws are rich in compounds that could neutralize acidic soil so that
more crops will grow
Answer: D
Q.463
Acid rain occurs when _________.
a. carbon dioxide combines with water in the atmosphere.
b. phosphorus-rich water in lakes evaporates to form phosphoric acid.
c. sulfur released in burning fossil fuels combines with water in the atmosphere.
d. excess hydrogen is released into the atmosphere to produce acids.
Answer: C
Q.464
Why is it difficult to integrate nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into the nitrogen cycle of the
biosphere?
a. Nitrogen is very abundant in the atmosphere
b. Living organisms quickly absorb nitrogen gas
c. Oceans quickly absorb nitrogen gas
d. Few organisms can directly utilize atmospheric nitrogen
Answer: D
Q.465
Which of the following sentences about greenhouse effect is INCORRECT?
a. Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere which are returned to the earth’s surface.
b. Greenhouse effect is important in maintaining the temperature of the earth.
c. Greenhouse effect is due to gases that absorb the green region of light from the sun.
d. Greenhouse effect increases the overall surface temperature of the earth.
Answer: C
Q.466
When a gardener propagates a plant by taking cuttings, he plants his cutting in a well-watered soil in
a plant pot. What is the most likely reason why he may then cover the plant and pot with a lightly
perforated polythene bag?
a. To reduce the water demand of the cutting.
b. To decrease the rate of gaseous exchange by the plant.
c. To reduce the chance of attack by pests.
d. To protect the plant from cold weather.
Answer: A
Q.467
It is a common observation that mushrooms thrive few days after lightning strikes. Which among the
following biogeochemical cycles is involved in this process?
a. Nitrogen cycle
b. Carbon-Oxygen cycle
c. Phosphorus cycle
d. Sulfur cycle
Answer: A
Q.468
Which of the following factors contribute to an increase in human population?
I. Immigration II. Emigration
III. Natality IV. Mortality
a. III and IV
b. II and III
c. I only
d. I and III
Answer: D
Q.469
Shown below is a simple food web in a grassy community. The arrow symbol means eaten by. What
would happen if all snakes are killed?
Grass>Grasshopper>Frog>Snake
Bird>Snake
a. Grass population would increase.
b. Grasshopper population would increase.
c. Bird and frog populations would increase.

3. d. Grasshopper and bird populations would increase.
Answer: C
Q.470
Which of the following shows mechanical weathering of rocks?
a. formation of caverns
b. acids dissolves rocks
c. freezing water between rock particles
d. iron in rocks combine with oxygen
Answer: C
Q.471
PAGASA announces the approach of the seasonal winds. The familiar names used are Amihan and
Habagat, internationally known as ________ and ________ respectively.
a. Northeast and southwest
b. Trade wind and easterlies
c. Southwest and northeast
d. Westerlies and easterlies
Answer: A
Q.472
Fog is a cloud with its base at or very near the ground. The formation of fog generally occurs after the
ground has lost heat by:
a. Evaporation
b. Convection
c. Conduction
d. Radiation
Answer: D
Q.473
Why do we see the sun rise in the east?
a. The earth revolves eastward.
b. The earth rotates from west to east.
c. We are located in the 20th meridian.
d. On the globe, we are located in the east.
Answer: B
Q.474
If a voltage of 100 volts produces a current of 5 amperes in an electrical device, what is the
resistance?
a. 95 Ohms
b. 20 Ohms
c. 105 Ohms
d. 500 Ohms
Answer: B
Q.475
Which of the following best differentiates an earthquake's intensity from its magnitude?
a. Intensity describes 'the depth from which the earthquake originated’ while magnitude refers to ‘the
energy of the earthquake’.
b. Intensity cannot be measured while magnitude can be measured using a seismograph.
c. Intensity refers to the strength of the quake while magnitude refers to the degree of destruction it
caused at the epicenter.
d. Intensity is a measure of how much damage an earthquake cause at the surface while magnitude
is the strength of the quake.
Answer: D
Q.476
Comparing the speed of sound in liquids, gases, and solids, the speed of sound is usually lowest in
____ and highest in ____.
a. solids, gases
b. gases, liquids
c. liquids, solids
d. gases, solids
Answer: D
Q.477
Which has a greater density, a lake full of water or a cupful of water?

4. a. The cup full of water
b. The lake full of water
c. Not enough information
d. They have the same density
Answer: D
Q.478
A stainless steel spoon feels colder than a plastic spoon because stainless steel
a. absorbs less heat from the hand than plastic does
b. is really colder than plastic
c. has a lower temperature than plastic
d. conducts heat away from the hand faster than plastic does
Answer: D
Q.479
Why is it NOT advisable to repeatedly open the door of a refrigerator?
a. It will loosen the hinges of the refrigerator's door
b. Leads to wastage in electrical energy.
c. Repeated opening introduces bacteria in to the refrigerator.
d. The warm air outside lowers the temperature inside thus making the refrigeration less-efficient.
Answer: B
Q.480
What kind of mirror is used in cars to give the driver a wider area and smaller image of the traffic
behind him/her?
a. Double concave
b. Convex
c. Plane
d. Concave
Answer: B
Q.481
Why do we hear thunder some seconds after seeing lightning?
a. Light appears brighter in the sky.
b. Light travels faster than sound.
c. Sound travels 1.331 m/s
d. Sound is released later actually
Answer: B
Q.482
Water has a higher specific heat than iron. What does this mean?
a. Water is hotter than iron
b. Water heats more rapidly than iron
c. Water is denser than iron
d. Water heats more slowly than iron
Answer: D
Q.483
If a colorblind man marries a woman who has normal vision and no history of the disease, it is most
probable that all of their:
a. daughters will be carriers
b. daughters will be colorblind
c. sons will be carriers
d. sons will be colorblind
Answer: A
Q.484
Albino corn seedlings may grow several inches tall. However, they will eventually die, primarily
because
a. direct sunlight will destroy their cells
b. they lack adequate root system
c. they cannot produce their own food
d. they cannot obtain carbon dioxide
Answer: C
Q.485
Mimosa Pudica, locally known as Makahiya is called as such because its leaflets tend to close when
touched. This organismal response to a given stimuli is called:

5. a. Hydrotropism
b. Thigmotropism
c. Geotropism
d. Phototropism
Answer: B
When planning her lessons and units, Mrs. Jones is careful to include books and resources from a
variety of cultures and ethnic groups. What kind of education is this?
a. Multilingual education
b. Transformative education
c. Multicultural education
d. Gender free education
Answer: C
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of globalization?
a. Stretching a social, political and economic activities across political frontiers, regions and
continents.
b. The growing magnitude of interconnectedness and flows of trade, investment and migration.
c. A speeding up of global interactions and processes through worldwide systems of transportation
and communication.
d. The expansion of economic protectionism and isolation of poor countries.
Answer: D
a. Shift from rigid subject matter to a more interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary pedagogical
approach.
b. Shift from values education and emotional learning to knowledge dominated curriculum
c. From contextualized themes generated from global and local realities to pre-organized subject
matter
d. From more flexible learning styles to a prescribed pedagogy
Answer: A
What educational approach/perspective recognizes the knowledge and experience of women, racial
groups and ethnic groups as being just, as valid and relevant as the knowledge of dominant groups in
mainstream academic discourse?
a. Transformative education
b. Multicultural education
c. Inclusive education
d. Global education
Answer: C
How does the notion of cultural relativity and variability affect the teaching-learning processes in
school?
a. The students' varied cultural background will in no way affect the way they will learn the lessons in
school.
b. The students can readily adjust to the way the teacher initiates learning in school because children
are adaptable beings no matter what culture they come from.
c. The child's cultural background influences the children's way of interpreting and viewing the world;
hence, teachers must consider the children's world view when teaching.
d. The teacher should be wary of differing cultural points of view and must make sure that students
will see things the same way.
Answer: D
Which among the following is the focus of Civic Education?
a. Promote understanding of human rights, concepts and values to enable learners to comprehend
and transform conditions which give rise to human rights violations.

6. b. Learning for effective participation in democratic and development processes at both local and
national levels.
c. Foster a vision of education for sustainable development and care for the environment.
d. Empower people with the skills, attitudes and knowledge to build a peaceful world based on justice
and human rights.
Answer: B
Which of the following initiatives would NOT help a school address diversity?
a. Using ability grouping
b. Using cooperative learning
c. Working with neighborhood groups
d. Using culturally-relevant teaching methods
Answer: A
If the teacher is emphasizing the development of the learner's competency to transform knowledge
into innovations and job-creation, what pillar of education does s/he is actually promoting?
a. Learning to Know
b. Learning to Do
c. Learning to Live Together
d. Learning to Be
Answer: B
What pillar of education which emphasizes learning to be human, through acquisition of knowledge,
skills and values conducive to personality development?
a. Learning to Know
b. Learning to Do
c. Learning to Live Together
d. Learning to Be
Answer: D
A class is composed of students coming from several ethnic communities including Muslims and
lumads. They seem to have difficulty understanding each other’s behavior and points of view. What
should the teacher do?
a. Introduce multiculturalism in the class and provide activities for practice.
b. Threaten the students that if there are students who do not behave and tolerant of their
classmates, s/he will be dropped from class.
c. Inform students that they will all be learning new ways of thinking and behaving in this class, so
they might as well leave their cultural idiosyncrasies at home.
d. Assign bright students to monitor and control behavior of poor students.
Answer: A
Which of the following qualities should be developed by the pillar, Learning to Live Together?
a. Strong appreciation of the diversity of the human race
b. Readiness to take risks and resolve or manage conflicts
c. Scientific spirit and an inquiring mind
d. Complete fulfillment of humans, in all the richness of his/her personality
Answer: A
Which of the following statements about Gender is correct?
a. Gender is biologically determined.
b. Gender is socially and culturally-constructed.
c. Gender roles are the same in all societies.
d. Gender is an ascribed status in society.
Answer: B
UNICEF and UNESCO are two key UN agencies which are particularly active advocates of education
for peace. Which of the following is not supported by UNESCO in promoting peace in the schools?
a. Uphold children's basic rights as outlined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)

7. b. Develop a climate that models peaceful and respectful behavior among all members of the learning
community
c. Demonstrate the principles of equality and non-discrimination in administrative policies
d. Enable the teachers to stress peace-making in social studies classroom only when necessary
Answer: D
One way to advance peace education is through partnerships of various non-governmental
organizations, education institutions, United Nations specialized bodies which link ideals of peace
with research and practice. One such significant examples is the Hague Agenda for Peace and
Justice for the 21st Century. What is the aim of the Agenda's Global Campaign for Peace Education?
a. Helps coordinate local initiatives and unite educators in the common practice of educating for a
culture of peace.
b. Supports the UN Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-violence for the Children of the World
and to introduce peace and human rights education into all educational institutions.
c. Brings together multiple traditions of pedagogy, theories of education, and international initiatives
for the advancement of total human development and care for the environment through learning.
d. Serves to enhance learning across subjects like conflict resolution initiatives.
Answer: B
The impact of conflict on children whether as victims of war or child soldiers has been brought to
world attention through media, international organizations and eye witness accounts. What is the best
thing to do to help children affected by conflict?
a. Employ education to regain parts of a lost children and to facilitate the experiences that support
healthy social, emotional and intellectual growth and development
b. Provide employment opportunity for them as well as their parents to attain financial independence
c. Offer them to migrate in neighboring country as foreign refugees
d. Secure their safety by imposing strict curfew hours
Answer: A
The United Nations is committed to address climate through mitigation and adaptation. Which of the
following is the best way of addressing the issue?
a. Deepen strategic and operational collaboration with international and regional organizations,
including international financial institutions and regional development banks, and other stakeholders.
b. Developing a policy framework that identifies basic elements needed to prevent human rights
violations.
c. Facilitate and execute agreements on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest
degradation to protect forests and sustain the livelihoods of the people who depend on them.
d. Enhancing collaboration among humanitarian organizations, particularly from the global South, at
the local, national and regional levels, to strengthen community resilience and emergency response,
and establishing a monitoring system to assess progress on the implementation of preparedness
measures.
Answer: C
Why are educational environments very crucial to peace education?
a. The social, cultural, economic and political contexts in which educators work shape the specific
content and methods they choose for peace education.
b. The variety of different educational settings from rural to urban, school-based to community and
within the formal curricula or non-formal popular education projects are relevant to peace education.
c. Many teachers infuse peace education into traditional academic subjects such as literature, math,
science, history, language, civics and the arts.
d. All of the above
Answer: D
What is celebrated every December 10?
a. Mother Language day
b. Human Rights Day
c. Earth's Day
d. International Day of Tolerance
Answer: B

8. FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION
● John Locke 👉 was an English philosopher and physician "Father of Liberalism”; to form
character (mental, physical, and moral); Education as Training of the mind/Formal discipline; Notable
ideas - "Tabula rasa"
● Francis Bacon 👉 was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator and author.
"Father of scientific method" "Father of empiricism"
● Jean Jacques Rousseau 👉 was a Francophone Genevan philosopher, writer and composer of
the 18th century. “holistic education"(physical, moral, intellectual)
Notable ideas - moral simplicity of humanity; child centered learning; Famous novel: "Emile" or On
Education; Human Development
● Edgar Dale 👉 was an American educator who developed the "Cone of Experience"
aka "Father of Modern Media in Education"
● Erik Erikson 👉 was a German-born American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst
known for his theory on "psychosocial development" of human beings.
● Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi 👉 was a swiss pedagogue and educational reformer who
exemplified Romanticism in his approach. "Social regeneration of humanity" Notable ideas: "Four-
sphere concept of life" his motto was " Learning by head, hand and heart"
● Friedrich Frobel 👉 was a German pedagogue a student of Pestalozzi who laid the "foundation of
modern education" based on the recognition that children have unique needs and capabilities.
"Father of kindergarten"
● Johann Herbart 👉 was a German philosopher, psychologist and founder of pedagogy as an
academic discipline.;
● Edward Lee Thorndike 👉 was an American psychologist; " Father of Modern educational
psychology; connectionism; law of effect.; "Realize the fullest satisfaction of human wants"
PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION
● IDEALISM 👉 Plato (own ideas) nothing exists except in the mind of a man/ what we want the
world to be
● REALISM 👉 Aristotle; Herbart; Comenius; Pestalozzi; Montessori; Hobbes; Bacon; Locke
▶ (experience) fully mastery of knowledge
● BEHAVIORISM 👉 always guided by standards/by procedure; purpose is to modify the behavior
● EXISTENTIALISM 👉 Kierkegaard; Sartre; "Man shapes his being as he lives"
▶Focuses on self/individual
● PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM 👉William James; John Dewey - learn from experiences
through interaction to the environment
▶Emphasizes the needs and interests of the children
● PERENNIALISM 👉 Robert Hutchins
▶focuses on unchanging/universal truths
● ESSENTIALISM 👉 William Bagley - teaching the basic/essential knowledge
▶ Focuses on basic skills and knowledge
● PROGRESSIVISM 👉 Dewey/Pestalozzi (process of development)
▶focuses on the whole child and the cultivation of individuality
● CONSTRUCTIVISM 👉Jean Piaget
▶Focused on how humans make meaning in relation to the interaction b/w their experiences and
their ideas. Nature of knowledge w/c represents an epistemological stance.
● SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM 👉 George Counts - recognized that education was the
means of preparing people for creating his new social order
▶highlights social reform as the aim of education
➡ ACCULTURATION - learning other culture; the passing of customs, beliefs and tradition
through interaction and reading.
➡ ENCULTURATION - the passing of group's custom, beliefs and traditions from one generation
to the next generation
➡ Convergent questions - are those that typically have one correct answer.

9. ➡ Divergent questions - also called open-ended questions are used to encourage many answers
and generate greater participation of students. Higher order thinking skills; to think more creatively.
➡ 90 days - enrolled bills becomes a law
➡ 30 days - "lapse"
PRINCIPLES & THEORIES OF LEARNING & MOTIVATION
● Psychosexual Theory/Psychoanalysis - Sigmund Freud
● Psychosocial Theory - Erik Erikson's Theory of Personality
● Ecological Theory - Eric Bronfenbrenner’s Theory of Development
● Sociohistorical Cognitive Linguistic Theory - Lev Semanovich Vygotsky
● Cognitive Development - Jean Piaget; John Dewey; Jerome Brunner
● Phenomenology - Abraham Maslow; Carl Rogers; Louis Raths
● Behaviorism - Edward Thorndike; Ivan Pavlov; Burrous Frederick Skinner
● Moral Development - Lawrence Kohlberg
● Ivan Pavlov - classical conditioning
● Edward Thorndike - connectionism
● B.F. Skinner - operant conditioning & reinforcement
● Albert Bandura - "bobo doll" experiment; modelling; self-efficacy
● David Ausubel - Meaningful Reception Theory
● Jerome Bruner - Discovery Learning Theory/Inquiry method
● Wolfgang Kohler's - Insight Learning Problem
● Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin's - Information Processing Theory
● Robert Gagne's - Cumulative Learning Theory
● Howard Gardner - Multiple Intelligence
● Kurt Lewin's - Field Theory/ his concept of life space
● Bronfenbrenner’s - Ecological System Theory
● Lev Vygotsky - Social Constructivism; Zond of Proximal Development (ZPD) * gap b/w actual and
potential development
● Hilda Taba - Grassroots Approach
● Max Wertheimer - Gestalt Psychology
● Wilhelm Wundt - "Father of Modern Psychology"
● William James - wrote the "Principles of psychology" consciousness
● hypothalamus - brain's stress center
● Abraham Maslow - physiological needs; "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs" ; safety and security; love
and belongingness; self-esteem; self-actualization
● John B. Watson - (behaviorist approach) an American psychologist who established the
psychological school of behaviorism.
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
● Metaphor - is a comparison made b/w things w/c are essentially not alike.
Ex: "Nobody invites Edward to parties because He is a wet blanket"
● Simile - is like a metaphor and often uses the words "like" or "as"
Ex: "Jamie runs as fast as the wind"
● Personification - when something that is not human is given human-like qualities, this is known as
personification.
Ex: " The leaves danced in the wind on the cold October afternoon"
● Hyperbole - exaggerating, often in a humorous way to make a particular point is known as
hyperbole.
Ex: "My eyes widened at the sight of the mile-high ice cream cones we we're having for dessert"
● Onomatopoeia - when you name an action by imitating the sound associated with it.
Ex: "The bees buzz angrily when their hive is disturbed"
● Idiom - an idiom is an expression used by a particular group of people with a meaning that is only
known through common use.
Ex: "I'm just waiting for him to kick the bucket."

10. ● Synecdoche - a synecdoche is a figure of speech using a word/words that are a part to represent a
whole.
Ex: referring to credit cards as "plastic" is a synecdoche
● Assonance - when you repeat a vowel sound in a phrase, it is an assonance.
Ex: "It's true, I do like Sue."
● Metonymy - a metonymy is a figure of speech where one thing is replaced w/a word that is closely
associated with it such as using "Washington" to refer to the United States
REPUBLIC ACTS
● RA #⃣7836 - Philippine Teacher Professionalization Act of 1994
● RA #⃣7796 - TESDA Act of 1994
● Article XIV 1987 Philippine Constitution (Educ. Sci & Tech, Arts, Culture & Sports) 👉this is the
very fundamental legal basis of education in the Philippines.
● Education Act of 1982 (Batas Pambansa 232, Sept 11,1982) 👉an Act providing for the
Establishment & Maintenance of an Integrated System of Education
● RA #⃣4670 - Magna Carta for Public School Teachers (June 18,1966)
● RA #⃣6713 - Code of Conduct & Ethical Standards For Public Officials and Employees
● RA #⃣7877 - Anti-sexual Harassment Act of 1995
● RA #⃣9155 - Decentralization; Legal basis of Shared Governance in Basic Education
● RA #⃣7784 - Establishment of Center of Excellence
● K-12 Curriculum - Enhanced Basic Education Curriculum
● RA #⃣90210 - "An Act to Integrate Information Technology into the Public Elementary &
Secondary Curricula & Appropriating funds
● RA #⃣10121 - DRMM approval headed by OCO office of Civil defense May 2010
LITERATURE
● Folklore - traditionally derived and orally transmitted literature
● Folktales - reflect the people's beliefs handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth
● Epilogue - conclusion or final part of non-dramatic literary work
● Genre - distinctive type of literary composition such as epic, tragedy, comedy & novel
● "Quo Vadis" - means "where are you going"
● hieroglyphics - oldest form of Egyptian writing
● Allegory - narrative whose meaning is beneath the surface
● Elegy - a meditated poem of grief
● Sonnet - verse w/14 iambic pentameter lines
● Epic - long poem w/c depicts the adventure of a great hero who reveals his country's aspirations;
narrates heroic deeds and supernatural happenings w/local actor in w/c people sing/chant
● Soliloquy - speech made by a person who reveals his thoughts
● Manuel Arcilla - "How my brother Leon brought home a wife"
● Washington Irving - "The Legend of a Sleepy Hollow"
● Fall of the house of usher - hypochondriac living in morbid fear
● Cyrano de Bergerac - poet & soldier noted for his Peculiar nose
● "The Iliad of Homer" - great epic poem whose plot centers around the anger & wrath of Achilles
against Agamemnon
● "The Bells" - "If eyes are made for seeing, then beauty is its own excuse for being"
● Cacophony - literary term w/c means harsh & discordant sounds introduced for poetic effect
● George Bernard Shaw - known for his excellence of characterization, swiftness of narrative & clarity
of style.
● Edgar Allan Poe - greatest American writer of horror and detective stories
● Rabindranath Tagore - best known for his collection of poems called Gitanjali/song offerings
● Robert Frost - ranked as one of the best modern American poets.
● Geoffrey Chaucer - Morning Star of English Literature
● Mark Twain - "Samuel Clemens"
● Harriet Stowe - "Uncle Tom's Cabin"
● Charles Darwin - Origin of species
● Lazlo Biro - invented the ball point pen
● Harry Potter - epic kind of story

11. VOCABULARY
Emulate 〰 imitate
Vouchsafe 〰 grant
Abeyance 〰 suspended
Denigrate 〰 malign
Furtive 〰 sneaky
Remonstrate 〰protest
Corroborate 〰confirm
Gullible 〰easily deceived
Germane 〰relevant
Plebeian 〰common
Vulpine 〰cunning
Spendthrift 〰spender
Impolitic 〰unwise
Terse 〰concise
Parsimonious 〰stingy
Stupefy 〰make numb
Pariah 〰outcast
Wizened 〰shriveled
Dubious 〰doubtful
Incriminates 〰accuse
Frivolous 〰worthless
Susceptible 〰inclined
Impertinent 〰irrelevant
Ostracized 〰excluded
Conglomeration 〰diffusion
Cacophonous 〰loud and unpleasant
Carnal 〰worldly
Aplomb 〰composure
Candor 〰honesty
Contemptuous 〰 scornful
Feeble 〰 weak
Inevitable 〰 certain
FILIPINO
● Ang panubong - handog sa dalagang may kaarawan (koronang bulaklak)
● Florante at Laura - (awit) "katiwalian ng mga kastila"
● Jose dela Cruz - tungkod ng tulang tagalog
● Noli Me Tangere - (Rizal) suliraning panlipunan ng bayan
● "Doktrina Kristiyana" - Fr. Domingo de Nieva 👉 unang aklat na nalimbag sa pilipinas
● Severino Reyes - Ama ng dulaang tagalog
● Juan Luna - La Spolarium
● "Alim" - pinakamatandang epiko ng pilipinas
● Jose Palma - naglikha ng "Himno Nacional Filipino"
● Liwayway - nabigyan ng pagpapahalaga ang sariling wika
● Lope K.Santos - "Ama ng balarila ng pilipino"
● Andres Bonifacio - "anak bayan"
● Pupdok/Kinting kulirat - hindi kailanman ginamit ni Marcelo del Pilar
● Teodoro Agoncillo - isang kilalang manunulat ng kasaysayan
● Manuel Quezon - Ama ng Wikang Pambansa
● Constancio de Guzman - lumikha ng awit na "Ang Bayan Ko"
● Pascual Poblete - Ama ng pahayagang tagalog
BRUNER’S THREE MODES OF REPRESENTATION

12. 1. ENACTIVE (0-1 yrs. old) – action-
based information
2. ICONIC (1-6 yrs. old) – image-
based information
3. SYMBOLIC (7+) – code/symbols
such as language
PROF ED NOTES
PART1: KOUNIN'S MGT MODEL (1970)
✔stimulus boundedness -- teacher's attention interrupted by extraneous stimulus
✔Thrust -- teacher interrupts students engaged in activities w/o considering whether the student is
ready or not.
✔Dangles -- teacher interrupts activity of student and return to it again.
✔Truncations -- teacher does not return to current act. after being interrupted.
✔Over dwelling -- teacher focuses on a certain topic that will lead to too much time consumption,
the lesson will slow down.
✔Fragmentation -- chunks of lesson for students to understand his/her lesson effectively or
breaking down of act. to cause too much time.
✔Flip Flop -- teacher changes its activity from current activity to new one and vice versa
whenever he/she changes his/her mind.
PART 2 PO.
THEORIES AND THEIR PROPONENTS
✔Wilhelm Woundt = German psychologist "founder of modern psychology.
✔Titchener = structuralism psychology
William James, G. Stanley Hall, James M. Cattell.... these three promote "functionalism psychology
✔Charles Darwin = theories to mental characteristics as human think, feel & behave("
evolutionary psychology")
✔Herman Ebbinghaus = associationism psychology
✔Edwin Guthrie = (stimulus and response ) :; temporal congruity
✔Edward Lee Thorndike = "satisfaction" "the law of effect".
✔Ivan Pavlov = involuntary behavior
✔Max Wertheimer = gestalt psychology
✔Otto Loewi = discovered "acetylcholine" responsible in stimulation of muscles
✔Ulf von Euler discovered "norepinephrine" bringing our nervous system into "high alert"
✔Arvid Carlsson discovered "dopamine" the reward mechanisms in the brain
✔Jean Piaget -- cognitive development , info processing , dynamic interrelation.
✔Sigmund Freud -- psychosexual , psychoanalytic
✔Erik Erickson -- psychosocial
✔Lawrence Kohlberg -- moral development,
✔Burrous Frederic Skinner -- operant cond.
✔Ivan Pavlov -- classical cond.
✔Edward Lee Thorndike -- connectionism
✔Albert Bandura -- social learning, neo - behaviorism
✔Robert Gagne -- sequence of instruction
✔Abraham Maslow -- hierarchy of needs , motivation theory
✔William Kohler -- insight learning
✔Robert Havighurst – dev’t task theory
✔Benjamin Bloom -- bloom's cognitive taxonomy
✔Simpsons / Anita Harrow -- psychomotor domain
✔David Krathwohl -- affective domain
✔Jerome Bruner -- constructivist, spiral curriculum, instrumental conceptualism

13. ✔Lev Vygotsky -- socio-cultural theory of cognitive devt , linguistic theory, Scaffolding
✔Edgar Dale -- cone of exp. (20% remember)
✔kohler, koffka, Wertheimer -- gestalt psychology
✔John Locke – tabula rasa , empiricism
✔Howard Gardner -- multiple int.
✔Noam Chomsky -- language acquisition theory , for of linguistic, nativism
✔David Ausubel -- meaningful learning, graphic organizer, assumption
✔Charles Cooley -- looking glass self-theory
✔John Flavell -- metacognition
✔Sandra Bem -- gender schema theory
✔Elliot Turriel -- social domain theory
✔Robert Sternberg -- triarchic theory of int.
✔John Watson – behaviorism
SAVE AND SHARE - DEE
ENGLISH....
*HENLY- " I am the master of my fate, I am the captain of my soul" poem of INVICTUS
*KEATS- " A thing of beauty is a joy forever"
*MARK TWAIN- American greatest humorist
*EPIC- a long narrative poem dealing with persons of heroic proportion & actions of great significance
*EDGAR ALLAN POE- considered the father of the modern American short story
*HAIKU- Japanese poem w/ 17 syllables
*ANTHOLOGY- collection of literary pieces
*SONNET- 14 iambic pentameter lines
*MAHABHARATA- longest epic
*FOLKTALES- stories that reflect people's beliefs & are handed from generation to generation
*FABLES- these are tales making use of animals as characters
*MARCELO H. DEL PILAR- his pen name "Dolores manapat"
*QUEZON- "like the molave" his source of inspiration
*ELEGY- a poem lamenting the dead
*SOLILOQUY- a speech by a person who reveals his thoughts
MANUEL ARGUILLA- author of "how my brother Leon brought home a wife"
*JOSE RIZAL- he wrote the famous letter " to the women of malolos"
*URBANA AT FELIZA- a kind of literary piece w/c moralizes & was written in letter between 2 sisters
dwelling in the city& the other in the province
*WASHINGTON- author of " the legend of sleepy hollow"
*RHODORA- "if eyes are made for seeing, the beauty is its own excuse for being"- is taken from the
poem
*THE ILLIAD OF HOMER- A great epic poem whose plot centers around the anger & wrath of
Achilles against Agamemnon, a great Leader
*LEONARDO DA VINCI- famous work monaliza
*JUAN LUNA- famous painting "'spolarium"
*MICHAEL ANGELO- created "the statue of David'
LITERATURE
✔Robert Browning - dramatic monologue style of writing
✔Wole Soyinka - 1st African Nobel Laureate
✔PLOT - most important in Aristotle's Poetics
✔"The Prince" by Niccolò Machiavelli - a political power handbook
✔"The Little Prince" by Antoine de Saint-Exupery
✔Fyodor Dostoevsky - most common theme of writing: enormous contradictions of human nature
✔Lyric poetry - about emotions/feelings musical accompaniment; not intended to be sung
✔Ballad - narrative poem; intended to be sung
✔Epistolary - a compilation of works or series of documents or letters with connection; popular in
the 18th Century

14. ✔Picaresque - stories about the adventures of a low-class individual (example: Robinhood)
✔Mahabharata - the true epic of India with mythology and religion
✔Gilgamesh - 1st heroic narrative of world literature
✔"Ode to a Grecian Urn" by John Keats - about beauty; "A thing of beauty is a joy forever."
✔"War and Peace" by Leo Tolstoy - about the Napoleonic invasion of Russia
✔"Kublai Khan" by Coleridge - a collection of dreams stimulated by drugs
✔HAIKU - Japanese poem about transistorizes of life; captures a moment to memorialize
✔Lord Tennyson works:
-Break, break, break
-Crossing the Bar
-In Memoriam
✔Blank verse poetry - no rhyme; with meter
✔Free verse - no rhyme; no meter; a characteristic of Modernism poetry
✔"A Rose is a Rose, is a Rose" by Gertrude Stein - she is one of the "Lost Generation" writers
✔Filipino local color style - Manuel Anguilla’s "How My Brother Leon Brought Home A Wife"
✔American local color style - Mark Twain's (Samuel Langhorne Clemens) "Adventures of
Huckleberry fin" and "Life on Mississippi"
✔Marks of Post-Modernism:
-intertextuality
-metafictionally
✔"The Filipino Rebel" by Stevan Javellana - story of a woman torn between love & obedience
✔"A Child of Sorrow" - 1st English Philippine novel
✔"Bamboo in the Wind" by Azucena Grajo Urranza - last desperate effort of Filipinos to be free
from colonization
✔Sucesos Felices - 1st newsletter in the Philippines
18 Days before the Sept.2017 LET. SAVE AND SHARE CHERS! - DEE
List of Literary Terms 😍 👳
❤Abstract Language- Language describing ideas and qualities rather than observable or specific
things, people, or places. The observable or "physical" is usually described in concrete language.
❤Ad homenim —Latin for "against the man." When a writer personally attacks his or her
opponents instead of their arguments
❤Ad populum— Latin for "to the crowd." A fallacy of logic in which the widespread occurrence of
something is assumed to make it true.
❤Allegory—A narrative or description having a second meaning beneath the surface one. A story,
fictional or nonfiction, in which characters, things, and events represent qualities or concepts. The
interaction of these characters, things, events is meant to reveal an abstraction or a truth. These
characters, etc. may be symbolic of the ideas referred to.
❤Alliteration—The repetition at close intervals of initial identical consonant sounds. Or, vowel
sounds in successive words or syllables that repeat.
❤Allusion—An indirect reference to something (usually a literary text) with which the reader is
expected to be familiar. Allusions are usually literary, historical, Biblical, or mythological.
❤Ambiguity—An event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way. Also, the
manner of expression of such an event or situation may be ambiguous. Artful language may be
ambiguous. Unintentional ambiguity is usually vagueness.
❤Anachronism—Assignment of something to a time when it was not in existence, e.g. the watch
Merlyn wore in The Once and Future King.
❤Analogy—An analogy is a comparison to a directly parallel case. When a writer uses an
analogy, he or she argues that a claim reasonable for one case is reasonable for the analogous case.
❤Anaphora—Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in
a row. This device is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent.
❤Anecdote—A brief recounting of a relevant episode. Anecdotes are often inserted into fictional

15. or nonfiction texts as a way of developing a point or injecting humor.
❤Angst—A term used in existential criticism to describe both the individual and the collective
anxiety-neurosis of the period following the Second World War. This feeling of anxiety, dread, or
anguish is notably present in the works of writers like Jean Paul Sartre and Albert Camus.
❤Annotation—Explanatory notes added to a text to explain, cite sources, or give bibliographic
data (by the author or student).
❤Antithesis—A balancing of two opposite or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses.
❤Apostrophe—An address to the dead as if living; to the inanimate as if animate; to the absent as
if present; to the unborn as if alive. Examples: "O Julius Caesar thou are mighty yet; thy spirit walks
abroad," or "Roll on, thou deep and dark blue ocean, roll."
❤Archetype—A term borrowed by psychologist Carl Jung who described archetypes as
"primordial images" formed by repeated experiences in the lives of our ancestors, inherited in the
"collective unconscious" of the human race and expressed in myths, religion, dreams, fantasies, and
literature. These "images" of character, plot pattern, symbols recur in literature and evoke profound
emotional responses in the reader because they resonate with an image already existing in our
unconscious mind, e.g. death, rebirth.
❤Argumentation—Exploring of a problem by investigating all sides of it; persuasion through
reason. One of the four chief forms of discourse, the others being exposition, narration, and
description. The purpose of argumentation is to convince by establishing the truth or falsity of a
proposition.
❤Aside—A dramatic convention by which an actor directly addresses the audience but it is not
supposed to be heard by the other actors on the stage.
❤Assonance—Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity. "Fake"
and "lake" denote rhyme; "lake" and "fate" demonstrate assonance.
❤Asyndeton—A series of words separated by commas (with no conjunction), e.g. "I came, I saw, I
conquered." The parts of the sentence are emphasized equally; in addition, the use of commas with
no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence.
❤Balance—Construction in which both halves of the sentence are about the same length and
importance, sometimes used to emphasize contrast.
❤Bandwagon—Trying to establish that something is true because everyone believes it is true.
❤Catharsis—The process by which an unhealthy emotional state produced by an imbalance of
feelings is corrected and emotional health is restored.
❤Causal Relationship (cause and effect)—In causal relationships, a writer assert that one thing
results from another. To show how one thing produces or brings about another is often relevant in
establishing a logical argument.
❤Characterization—The method an author uses to develop characters in a work. In direct
characterization, the author straightforwardly states the character’s traits. With indirect
characterization, those traits are implied through what the character says, does, how the character
dresses, interacts with other characters, etc.
❤Chiasmus—Arrangement of repeated thoughts in the pattern of X Y Y X. Chiasmus is often
short and summarizes a main idea, e.g., "ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can
do for your country."
❤Chronological Ordering—Arrangement of ideas in the order in which things occur; may move
from past to present or in reverse, from present to past.
Classification (as means of ordering)—Arrangement of objects according to class; e.g., media
classified as print, television, radio.
❤Comedy of Manners—Deals with the relations and intrigues of gentlemen and ladies living in a
polished and sophisticated society; it evokes laughter mainly at the violations of social conventions
and decorum and relies on the wit and humor of the dialogue for its effect.
❤Comic relief—Humorous speeches and incidents in the course of the serious action of a
tragedy; frequently comic relief widens and enriches the tragic significance of the work.
❤Conceit—Unusual or surprising comparison between two very different things (a special kind of
metaphor or complicated analogy.
❤Concrete Language—Language that describes specific, observable things, people or places,

16. rather than ideas or qualities.
❤Connotation—Rather than the dictionary definition, the associations associated by a word.
Implied meaning rather than literal meaning or denotation.
❤Consonance—Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.
❤Conventional—Following certain conventions, or traditional techniques of writing. An over
reliance on conventions may result in a lack of originality. The five-paragraph theme is considered
conventional.
❤Cumulative—Sentence which begins with the main idea and then expands on that idea with a
series of details or other particulars.
❤Deduction—A form of reasoning that begins with a generalization, then applies the
generalization to a specific case or cases.
❤Diction—Word choice, particularly as an element of style. Different types and arrangements of
words have significant effects on meaning. An essay written in academic diction, for example, would
be much less colorful, but perhaps more precise, than street slang.
❤Didactic—A term used to describe fiction or nonfiction that teaches a specific lesson or moral or
provides a model or correct behavior or thinking.
❤Digression—A temporary departure from the main subject in speaking or writing.
❤Dramatic Irony—When the reader is aware of an inconsistency between a fictional or nonfiction
character's perception of a situation and the truth of that situation.
❤Elegy—A formal sustained poem lamenting the death of a particular person.
❤Elliptical—Sentence structure which leaves out something in the second half. Usually, there is a
subject-verb-object combination in the first half of the sentence, and the second half of the sentence
will repeat the structure but omit the verb and use a comma to indicate the elapsed material.
❤Emotional Appeal—When a writer appeals to an audience's emotions (often through "pathos") to
excite and involve team in the argument.
❤Ennui—A persistent feeling of tiredness or weariness which often afflicts existential man, often
manifesting as boredom.
❤Enthymeme—A syllogism in which one of the premises—often the major premise—is unstated,
but meant to be understood, e.g. "Children should be seen and not heard. Be quiet, John." Here, the
minor premise—that John is a child—is left to the ingenuity of the reader.
❤Epigraph—A quotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work suggestive of a theme.
One found at the beginning of John Kennedy Toole's Confederacy of Dunces: "When a true genius
appears in the world, you may know him by this sign; that all the dunces are in a confederacy against
him." —Jonathan Swift.
❤Epiphany—A major character's moment of realization or awareness.
❤Epithet—a term used to characterize a person or thing, such as rosy-fingered in rosy-fingered
dawn or the Great in Catherine the Great. Also, a term used as a descriptive substitute for the name
or title or a person, such as The Great Emancipator for Abraham Lincoln.
❤Ethical Appeal—When a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect and believe him or her
based on a presentation of image of self through the text. Reputation is sometimes a factor in ethical
appeals, but in all cases the aim is to gain the audience's confidence.
❤Euphemism—The use of a word or phrase that is less direct, but is also considered less
distasteful or less offensive than another. E.g. "He is at rest" instead of "He is dead." Also consider
"Technicolor yawn" for "vomiting."
❤Example—An individual instance taken to be representative of a general pattern. Arguing by
example is considered reliable if examples are demonstrably true or factual as well as relevant.
❤Explication—The act of interpreting or discovering the meaning of a text. Explication usually
involves close reading and special attention to figurative language.
❤Exposition—Background information provided by a writer to enhance a reader's understanding
of the context of a fictional or nonfictional story.
❤False Analogy—When two cases are not sufficiently parallel to lead readers to accept a claim of
connection between them.
❤Farce—A type of comedy in which one-dimensional characters are put into ludicrous situations;
ordinary standards of probability and motivation are freely violated in order to evoke laughter.

17. ❤Fiction—A product of a writer's imagination, usually made up of characters, plot, setting, point of
view, and theme.
❤Figurative Language—A word or words that are inaccurate literally, but describe by calling to
mind sensations or responses that the thing described evokes. Figurative language may be in the
form of metaphors or similes, both non-literal comparisons. Shakespeare's "All the world's a stage" is
an example of non-literal figurative language (metaphor specifically).
❤Figure of Speech—A form of expression in which words are used out of the usual sense in order
to make the meaning more specific
❤Flat Character—A character constructed around a single idea or quality; a flat character is
immediately recognizable.
❤Foil—A character whose traits are the opposite of another and who thus points up the strengths
and weaknesses of the other character.
❤Freight-train—Sentence consisting of three or more very short independent clauses joined by
conjunctions. ❤Generalization—When a writer bases a claim upon an isolated example or asserts
that a claim is certain rather than probable. Sweeping generalizations occur when a writer asserts
that a claim applies to all instances instead of one.
❤Genre—French, a literary form or type; classification. e.g. tragedy, comedy, novel, essay,
poetry.
❤Hubris—Overwhelming pride or insolence that results in the misfortune of the protagonist of a
tragedy. It is the particular form of tragic flaw that results from excessive pride, ambition, or
overconfidence. The excessive pride of Macbeth is a standard example of hubris in English drama.
Also spelled hybris
❤Hyperbole—Conscious exaggeration used to heighten effect. Not intended literally, hyperbole is
often humorous. Example: "And fired the shot heard round the world."
❤Image—A word or group of words, either figurative or literal, used to describe a sensory
experience or an object perceived by the senses. An image is always a concrete representation.
❤Imagery—The use of images, especially in a pattern of related images, often figurative, to create
a strong unified sensory impression.
❤Induction—A form or reasoning which works from a body of facts to the formulation of a
generalization; frequently used in science and history.
Inversion—Variation of the normal word order (subject first, then verb, then complement) which puts a
modifier or the verb as first in the sentence. The element that appears first is emphasized more than
the subject.
❤Irony—When a reader is aware of a reality that differs from a character's perception of reality
(dramatic irony)/ The literal meaning of a writer's words may be verbal irony. Generally speaking, a
discrepancy between expectation and reality.
❤Litotes—Opposite of hyperbole; litotes intensifies an idea understatement by stating through the
opposite. E.g. saying "It wasn't my best day" instead of "It was my worst day."
❤Logical Appeal—Relies on the audience's logical faculties; logical appeal moves from evidence
to conclusion.
❤Metaphor—A comparison of two things, often unrelated. A figurative verbal equation results
where both "parts" illuminate one another. Metaphors may occur: in a single sentence —"Talent is a
cistern; genius is a fountain;" as a controlling image of an entire work —"Pilgrim at Sea by Par F.
Lagerkvist; as obvious ("His fist was a knotty hammer.") or implied (But O beware the middle mind
that purrs and never shows a tooth.").
❤Dead Metaphor—So overused that its original impact has been lost.
❤Extended Metaphor—One developed at length and involves several points of comparison.
Mixed Metaphor—When two metaphors are jumbled together, often illogically.
❤Metonymy—Designation of one thing with something closely associated with it. E.g. calling the
head of a committee a CHAIR, the king the CROWN, a newspaper the PRESS, or old people the
GRAY HAIRS.
❤Mood—An atmosphere created by a writer's word choice (diction) and the details selected.
Syntax is also a determiner of mood because sentence strength, length, and complexity affect pacing.
❤Moral—The lesson drawn from a fictional or nonfictional story. A heavily didactic story.

18. ❤Motif—A frequently recurrent character, incident, or concept in literature.
❤Negative-Positive—Sentence that begins by stating what is not true, but ending by stating what
is true.
❤Non-sequiter—Latin for "it does not follow." When one comment isn't logically related to another.
❤Novel—An extended piece of prose fiction. Some examples include:
❤sociological novel —emphasizes the influence of economic and social conditions on characters
and events and often embodies an implicit thesis for social reform.
❤historical novel —takes its setting and a number of its characters and events from history.
❤regional novel —emphasizes setting and mores of a particular locality as these affect character
and action (local color); e.g. Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole.
novel of ideas
❤epistolary novel—tells narrative through letters (beginning of Frankenstein by Mary Shelly)
❤Onomatopoeia—The use of a word whose pronunciation suggests its meaning. "Buzz," "hiss,"
"slam," and "pop" are commonly used examples.
❤Oxymoron—A rhetorical antithesis. Juxtaposing two contradictory terms, like "wise fool" or
"deafening silence."
Parable—A short story from which a lesson may be drawn.
❤Paradox—A seemingly contradictory statement or situation which is actually true. This rhetorical
device is often used for emphasis or simply to attract attention.
❤Parallelism—Sentence construction which places in close proximity two or more equal
grammatical constructions. Parallel structure may be as simple as listing two or three modifiers in a
row to describe the same noun or verb; it may take the form of two or more of the same type of
phrases (prepositional, participial, gerund, appositive) that modify the same noun or verb; it may also
take the form of two or more subordinate clauses that modify the same noun or verb. Or, parallel
structure may be a complex blend of single-word, phrase, and clause parallelism all in the same
sentence.
❤Parody—An exaggerated imitation of a usually more serious work for humorous purposes. The
writer of a parody uses the quirks of style of the imitated piece in extreme or ridiculous ways.
❤Pathos—Qualities of a fictional or nonfictional work that evoke sorrow or pity. Over-
emotionalism can be the result of an excess of pathos.
❤Periodic Sentence—Sentence that places the main idea or central complete thought at the end
of the sentence, after all introductory elements—e.g. "Across the stream, beyond the clearing, from
behind a fallen a tree, the lion emerged."
Peripety—Reversal in the hero's fortunes.
❤Persona—A writer often adopts a fictional voice to tell a story. Persona or voice is usually
determined by a combination of subject matter and audience.
❤Personification—Figurative Language in which inanimate objects, animals, ideas, or
abstractions are endowed with human traits or human form—e.g. "When Duty whispers…”
❤Plot—System of actions represented in a dramatic or narrative work.
Point of View—The perspective from which a fictional or nonfictional story is told. First-person, third-
person, or third-person omniscient points of view are commonly used.
❤Polysyndeton—Sentence which uses and or another conjunction, with no commas, to separate
the items in a series, usually appearing in the form X and Y and Z, stressing equally each member of
the series. It makes the sentence slower and the items more emphatic than in the asyndeton.
❤Post hoc Fallacy—Latin for "after this, therefore because of this." When a writer implies that
because one thing follows another, the first caused the second. Establishes an unjustified link
between cause and effect.
❤Protagonist—Chief character in a dramatic or narrative work, usually trying to accomplish some
objective or working toward some goal.
❤Pun—A play on words that are identical or similar in sound but have sharply diverse meanings.
❤Red Herring—Device through which a writer raises an irrelevant issue to draw attention away
from the real issue.
❤Refutation—Occurs when a writer musters relevant opposing arguments.
❤Repetition—Word or phrase used two or more times in close proximity.

19. ❤Rhetoric—The art of effective communication, especially persuasive discourse. Rhetoric
focuses on the interrelationship of invention, arrangement, and style in order to create felicitous and
appropriate discourse.
❤Rhetorical Criticism—Emphasizes communication between the author and reader. Analyzes the
elements employed in a literary work to impose on the reader the author's view of the meaning, both
denotative and connotative, of the work.
❤Rhetorical Question—A question asked for rhetorical effect to emphasize a point; no answer is
expected.
❤Round Character—A character drawn with sufficient complexity to be able to surprise the reader
without losing credibility.
❤Satire—A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by
portraying it in an extreme way. Satire doesn't simply abuse (as with invective) or get personal (as
with sarcasm). Satire usually targets groups or large concepts rather than individuals; its purpose is
customarily to inspire change.
❤Sarcasm—A type of verbal irony in which, under the guise of praise, a caustic and bitter
expression of strong and personal disapproval is given. Sarcasm is personal, jeering, and intended to
hurt.
Setting—Locale and period in which the action takes place.
❤Simile—A figurative comparison of two things, often dissimilar, using the connecting words:
"like," "as," or "then." E.g. "More rapid than eagles his coursers they came."
❤Situational Irony—Applies to works which contain elaborate expressions of the ironic spirit. Also,
irony applies to both Hamlet's situation and to his famous soliloquy, "To be or not to be."
❤Soliloquy—When a character in a play speaks his thoughts aloud —usually by him or herself.
❤Stock Character—Conventional character types that recur repeatedly in various literary genres.
E.g. the wicked stepmother or Prince Charming or the rascal.
❤Stream of Consciousness—Technique of writing that undertakes to reproduce the raw flow of
consciousness, with the perceptions, thoughts, judgments, feelings, associations, and memories
presented just as they occur without being tidied into grammatical sentences or given logical and
narrative order.
❤Style—The choices in diction, tone, and syntax that a writer makes. In combination they create a
work's manner of expression. Style is thought to be conscious and unconscious and may be altered
to suit specific occasions. Style is often habitual and evolves over time.
Syllogism—A form of reasoning in which two statements or premises are made and a logical
conclusion is drawn from them (a form of deductive reasoning).
❤Symbol—A thing, event, or person that represents or stands for some idea or event. Symbols
also simultaneously retain their own literal meanings. A figure of speech in which a concrete object is
used to stand for an abstract idea —e.g. the cross for Christianity.
❤Synecdoche—Part of something is used to stand for the whole —e.g. "threads" for clothes;
"wheels" for cars.
❤Syntax—In grammar, the arrangement of words as elements in a sentence to show their
relationship.
❤Theme—A central idea of a work of fiction or nonfiction, revealed and developed in the course
of a story or explored through argument.
❤Tone—A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative
language, and organization of the sentence and global levels.
❤Tragedy—Representations of serious actions which turn out disastrously.
❤Tragic Flaw—Tragic error in judgment; a mistaken act which changes the fortune of the tragic
hero from happiness to misery; also known as hamartia.
❤Understatement-Deliberately representing something as much less than it really is —e.g. "Last
week I saw a woman flayed, and you will hardly believe how much it altered her appearance." —
Jonathan Swift
❤Unity—A work of fiction or nonfiction is said to be unified is all the parts are related to one
central idea or organizing principle. Thus, unity is dependent upon coherence.
❤Verbal Irony—When the reader is aware of a discrepancy between the real meaning of a

20. situation and the literal meaning of the writer's words.
❤Zeugma—The writer uses one word to govern several successive words are clauses —e.g. She
discovered New York and her world.
ENGLISH MAJORS! SAVE AND SHARE - DEE
Source: World Class Learning
Figures of Speech
A figure of speech is a word or phrase that has a meaning something different than its literal meaning.
It can be a metaphor or simile that is designed to further explain a concept. Or, it can be a different
way of pronouncing a word or phrase such as with alliteration to give further meaning or a different
sound.
1. Alliteration
The repetition of an initial consonant sound.
Example: Sally sells seashells.
2. Allusion
The act of alluding is to make indirect reference. It is a literary device, a figure of speech that quickly
stimulates different ideas and associations using only a couple of words.
Example: David was being such a scrooge! (Scrooge" is the allusion, and it refers to Charles Dicken's
novel, A Christmas Carol. Scrooge was very greedy and unkind, which David was being compared
to.)
3. Anaphora
The repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or verses. (Contrast
with epiphora and epistrophe.)
Example: I came, I saw, I conquered – Julius Caesar
4. Antanaclasis
It is a rhetorical device in which a word is repeated and whose meaning changes in the second
instance. Antanaclasis is a common type of pun.
Example:
Your argument is sound, nothing but sound. – Benjamin Franklin.
The word sound in the first instance means solid or reasonable. The second instance of sound means
empty.
5. Anticlimax
Refers to a figure of speech in which statements gradually descend in order of importance.
Example:
She is a great writer, a mother and a good humorist.
6. Antiphrasis
A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is used to mean the opposite of its normal meaning to
create ironic humorous effect. From the Greek: anti "opposite" and phrases, "diction".
Example:
She's so beautiful. She has an attractive long nose.
7. Antithesis
The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases.
Example:
Many are called, but few are chosen.
8. Apostrophe
Breaking off discourse to address some absent person or thing, some abstract quality, an inanimate
object, or a nonexistent character.
Example:
"O, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth,
That I am meek and gentle with these butchers!
Thou art the ruins of the noblest man
That ever lived in the tide of times."
Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, Act 3, Scene 1
9. Assonance
Identity or similarity in sound between internal vowels in neighboring words.
Example:
"The crumbling thunder of seas" – Robert Louis Stevenson
10. Cataphora
Refers to a figure of speech where an earlier expression refers to or describes a forward expression.
Cataphora is the opposite of anaphora, a reference forward as opposed to backward in the discourse.
Example:

21. After he had received his orders, the soldier left the barracks. (he is also a cataphoric reference to the
soldier which is mentioned later in the discourse.
11. Chiasmus
A verbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first but with the
parts reversed.
Example:
He knowingly led and we followed blindly
12. Climax
Refers to a figure of speech in which words, phrases, or clauses are arranged in order of increasing
importance.
Example:
"There are three things that will endure: faith, hope, and love. But the greatest of these is love."
1 Corinthians 13:13
13. Dysphemism
Refers to the use of a harsh, more offensive word instead of one considered less harsh. Dysphemism
is often contrasted with euphemism. Dysphemism’s are generally used to shock or offend.
Example:
Snail mail for postal mail.
14. Ellipsis
Refers to the omission of a word or words. It refers to constructions in which words are left out of a
sentence but the sentence can still be understood.
Example:
15. Euphemism
The substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit.
Example:
Going to the other side for death
Passed away for die
16. Hyperbole
An extravagant statement; the use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or heightened
effect.
Example:
The bag weighed a ton.
17. Irony
The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. A statement or situation where the
meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea.
Example:
His argument was as clear as mud.
18. Litotes
A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating
its opposite.
Example:
19. Merism
It is a figure of speech by which something is referred to by a conventional phrase that enumerates
several of its constituents or traits.
Example:
Flesh and bone. (Referring to the body).
20. Metaphor
An implied comparison between two unlike things that actually have something important in common.
Example:
All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players;
They have their exits and their entrances;
(William Shakespeare, As You Like It, 2/7)
21. Metalepsis
It is a figure of speech in which reference is made to something by means of another thing that is
remotely related to it, either through a causal relationship, or through another figure of speech.
Example:
A lead foot is driving behind me. (This refers to someone who drives fast. This metalepsis is achieved
only through a cause and effect relationship. Lead is heavy and a heavy foot would press the
accelerator, and this would cause the car to speed.)
22. Metonymy

22. A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it's closely
associated; also, the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things
around it.
Example:
Crown. (For the power of a king.)
The White House. (Referring to the American administration.)
23. Onomatopoeia
The use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.
Example:
clap
murmur
24. Oxymoron
A figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side.
Example:
Dark light
Living dead
25. Paradox
A statement that appears to contradict itself.
Example:
Drowning in the fountain of eternal life
Deep down, you're really shallow.
26. Personification
A figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with human qualities or
abilities.
Example:
"Ah, William, we're weary of weather,"
said the sunflowers, shining with dew.
"Our traveling habits have tired us.
Can you give us a room with a view?"
They arranged themselves at the window
and counted the steps of the sun,
and they both took root in the carpet
where the topaz tortoises run.
William Blake
(1757-1827)
27. Pun
A play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar
sense or sound of different words.
Example:
"Atheism is a non-prophet institution." (The word "prophet" is put in place of its homophone "profit",
altering the common phrase "non-profit institution")
28. Simile
A stated comparison (usually formed with "like" or "as") between two fundamentally dissimilar things
that have certain qualities in common.
Example:
He fights like a lion.
29. Synecdoche
A figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole (for example, ABCs for alphabet) or
the whole for a part ("England won the World Cup in 1966″).
Example:
A hundred head of cattle (using the part head to refer to the whole animal)
30. Tautology
A statement that says the same thing twice in different ways, or a statement that is unconditionally
true by the way it is phrased.
Example:
Forward planning
It's a free gift.
31. Understatement
A figure of speech in which a writer or speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or
serious than it is.
Example:
"The grave's a fine and private place,

23. But none, I think, do there embrace."
(Andrew Marvell, "To His Coy Mistress")
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION LIST OF KEYWORDS
1. Idealism – spiritual, values, ideal
2. realism- science
3. empiricism- senses
4. naturalism- innate
5. existentialism- choice, decision, unique
6. essentialism- specialization, basic, fundamental
7. perennialism- classic, literature, traditional
8. pragmatism- activation of skills
9. progressivism-child-centered
10. Epicureanism- perfection
11. Agnosticism- atheist, unknown 12. stoicism- passionate emotions
13. hedonism- pleasure
14. humanism- humans
15. constructivism- prior knowledge activation
16. reconstructionism- solution to problem
17. scholasticism- rationalization of church
Theories
1.Stages of development- jean piaget, thinking
2. Cognitivism- discovery learning, Jerome Bruner, concrete to abstract
3. behaviorism- environment, Watson
4. connectionism- classroom environment, Thorndike
5. humanism- carl rogers, child centered
6. operant conditioning- reinforcement/punishment, skinner
7. Classical conditioning- habit and stimuli
8. Meaningful learning- conceptual, graphic organizers, Ausubel
9. Insightful learning- Activation of prior knowledge, problem solving, Koehler
10. Moral development- value formation, Kohlberg
11. need theory- needs, Maslow
12. attachment theory- caregiver, john Bowlby
13. identity statuses- jams Marcia’s, confusion
14. field theory- internal and external environment
15. bioecological- system of environment, Bronfenbrenner
16. choice theory- Glasser, decision 17. social learning- bandura, modelling
18. socio-cultural- Vygotsky, scaffolding more knowledgeable other(mko)
COMMONLY USED TERMS
Metacognition- thinking about thinking
Recitation- thinking aloud
Schooling- system controlled by teacher
Rebus- making a poem out of a concept
Indoctrination- religion, without addition nor subtraction
KASH - KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, SKILLS AND HABITS
KC APANSE - Blooms taxonomy
Multiple Choices:
1. These are living things that use sunlight, chlorophyll, water and carbon dioxide to produce food.
a. Autotrophs c. Heterotrophs
b. Consumers d. Food chain
2. It is described as the lifeline of the body. IT is the body’s “pickup” and delivery system.”
a. Blood c. circulatory system
b. nervous system d. heart
3. It carries the oxygen-rich blood to the head, arms, and chest and down to the waist and the legs.
a. heart c. aorta
b. ventricles d. arteries

24. 4. They are the transmitters of message from the different parts of the body to the brain and vice
versa.
a. spinal cord c. brain
b. neurons or nerve cells d. arteries
5. Which part of the brain controls the following activities: breathing, blood pressure, heart rate,
alertness?
a. brainstem c. cerebrum
b. hypothalamus d. spinal cord
6. Refers to a sequence of organism in a community that constitutes a feeding chain.
a. photosynthesis c. consumers
b. ecosystem d. food chain
7. Is a group of interacting plants, animals and human in a particular area?
a. ecological community c. living organism
b. environment d. food chain
8. Excessive presence of carbon dioxide in the air, trapping heat near the earth’s surface causing a
rise in temperature in the environment.
a. El Nino c. Deforestation
b. “Greenhouse Effect” d. Weather disturbance
9. The Earth’s shield against sun’s harmful radiation.
a. Atmosphere c. Ozone layer
b. Air d. Forest
10. The use of product containing ______ is discouraged because they contribute to the depletion
of_____.
a. Chlorofluorocarbon-solar radiation
b. Gas-ozone layer
c. Ozone layer air
d. Chlorofluorocarbon-ozone layer
11. What causes high and low tides?
a. Earth’s rotation on its axis
b. Moon’s gravitational pull
c. Sun’s solar energy
d. Earth’s gravitational pull
12. How is coral a tool formed?
a. Volcanic eruption
b. Corals growing around a volcanic island
c. Underwater bedrock formations
d. Earthquake
13. What is a long shore drift?
a. Movement of sand and shingles along the coast
b. Sand bars
c. Accumulation of sad at the river mouth
d. Island formed by volcanic eruptions
14. How does an occlusion form?
a. Cold air moving up from the ground
b. Cold front pushing warm air up of the ground
c. Unbalance electrical reaction in the air
d. Cold and warm air mixing in the atmosphere
15. What is a eat haze?
a. A reflection caused by pollutants in the air
b. A distorted image resulting from the bending o sun’s light rays by changes in air temperature
c. A movement o warm air over a vast expanse of land
d. Caused by extremely high temperature common in dessert areas
16. What sort of rock formation do the world’s greatest mountain ranges consist of?
a. Magma c. Fold eruptions
b. Chalk deposit d. Slip formation
17. What is the fore that wears down mountains?
a. Earthquake c. Volcanic eruptions
b. Erosion d. Deforestation

25. 18. How are volcanic island formed?
a. Collision of two oceanic plates
b. Cooling of lava by seawater
c. Volcanic eruptions
d. Accumulation of corals
19. When the Theory of plate Tectonics was generally accepted?
a. 1900’s c. 1950’s
b. 1930’s d. 1980’s
20. The weathering away of rocks by water, wind and ice.
a. Denudation c. Volcanic rock
b. Erosion d. Metamorphic rock
21. How do hormones work?
a. By releasing adrenaline
b. By controlling cell chemistry
c. By regulating water loss
d. By controlling blood pressure
22. Name the male and female sex hormones
a. Sperm cell & Ovum c. Chromosomes
b. Testosterone d. Red & white blood cells
23. The unit of measurement of energy in a given an amount of food
a. Pound c. Olfactory system
b. Kilo d. calorie
24. Nitrogen compounds known as the building blocks of proteins
25. The growth of roots towards water is an example of?
a. Chemotropism c. Hydrotropism
b. Geotropism d. Phototropism
26. DNA means
a. Data nurturing analysis c. Deoxyribonucleic acid
b. Deoxyribonucleic acid d. Deotrixyl nucleic acid
27. What are the three products of oxygen when it has been burned?
a. Water, carbon dioxide and air
b. Energy, water and carbon dioxide
c. Energy, carbon and oxide
d. Energy, air and water
28. In flowering plants, fertilization happens in the?
a. Pollen tube c. Ovules
b. Stamen d. Pollen grain
29. The development of egg without fertilization
a. Mitosis c. Spermatogenesis
b. Parthenogenesis d. Mitochondria
30. Which of the following is a source of energy needed for photosynthesis?
a. Water c. Light
b. Soil d. Fertilizer
31. Chemistry is primarily concerned with the composition and changes of?
a. Nature c. Man
b. Matter d. Earth
32. A scientific theory is
a. A hypothesis not yet subjected to experimental test
b. An idea that correctly predict the result
c. An imagination
d. A guess
33. Which of the following units of measure is equivalent to cubic centimeter?
a. Milligram c. Millimeter
b. Milliliter d. Centiliter
34. Which of the following is NOT a compound?
a. acetic acid c. magnesium
b. alcohol d. Zinc Oxide
35. The easier the atom to receive electrons is measured by its?

26. a. Electronegativity c. Number of shells
b. Atomic radius d. Valence electrons
36. The willingness of an atom to receive electron is measured by its?
a. Electronegativity c. Atomic size
b. Ionization potential d. Electron affinity
37. A molecule is said to be polar or dipole if?
a. Its positive and negative charges are at different places
b. It possesses polar bonds
c. Its’ polar bond has unsymmetrical charge distribution
d. All of the above
38. Which of the following is NOT a physical property of water?
a. freezing point at 0-degree C
b. boiling point at 100 degrees C
c. its’ heat of fusion at 80 cal/g.
d. its’ density at 4 degrees at 1 lb/cu. Ft
39. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Molecular weight does not influence boiling and melting point of a substance
b. Boiling and melting point tend to increase with molecular weight
c. Boiling and melting point tend to decrease with molecular weight
d. None of the above
40. A Mole is the amount of substance or a mass of a substance that contains?
a. 6.02 x 1023 particles c. 6.02 x 1023 particles
b. 60.2 x 1023 particles d. 60.2x 1023 particles
41. It is the measure of the amount of matter in an object
a. Weight c. Volume
b. Mass d. Quantity
42. It is the distance traveled by the body per unit time and tell how fast or slow the body moves
a. Velocity c. Acceleration
b. Speed d. None of the above
43. The rate of change of the distance traveled per unit time in a stated direction
a. Velocity c. Acceleration
b. Speed d. None of the above
44. This law states that the force acting upon an object is equal to the product o the mass and
acceleration of the object
a. Newton’s 2nd law of motion
b. Newton’s 3rd law of motion
c. Newton’s 1st law of motion
d. None of the amount
45. When a force is applied to a body, several effects are possible. Which one of the following effect
CAN” T occur?
a. the body rotates
b. the body changes direction
c. the body increase its mass
d. the body changes shape
46. It is the reluctance of the object to change either its’ state of rest or uniform motion in a straight
line
a. Force c. Inertia
b. Friction d. Motion
47. This law states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed but only changes from one form to
another
a. Energy law
b. Kinetic Theory of Matter
c. Law of Conservation Energy
d. None of the above
48. This law states that matter is made up of a large number of molecules which are in continuous
motion
a. Boyles’s Law c. Law of Conservation Energy
b. Kinetic Theory d. None of the above

27. 49. The lowest possible temperature that a substance can reach
a. Freezing point c. Steam point
b. Absolute Zero d. Threshold
50. It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of kg. of a substance by degree C
a. Calorie c. Specific heat capacity
b. Watt d. Joule
51. The relationship of give-and-take of living organism in the biosphere is a balance of nature
called________.
a. universal relationship
b. symbiotic relationship
c. spontaneous relationship
d. a biogenetic relationship
52. Process of removing excess odor in water.
a. sedimentation c. distillation
b. chlorination d. aeration
53. Which of the following statement is CORRECT?
a. As altitude increases, atmospheric pressures corresponding
b. Throughout the available space, gas tends to contract
c. Equal chances are always given to all in life
d. Shadow is formed when a colored object is projected against the wall
54. The earth rotates on its axis from west to east. This causes the sun to _______?
a. appears with a fiery orange color
b. causes the appearance of solar eclipse
c. rise room the east and sets in the west
d. emits solar radiation
55. One of these planets has the greatest gravitational pull. Which one is it?
a. Mars b. Earth c. Mercury d. Jupiter
56. It is the law which explains why one can pull a piece without topping a glass in a quick motion.
a. energy in motion c. law of inertia
b. gravity d. force
57. Which of the following is NOT a source of energy?
a. water c. geothermal heat
b. nuclear d. inertia at rest
58. Which instrument will one use to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy?
a. rotor b. generator c. motor d. circuit
59. Sun’s energy is generated by?
a. nuclear fission
b. sun enacting with gravity
c. nuclear fusion reaction
d. reaction with magnetic field
60. Application of energy is called _______?
a. work c. kinetics
b. inertia d. simulation
61. The falling of any form of water from the air to the earth’s surface
a. Condensation c. Water vapor
b. Precipitation d. Rainwater
62. The part of the atmosphere that filters the ultraviolet rays of the sun
a. stratosphere c. Ozone layer
b. Troposphere d. Ionosphere
63. The point in the earth’s orbit nearest to the sun
a. Solstice c. Aphelion
b. Eclipse d. Perihelion
64. A property of minerals which gives off rays of light when exposed to ultraviolet light.
a. Luminescence c. Radiation
b. Phosphorescence d. Fluorescence
65. Which process involves chemical weathering?
a. Carbonation c. Hydration
b. Oxidation d. All of the above

28. 66. How long does it take for the earth to complete one rotation
a. 365 days c. 24 hours
b. 30 days d. 12 hours
67? What is the principal function of gravity in the universe?
a. Provision for energy
b. Keeps the stars and other heavenly bodies in orbit
c. Causes movement in space
d. Part of universal design
68. What does the word “monsoon” mean?
a. Moon will soon come c. Seasons
b. Rains d. Wet weather
69. Its’ discovery enable geologist to date rocks accurately
a. layering c. Radioactivity
b. Evolutionary staging d. Carbon-dating
70. It occurs when the earth is between the sun and the moon, with the earth’s shadow cast over the
moon.
a. Total eclipse c. Eclipse
b. Lunar eclipse d. Partial Eclipse
71. Male and female reproductive part of a flower
a. Pollen grains and ovules c. Pollen grains and pistil
b. Stamen and pistil d. Stamen and ovules
72. In the human body, the cell that most nearly resembles a one-celled animals
a. Red Blood cell c. Nerve cell
b. White Blood cell d. Antibodies
73. The main energy source of a plant-eating animals
a. Glucose b. Starch c. Cellulose d. Glycogen
74. These are cellular secretions which help regulate the breakdown and buildup of various
substance in the body
a. Enzymes c. Plasma
b. Amino Acids d. Hormones
75. It is the energy source of the cell which it uses for growing, reproducing and other activities
a. Adenosine Triphosphate c. Chloroplast
b. Amino Acids d. Sunlight
76. It is a segment of DNA molecule which controls the appearance of a given trait
a. Chromosomes c. Gametes
b. Genes d. Zygotes
77. Group of similar cells performing similar functions together
a. Organs b. System c. Nucleus d. Tissue
78. The diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane
a. osmosis c. Transfusion
b. permeability d. Capillary
79. It shows the complex food relationship of organism in a given area and the cyclic flow of food
through organisms
a. Food chain c. Food pyramid
b. Food web d. Biological cycle
80. Which of the following does NOT occur to both respiration and fermentation?
a. energy is released
b. sugar is broken down
c. carbon dioxide is produced
d. alcohol is formed
81. Energy removal is best illustrated in
a. boiling of liquid substances
b. changing water to ice
c. changing water to stem
d. none of the above
82. Refers to the maximum amount of solute expressed in grams that can be dissolved in 100 grams
of water at a specific temperature
a. Solubility c. Molarity

29. b. Stability d. Molality
83. Compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structural formulas
a. Cellulose c. Polymers
b. Isomers d. Monomers
84. The most penetrating type of radiation given off by radioactive elements
a. Alpha particle c. Gamma particle
b. Beta particle d. None of the above
85. The basic unit for expressing the masses o individual atoms
a. Atomic number c. Nucleus
b. Atomic mass unit d. Atomic weight
86. A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without itself undergoing a chemical change
a. catalyst c. Electrolytes
b. Enhancer d. Ionizer
87. The temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure of the
surroundings atmosphere
a. Melting point c. Boiling Point
b. Critical point d. None of the above
88. the warming of the earth’s surface due to an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide
a. “Greenhouse effect” c. Atmospheric pressure
b. Ozone d. El Nino phenomena
89. Describe the force of gravity on an object
a. mass c. capacity
b. weight d. pressure
90. When gaseous molecules are compressed, they tend to?
a. increase in volume c. repel each other
b. decrease in volume d. attract and liquefy
91. It is the union of two light nucleus to form a heavier nucleus, resulting in a mass defect and
release of energy
a. Radiation c. Nuclear Fusion
b. Nuclear Fission d. Radioactivity
92. Which of the following statements is a characteristic of an electronic spectrum?
a. They all travel at the same speed in fire space
b. The exhibit diffraction and interference phenomena
c. They follow the laws of refraction and reflection
d. All of the above
93. The term “RADAR” is derived from the phrase?
a. “Radiation Detection and Ranging “
b. “Radiation Diffusion and Ranging”
c. “Radio Diffraction and Resolution”
d. “Radiation Diffraction and Resolution”
94. A material whose ability to conduct electricity lies between those of conductors and insulators
a. Integrated Circuits c. Semiconductors
b. Silicon Chips d. Insulators
95. “LASER” is derived from the phrase?
a. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
b. Light Application by Simulated Emission of Radiation
c. Light Amplification by Simulated Ejection of Radiation
d. None of the above
96. What is the color of a transparent substance?
a. The color of the light it absorbs
b. The color of light it reflects
c. The color of light it transmits
d. The color of light it refracts
97. What is a rotating electromagnetic called?
a. Motor b. Rotor c. Phasor d. Sensor
98. What happens with the centripetal force when sped is doubled?
a. remains the same c. triples
b. force is increase 4x d. force is doubled

30. 99. What is an electrochemical cell in which the reacting materials can be renewed by the use of
reverse current
a. Storage cell c. Fuel cell
b. Primary cells d. Chemical cell
100. What will make an object move in a circular path?
a. Central force c. Frictional force
b. Gravitational d. Electromagnetic force
science and health
1 a 51 b
2 c 52 d
3 d 53 a
4 b 54 c
5 a 55 d
6 d 56 c
7 a 57 d
8 b 58 b
9 c 59 c
10 d 60 a
11 b 61 b
12 b 62 c
13 a 63 d
14 b 64 b
15 b 65 d
16 c 66 c
17 b 67 b
18 a 68 c
19 c 69 c
20 b 70 b
21 b 71 b
22 b 72 b
23 d 73 c
24 d 74 d
25 c 75 a
26 c 76 b
27 b 77 d
28 c 78 a
29 b 79 b
30 c 80 d
31 b 81 b
32 a 82 a
33 b 83 b
34 c 84 c
35 d 85 b
36 d 86 a
37 b 87 c
38 b 88 a
39 b 89 b
40 c 90 a
41 b 91 c
42 b 92 d
43 c 93 a
44 a 94 c
45 c 95 a
46 d 96 c
47 b 97 b
48 b 98 d

31. 49 b 99 a
50 c 100 a
GENERAL EDUCATION
1. Sa digmaan, ano ang utos ng isang Kapitan?
a. “Sugod, kababayan!” ✓
rb. “Tingin sa kanan bago tumawid!”
c. “Attention!”
d. “Ayon sa batas; palaban at urong na kayo!”
2. Kilala siya sa tawag na “Piping Dilat”
a. Jose Rizal
b. Marcelo Del Pilar ✓
c. Juan Luna
d. Andres Bonifacio
3. Whose values are most evident in children before they go to school?
a. Peer value system
b. Teacher-classmate value system
c. Mother-father value system ✓
d. The maid or yaya value
4. The study of contemporary human societies.
a. Psychology
b. Cosmology
c. Cosmetology
d. Cultural anthropology ✓
5. Which of the following does not belong to the group?
a. Zambales
B. Tarlac
C. Nueva Vizcaya ✓
D. Nueva Ecija
6. Which of the following quotations is the best example of aphorism?
a. "Out of the frying pan and into the fir." 👍
b. "I fear thee, ancient mariner."
c. "That is no country for old men."
d. "Fools rush in where angels fear to tread."
7. “Kapag maiksi ang kumot. Matutong mamaluktot.” Ano ang ibig sabihin nito?
a. Magpahinga
b. Maglustay
c. Matulog
d. Magtipid ✓
8. What is 3-3x6+2?
a. -8
b. 2
c. -13 ✓
d. 38
9. A rich candidate bought a big family by the thousand. On election day no one was allowed to leave
their homes. What right was deprived the members of the family?
a. Right to life, liberty ✓
b. Right to due process
c. Right to eminent domain
d. Right to participate in democracy
10. What does this study reveal? During student individual ascender undergraduates who are
politically far right, far left or adherents to ideologies of any type decreases.
a. Undergraduates of political inclination become rabid ideologist
b. Undergraduates tend to be less active as they ascend in college
c. Freshman are radical activist
d. Individual ascendancy effect attitudes of college undergraduates positively ✓

32. 11. Which of the following is a renewable source of energy?
a. geothermal energy
b. solar energy
c. wind energy
d. all of the above ✓
12. The volcano that erupted in 1991 which caused vast damage in Central Luzon is ___?
a. Mt. Mayon
b. Kanlaon
c. Taal Volcano
d. Mt. Pinatubo ✓
13. Convert into decimals 98 thousandths.
a. 9.8
b. .0098
c. .098 ✓
d. 98
14. Ang mga mamamayan sa Mindanao ay nabulabog ng alitan na tumagal ng ilang buwan. Ano ang
dapat gawin ng pamahalaan upang magsibalik ang tiwala ng mga Moro?
a. Ang mga kampo ay ibalik sa mamamayan ✓
b. Ibigay ang kampo sa mga sundalo
c. Gawing palayan ng bayan ang lupa
d. Sunugin ang mga bahay sa kampo ng kalaban
15. Because the moon rotates on its axis at the same time as it _____ around the earth, we see the
same side always.
a. revolves ✓
b. has been revolving
c. revolves
d. is revolving
16. The line from the Koran, "Woe to every backbiter, defamer" talks of _____.
a. punishment for those who give unsolicited advice
b. anguish for those who defend unrighteousness
c. misery for all who talk ill of others ✓
d. sorrow for those who oppose the opinion of their fellow
17. The term of office of the President and Vice-president of the Philippines shall be up to how many
years?
a. 3 years
b. 6 years ✓
c. 5 years
d. 4 years
18. Peace Pact between the Philippine Government and the Moro National Liberation Front was
signed in ___.
a. September 1, 1996
b. September 2, 1996 ✓
c. September 3, 1996
d. September 4, 1996
19. Which has more momentum, a one-ton car moving at 100km/hr. or a two-ton truck moving at
50km/hr.?
a. The car
b. The truck
c. The momentum is the same ✓
d. none of these
20. Voting is a privilege in a democracy. Those who are deprived their votes are normally
a. Execute ✓
b. Franchised
c. Disenfranchised
d. Exiled
21. What is the answer of 2×2÷2×2÷2×3×3?

33. a. 15
b. 18 ✓
c. 13
d. 17
22. 3/4 of 100 is equal to 5 times what number?
a. 3
b. 5
c. 15 ✓
d.25
23. Paano ipinaabot ng mga Katipunero ang kanilang mensahe sa mamamayan?
a. Sa nilimbag na peryodikong Tagalog ✓
b. Sa pamamagitan ng mensahe sa Tagalog
c. Sa mga simbulo ng titik at numero
d. Sa pamamagitan ng sulat sa Espanol
24. An attendant to the noble courts at the age of 7.
a. Illustrados
b. Squire
c. Page ✓
d. Knight
25. If a person has a seizure while bathing, which of the following procedures should come first?
a. Immediately protect and support the head. ✓
b. Follow the first aid steps for a seizure.
c. Start the water draining from the tub.
d. Call other staff for assistance.
26. Watching TV is controlled by parents; children below 18 are discouraged to view this type of film.
a. Discovery in Science
b. Violence and Sex ✓
c. Historical battles and bloodshed
d. Adolescent stories
27. Philippine economy indices are closely related to the rise and fall of the:
a. German Mark
b. US Dollars ✓
c. Japanese yen
d. London Pounds
28. Ms. Cruz is 44 years old. She was 21 years old when she bore her oldest daughter who is six
years older than her youngest son. How old is her youngest son?
a. 18
b. 22
c. 17 ✓
d. 23
29. He is often called England's national poet, and the "Bard of Avon".
a. William Shakespeare ✓
b. Carlos Varela
c. Donald Chon
d. Hayden
30. Which department has the authority to make laws and to alter them when needed?
a. Judicial
b. Administrative
c. Legislative ✓
d. Executive
31. A kitchen is to be covered by linoleum. The area is 2m wide and 3.6m long. A roll of linoleum is 90
cm wide at P 12.60 per meter. Find the total length of linoleum required.
a. 6.48 m
b. 8.10 m
c. 8 m ✓
d. 6.30 m

34. 32. Ano ang tawag sa mga tanong na tulad ng sumusunod:” Ang bahay ay paligid ng espada, ano
ito?”
a. Bugtong ✓
b. Salaysay
c. Tula
d. Dikreto
33. An environmentalist recently _____ in studying the effects of natural caused forest fires, some
phenomena that appeared on the surface to be destructive, often have a hidden _____ effect on the
balance of nature.
a. determined – disastrous ✓
b. disproved – beneficial
c. disclosed – unenvironmental
d. uncovered – positive
34. Sa pagtaas ng bandila sa Kawit, anong wika ang ginamit ni Aguinaldo sa kanyang talumpati?
a. Espanol
b. Tagalog ✓
c. Ingles
d. Chabakano
35. Salts of which of the following metals are added to fireworks to make them brilliant red?
a. Copper
b. Barium
c. Strontium ✓
d. Potassium
36. Describe the force of gravity on an object.
a. mass
b. weight ✓
c. pressure
d. capacity
37. What country culture usually shows courtesy by living their footwear on the stairs?
a. Italian
b. Japanese ✓
c. American
d. Chinese
38. Who made the geocentric model of the solar system?
a. Fred Hoyle
b. Georges Lemaitre
c. Ptolemy ✓
d. Geoffrey Burbidge
39. Ito ay isang uri ng panitikan na bunga ng isang maikling guni-guni ng may-akda.
a. Alamat
b. Tuluyan
c. Piksyon
d. Maikling Kwento ✓
40. Mary and Samantha have 72 pieces of candy altogether. If they split them in half, how many
would each girl have?
a. 30
b. 25
c. 37
d. 36 ✓
41. This law promotes responsible family and proper use of reproductive methods to eliminate over-
population growth.
a. RH Bill
b. Reproductive Law
c. Family Planning
d. Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Law ✓
42. The Philippines is located in ___________.

35. a. Southeast Asia ✓
b. Southwestern Asia
c. Southeastern Europe
d. Southwestern Europe
43. Plants create their own food by absorbing and processing sunlight. The ability to produce one's
own food source is a metabolic process known as _____.
a. Heterotrophy
b. Dystrophy
c. Homotropy
d. Autotrophy ✓
44. Ito ay isang agham na tumatalakay sa produksyon at distribusyon ng yaman ng bansa.
a. Pisika
b. Biyolohiya
c. Ekonomiks ✓
d. Pamamahala
45. Alin ang wastong salita ng bata?
a. Nanay, darating ako diyan
b. Ako, nanay, darating ako diyan
c. Darating nanay ako.
d. Nanay, akoy darating diyan? ✓
46. What is the best description of a point?
a. straight path that has no thickness and extends forever
b. names a location, has no size ✓
c. flat surface that has no thickness and extends forever
d. none of these
47. Justin mows lawns for extra money. If he mows 5 lawns in one hour and has 30 lawns to mow,
how long will it take him to mow all of them?
a. 6 hours ✓
b. 5 hours
c. 4 hours
d. 3 hours
48. Which of the given fraction is equal to 12/84?
a. 7/42
b. 1/8
c. 6/42
d. 1/7 ✓
49. Which of the following is the best technique to loosen two tumblers that are stuck one inside the
other?
a. pouring cold water on the outside tumbler after filling the inside tumbler with hot water
b. pouring cold water on the outside tumbler after filling the inside tumbler with cold water
c. pouring hot water on the outside tumbler after filling the inside tumbler with hot water
d. pouring hot water on the outside tumbler after filling the inside tumbler with cold water ✓
50. The nearest post office is on _____.
a. Twenty Second Street
c. Twenty second Street
c. Twenty-second Street ✓
d. Twenty-second street
51. The term of office of the President and Vice-president of the Philippines shall be up to how many
years?
a. 3 years
b. 6 years ✓
c. 5 years
d. 4 years
52. Find the correct spelling from below options.
a. Puerille
b. Puerile ✓

36. c. Puerile
d. Purrile
53. “Huwag ka ng mahuhuli sa lakad, “ ayon kay Shiela. “Oo naman, “ sagot ng kapatid. Ano ang
kahulugan ng sagot?
a. Sasama siya talaga
b. Sasama siya ngunit depende sa gising
c. Di nakatitiyak siya’y makakasama
d. Tiyak siyang sasama ✓
54. How many meters in 5 kilometers?
a. 3000
b. 7000
c. 5000 ✓
d. 8000
58. The executive power shall be vested in the ____.
a. The Congress
b. House of Representatives
c. President of the Philippines ✓
d. The Supreme Court
59. Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1919. What was the title of
the poem that he was most known for?
a. "The Victim"
b. "Pearl"
c. "The Stranger"
d. "Olympian Spring" ✓
60. The Vice-Governor said, "I _____ won the election without the backing of a religious sect.
a. could had
b. should have not ✓
c. shall have not
c. should
61. How far is the sun away from the earth?
a. 149.6 million km ✓
b. 22.3 million km
c. 126.9 million km
d. 304.2 million km
62. Which one cannot be found in Bicol Region?
a. Sorsogon
b. Camarines Norte
c. Romblon ✓
d. Camarines Sur
63. The Philippines counts more than 7, 114 islands. Why are some islands not fully identified?
a. Some are not inhabited
b. Some submerged after a volcanic eruption
c. Some have not been surveyed
d. Some are only seen during low tides ✓
64. Families in the troubled Mindanao areas were _____.
a. Scared so they left their homes, ✓
b. Satisfied with the peace efforts,
c. Unmindful of the events so they stayed home,
d. Happy gunshots filled the air,
65. A girl scout qualified to join an encampment in England. What advantages would she profit from
the experience?
a. Understanding of other girls in the world ✓
b. See the world
c. Present Filipino values at the camp
d. Feel the sisterhood among other girls
66. Siya’y isang pipi, ngunit kaya niyang mag-guhit ng larawan. Siya’y isang __________.

37. a. Pintor ✓
b. Manunulat
c. Artista
d. Dalubahasa sa siyensya
67. Igor's nipa hut was destroyed _____ by typhoon Peping.
a. altogether
b. at all
c. altogether ✓
d. all together
68. Neither of them _____ expert on the subject.
a. is
b. are
c. is an ✓
d. is
69. The weather bureau gave this warning during thunderstorm. Which comes first?
a. Lightning flashes first ✓
b. Lightning and thunder are simultaneous
c. Thunder sounds spread fast
d. Thunder follows all lightning
70. Rabies comes from dog and other bites. How could this be prevented?
a. Have the dog vaccinated with anti-rabies ✓
b. Tie the dogs at all times
c. Keep the dogs in cage
d. Kill the dog that bites
71. Which fractions have the least common denominator?
a. ¼, 2/5, 5/45
b. 3/5, 1/16, 2/18
c.1/16, 2/4, 5/8 ✓
d. ½, 3/9, 2/10
72. Kailan maaaring makabuluhang magamit ng mga mag-aaral ang internet sa kanilang klase kung
ang aralin ay tungkol sa pagsulat ng liham?
a. Pagscan at pagprint ng mga ginawang liham na taglay ang mga mekanismo nito
b. Pagpapadala ng ginawang liham sa kinauukulan gamit ang email account nito at paghintay sa
maaaring pagtugon. ✓
c. Pagdownload ng mga modelong halimbawa ng liham mula sa ilang pangunahing websites
d. Pagpopost sa facebook account ng ginawang liham para sa kaalaman ng madla
73. The Philippine Constitution explicitly recognise that ____ authority, at all times, supreme over the
military. Its goal is to secure the sovereignty of the State.
a. Civilian ✓
b. Democratic
c. Presidential
d. Parliamentary
74. What is the power of the State to take private property for public use upon payment of a just
compensation?
a. right of confiscation
b. right of sequestration
c. right of eminent domain ✓
d. right of limiting resources
75. At San Antonio's Town Plaza, the number of trees planted by a group of students increased from
1,350 in 2012 to 2,175 in 2013. What was the rate of increase in the number of trees planted?
a. 82%
b. 61% ✓
c. 55%
d. 75%
76. Mel is 67 years old. His son Jay is 29 years old. In how many years will Jay be exactly half his
father's age?