3. Body Distribution
25-35 mols(100g-170g)
99% in bones (exists carbonate or
phosphate of calcium)
0.5% in soft tissue
0.1% in ECF
Plasma level- 9-11mg/dl
ionized calcium
protein bound calcium
complexed calcium
4. Dietary sources
Best sources- milk and milk products
Good sources- egg-yolk, beans, lentils,
nuts, figs, cabbage, leafy vegetables,
fish
6. Absorption
present as calcium phosphate, carbonate and
tartarate in diet
40% of average dietary calcium is absorbed
from gut
principally from duodenum and first half of
jejunum against electrical and concentration
gradient
Simple diffusion
An “active” transport
7. FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION
pH of intestinal milieu
Composition of Diet
○ High Protein Diet
○ Fatty acids
○ Phytic acid
○ Oxalates
○ Fibres
○ Minerals
○ Vitamin D
State of health of the individual and aging
Hormonal
8. FUNCTIONS
Intracellular calcium
Muscle contraction
Release of hormones, neurotransmitter and
neuromodulators
Activation of number of enzymes
Glycogen metabolism
Cell division
Second messanger
9. Extracellular calcium
Maintenance of calcium level
Formation of bone and teeth
Blood coagulations
Plasma membrane potential
Membrane excitability
Cardiac activity
Hydrolysis of casein of milk
10. Plasma Calcium
Serum level- 9-11mg/dl (4.5-5.5mEq/l)
Half (5mg/dl) – ionized form
(functionally most active)
1o% (1mg/dl) - association with citrate,
bicarbonate and/or phosphate
40% (4-5mg/dl) – bound to protein,
mostly with albumin and partly with
globulin
19. DAILY REQUIREMENT
Infants = 240 – 400mg
Children = 800 – 1200mg
Adults = 800mg
Women during pregnancy and lactation =
1.2gms
20. ABSORPTION
90% of dietary phosphate is absorbed
Mainly from duedenum
Moderate amounts of fat or acid favour
absorption of phosphorus
Stimulated by both PTH and Vit D3
Ca:P ratio affects the absorption as well
as excretion of phosphorus
High calcium diet and phytic acid
decrease absorption
21. FUNCTIONS
is the constituent of bone and teeth
Energy storage and transfer
Acid-base balance
Enzyme action
constituent of phospholipids,
nucleotides/nucleic acids, lipoproteins,
Regulation of enzyme activity
22. NORMAL RANGE
Normal adults = 3 – 4 mg/dl
Children = 5 – 6 mg/dl
In serum, 40% of phosphorus exist as
free form, 50% are complexed with
Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ while rest
10% are protein bound
Fasting level is higher than postprandial
23. EXCRETION
excreted in urine and feces
urine excretion = 0.8 to 2.0 gm/24hr
On a balanced diet, urine constitute
60% of total excretion
24. CLINICAL ASPECTS
Hypophosphotaemia
Decreased intake (↓ absorption)
Starvation
Malnutrition
Chronic diarrhoea
Vitamin D deficiency
Malabsorption
Vomiting
Increased cell uptake
High dietary carbohydrate
Respiratory alkalosis
Insulin therapy
Liver disease
Increased excretion
Diuretics
Fanconi’ syndrome
Hypomagnesaemia
↑PTH
Clinical features
Cellular function is impaired lead to
muscle pain and weakness with
respiratory failure and decreased
myocardial output
On chronic, rickets in children or
osteomalcia in adults may develop
25. Hyperphosphataemia
Factitous hemolysis
Increased intake
Diet
Vit-D
Increased release from cells
Diabetes mellitus
Acidaemia
Chemotherapy for cancer
Rhabdomyolysis
Increased release from bone
Malignancy
Renal failure
Decreased excretion
Renal failure
Hypoparathyroidism
↑growth hormone
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Clinical symptoms
Elevated serum
phosphate may
cause a decrease in
serum calcium;
therfore tetany and
seizures
26. For the diagnosis of Rickets and Osteomalacia,
Ca and P estimation are done together
↑Ca and ↓PO4 : Primary hyperparathyroidism
↑Ca and ↑ PO4 : Malignancy (1° or 2°) tumour
deposits in bone, post-dialysis in renal failure
↓ Ca and ↑ PO4 : Hypoparathyroidism
↓ Ca and ↓PO4 : Vit- D deficiency