Test bank for critical care nursing a holistic approach 11th edition morton f...
renal disorders..............pptx
1.
2. CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE
Progressive and irreversible loss of renal
function over time.
It is based on the gradual decline in GFR
and Creatinine clearance
Most frequently it leads to end stage
renal disease.
3.
4.
5. SYMPTOMS
Nausea
Vomiting
Loss of appetite
Fatigue and weakness
Sleep problems
Changes in how much you urinate
Decreased mental sharpness
Muscle twitches and cramps
Swelling of feet and ankles
Chest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heart
Shortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungs
High blood pressure (hypertension) that's difficult to control
6. DIAGNOSIS
Renal ultrasound-it can show
renal size and position, dilatation
of the collecting system (due to
obstruction), distinguish tumors
and cysts.
Quick, inexpensive and harmless
7. CAUSES
Type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
High blood pressure.
Glomerulonephritis, an inflammation of the kidney's filtering
units (glomeruli).
Interstitial nephritis, an inflammation of the kidney's tubules
and surrounding structures.
Polycystic kidney disease.
Prolonged obstruction of the urinary tract, from conditions such
as enlarged prostate, kidney stones and some cancers.
Vesicoureteral reflux, a condition that causes urine to back up
into your kidneys.
Recurrent kidney infection, also called pyelonephritis.
8. RISK FACTORS
Diabetes
High blood pressure
Heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular)
disease
Smoking
Obesity
Being African-American, Native
American or Asian-American
Family history of kidney disease
Abnormal kidney structure
Older age
9. COMPLICATIONS
Fluid retention
Hyperkalemia
CVD
Weak bones and an increased risk of bone
fractures.
Anemia
Decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction or
reduced fertility.
Decreased immune response
Pericarditis
CNS gets damaged
Pregnancy complication
10. TREATMENT
For early stage treatment includes, treating
complications like hypertension, diabetes,
hypercholesterolemia, anemia, swelling and
lower protein diet.
For end stage renal failure the treatment
includes:
Dialysis
Hemodialysis
Peritoneal dialysis
Haemofiltration
Transplantation with immunosuppressive
agents
11. MANAGEMENT
Identify the underlying cause for
renal disease
Attempt to prevent further renal
damage
Look for reversible factors(UTI,
U.obs, medications) which are
making renal function worse
Attempt to limit the adverse effects of
the loss of renal function
Replacement therapy- Dialysis,
transplantation.
13. PREVENTION
Manage diabetes, high blood
pressure, and heart disease.
Explore stress-reducing
activities.
Stop smoking.
Get enough sleep.
Limit alcohol intake.
Aim for a healthy weight.
Make physical activity part of a
day routine.
Make healthy food choices.
14. KIDNEY STONES
Kidney stones are small ,hard deposits
of mineral and acid salts on the surfaces
of the kidneys
Alternate names: Renal lithiasis, Renal
calculi and Nephrolithiasis
Stones are classified by their location in
the urinary system and their
composition of crystals.
15.
16. CAUSES
Climate
Occupation
Infection of urinary tract
Dietary habits
Heredity
Vitamin A and B deficiency
Hyperthyroidism
Being obese
Digestive disease and surgery
Gout
17. TYPES OF STONES
Calcium- maximum oxalates
but can also be phosphate and
maleate
Struvite
Uric acid
cysteine
18. SYMPTOMS
Pain that radiates to the lower abdomen and groin
Pain that comes in waves and flatulence in intensity
Pain in urination
Pink, red or brown urine
Cloudy or foul smelling urine
Nausea & vomiting
Persistent need to urinate
Urinating more often than usual
Fever and chills if an infection is present
Urinating small amounts
Pain caused by a kidney stone may change for instance,
shifting to a different location or increasing in intensity
as the stone moves through your urinary tract.
19. DIAGNOSIS
Urine test for infections and
pieces of stones
Blood test to check kidney’s
function
Imaging test: CT scan, X-ray,
ultra sound scan,
IVU/IVP
20. RISK FACTORS
Immobility
Sedentary life style
Dehydration
Metabolic disturbances
History of renal calculi
High mineral content in
drinking water
Dietary intake
Neurogenic bladder
21. Treatment
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
Ureteroscopy
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)
Open surgery
These above process are carried out when the
medication doesn't work.
22. DIETARY
MODIFICATION
Calcium Phosphates Oxalates Purines
Leafy vegetables
Milk & milk
products
Sesame seed
Ragi
Whole cereals
Legumes
Nuts & oil seeds
Meat fish milk & egg
Leafy vegetables
Beetroots
Tea
Cocoa
Raw plantain
Meat
Fish
Animal tissues
Organs
Principle of diet:
Adequate calorie
Adequate protein
High fluid
Objective:
To give dietary counselling to plan
right type of diet
To improve the pre-operative
nutrition.
To maintain correct nutrition
profile after operation.
23. Planning acid ash diet
A liberal fluid intake is important. Salt may be used in moderation. The fruits and vegetables so
selected should not contribute more than 25ml of base daily.
Planning alkaline-ash diet
If stones of uric acid or cysteine type occur, the diet should give alkaline ash such a regimen stresses
the use of alkali producing foods such as fruits, vegetables and milk while acid producing foods like
meat, egg and cereal are restricted. The diet must contain all essential of good nutrition.
Planning low oxalate diets
An acid or alkali reaction of the diet is of little value for oxalate urolithiasis. However foods that are
significant source of oxalates should be omitted which include beans, beet greens chocolate, cocoa,
dried figs, potatoes, spinach, tea and tomatoes.
25. Diet Type of stone Foods to be included Foods to be excluded
Acid ash diet Ca & Mg phosphate and carbonate Cereals
Non veg foods
Protein rich foods
Bakery products
Milks
Fruits & vegetables
Alkaline ash diet Uric acid & cysteine stone Bakery products
Milk
Fruits & vegetables
Cereals
Non veg foods
Protein rich foods
Low oxalate diet Calcium oxalate stones Other than the foods excluded Beets
Greens spinach
Teas
Tomatoes
Potatoes
Chocolates
Cocoa
Calcium rich foods also be restricted