IoT healthcare monitoring using blockchain

Monireh Vahdati
Researcher in young researchers and elite club, and IoTDigitCorp
Monireh Vahdati
MSc. in Information Technology
Engineering
She received her BSc and MSc degree in
Information Technology Engineering from Qazvin
Branch, Islamic Azad University (QIAU), Qazvin, Iran
in 2009, and 2015.
I am looking for a PhD position where I can integrate my academic and practical
experience to develop and expand existing cutting-edge technologies.
Research and teaching Interested
Internet of Things
Digital Healthcare
Blockchain Technology
Recommender systems
Digital Twins

Kamran Gholizadeh HamlAbadi
Researcher in young researchers and elite club, and IoTDigitCorp
MSc. in Information Technology Engineering
He received his BSc Degree in Computer Engineering-
Software from Mazandaran Institute of Technology (MIT),
Babol, Iran in 2009, and MSc. Degree Information Technology
Engineering in the Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University
(QIAU), Qazvin, Iran in 2015.
I am looking for a PhD position where I can integrate my academic and practical
experience to develop and expand existing cutting-edge technologies.
Internet of Things
Digital Healthcare
Recommender systems
Digital Twins

Ali Mohammad Saghiri
Visiting Assistant Professor | ADMD | Afsar Care | Amirkabir University of Technology
PhD in Artificial Intelligence
He received his MSc and PhD degree in artificial
intelligence from AmirKabir University of
Technology(Tehran Poly Technique), Tehran, Iran
Researcher, School of Computer Science, Institute for Research in
Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
Soft Computing Lab, Computer Engineering and Information Technology
Department, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), 424
Hafez Ave, Tehran, Iran, 15875-4413.
Internet of Things
Artificial Intelligence
Digital Twins

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Virtual laboratory in modern applications
2021
2020
2018
2017
2014
GROWTH
Cognitive
Recommender
Systems
We born
AI, IoT,
Blockchain
Implementation
in AI, IoT, and
Blockchain
AI, IoT, and
Blockchain in
Health-systems
In the last decade, many technologies have penetrated human life. Many of the software solutions traditionally offered
to solve human problems are no longer responsive. Therefore, we need new science and technology specialists in the
field of computer and information technology to provide new software. In our Laboratory, we worked on cutting-edge
technology such as Cognitive Systems, Internet of Things, Blockchain Technology, Digital Twins, and Medicine.
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Our conference proceeding
Best Paper Awards
A framework for Cognitive Internet of Things based on Blockchain
Selected high-quality paper
A Self Organized Framework for Insurance Based on Internet of Things and Blockchain
Cognitive
Systems
Blockchain
Technology
Recommender
Systems
Internet of
Things (IoT)
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IoTDigitCorp
Our chapters
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The Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, and
Blockchain: Implementation Perspectives
We show how an application can be implemented using
blockchain, AI, and IoT. In addition, we introduced an approach
for designing this type of applications using object-oriented
techniques. At first, we summarize popular implementation
technologies. Then, an implementation perspective based on
object-oriented concepts for cognitive IoT based on blockchain
is given. Finally, two case studies are analyzed.
IoT-Based Healthcare Monitoring Using Blockchain
In this work, the potential applications of hybrid IoT-Blockchain
systems are studied and then monitoring mechanisms in
healthcare systems are analyzed. To this end, a novel
architecture based on recently reported solutions is proposed.
The proposed architecture, with the aid of computational
power obtained from the IoT, Blockchain, and artificial
intelligence, can be used in a wide range of solutions aimed at
managing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease.

Monireh Vahdati
Chapter 6
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Last but not least, I am dedicating this chapter to my late father Mohammad
Vahdati gone forever away from our loving eyes and who left a void never to be
filled ever. Though your life was short, I will make sure your memory lives on as long
as I shall live. I love you all and miss you all beyond words.

Agenda
INTRODUCTION
Lets talk about
Blockchain, IoT, and
Health-systems
LITERATURE REVIEW
Lets talk about recent researches
BACKGROUND
STUDIES
Lets talk about background
studies on IoT, Blockchain,
Smart Contract, Medical
tools, and IoT sensors. for
drugs.
THE PROPOSED
ARCHITECUTURE
Lets talk about three-layers
architecture

CASE STUDY
Lets talk about case
studies in COVID-19
DISCUSSION AND
POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS
Potentials of the proposed architecture to
solve many of the problems caused by
COVID-19
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
Lets talk about the performance of
architecture
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS

The Internet of Things (IoT) is used to improve traditional healthcare systems in different aspects, including
monitoring patients’ behaviors. Information gathered by sensors in the IoT plays an essential role in healthcare
systems
INTRODUCTION
Lets talk about Blockchain, IoT, and Health-systems

Solution
Problems
Associated with the organization of monitoring systems based on
IoT
Monitoring is one field of healthcare that invests in the IoT technologies. IoT
constitutes a powerful ecosystem, incorporating sensors, actuators and
computational resources in order to organize useful monitoring systems
Remote monitoring
- Cyberattacks
- Delays in patient treatment
- low scalability and long latency
for network transactions
Data communication
- Manage in the local domain
- Data stored in different places
- Record sharing, Data privacy,
Data integrity, and patient
enrollment
Connected-sensors
- Increasing use of wearable devices
- Privacy and security
- Data transfer and transactions
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Blockchain technologies in IoT have been considered in a myriad of papers.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Lets talk about recent researches

Literature Review
Recent researches
Mettler 2016;
Panarello
et al. (2018)
Some of the primary
reasons for
investigation of the
use of use of
Blockchain
and the IoT in
healthcare monitoring
services are studied
Dwivedi et al.
(2019b)
Blockchian is still
computationally costly
and require a high
transfer speed and
extra computational
power, which is not
appropriate for most
resource constrained
IoT devices in smart
cites.
Conoscenti et
al. (2016)
Find that Blockchain
frameworks are secure
but not appropriate
for the IoT because of
adaptability issues.
Kshetri
(2017)
Considered how a
Blockchain could
address some
common IoT
challenges.
Huh et al.
(2017)
Novel use
of a Blockchain has
been demonstrated,
featuring the
Ethereum platform.
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Literature Review
Contribution, Advantage and Disadvantage
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Contributed Advantage Disadvantage
have great potential in terms of
supporting initiatives integrating health
and environmental data
Support patients with a comprehensive,
unchanging log and simple access to
their medical data.
Helps with the control of diseases;
provides a transparent and trustworthy
blood-sugar data source.
Provides a secure remote-monitoring
IoT system
User data can be encrypted using an
unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)’s public
key
cost-effective, scalable, supports
interoperability and lightweight access
Smart contracts would trigger alarms
for patients and healthcare providers.
No implementation exists
Does not evaluate the suggested
platform across a large-scale network
Needs to implement more functionality
to get a complete IoT–Blockchain
framework in health-monitoring.
The platform has not been deployed in
a real healthcare environment
A framework based on AI, IoT and Blockchains
is used to support investigation and
improvement of pan-Canadian monitoring.
Represents a Blockchain-based medical platform
to secure electronic medical record management
Design of fog computing, Blockchains and an IoT-
based continuous glucose-monitoring system for
crowdsourcing mHealth
Represents a secure Blockchain architecture
for healthcare monitoring applications
Analysis of specific aspects of secure outdoor
healthcare monitoring in smart city using
Blockchain technology.
Demonstration of an IoT cloud-based smart
healthcare model, which carries out monitoring
patient information.
Proposal of Blockchain-based smart contracts
to encourage secure examination and
administration of therapeutic sensors.
References
09
Bublitz et al. (2019)
Hang et al. (2019)
Caramés and Lamas (2018)
Attia et al. (2019)
Islam and Shin (2019)
Jaiswal et al. (2018)
Griggs et al. (2018)

Literature Review
Contribution, Advantage and Disadvantage
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Contributed Advantage Disadvantage
Identifies the key points where the IoT
and Blockchains can work well together
Provides several benefits to patients s,
like an extensive, immutable history log
Monitors patients from a distance and
produces alerts if a crisis occurs Smart
contracts.
Improves drug administration
throughout the supply chain.
Smart contracts would trigger alarms
for patients and healthcare providers.
The project studies potential ethical,
legal, social and cognitive constraints
of self-organized healthcare data
management can be addressed
through careful user interface design
of a Blockchain solution.
Lack of extensive testing in various IoT
frameworks
No implementation has been reported
No implementation has been reported
Represents the Blockchain model for IoT-
based healthcare applications
Proposal of a platform for observing crucial
patient signs, utilizing smart contracts based on
Blockchains
Present a health system using Blockchain-based
smart contracts that support patient enrollment
and specialists in a health center
Exploration of IoT-based Blockchain advances
addressing the issue of fraud and manhandled
drugs within the pharmaceutical supply chain
Represents use of a Blockchain to provide secure
management and analysis of healthcare big data
Presentation of a prototype Blockchain
solution for private and secure individual
“Omics” health data management and sharing
References
10
Dwivedi et al. (2019a)
Jamil et al. (2020)
Kazmi et al. (2020)
Ahmadi et al. (2020)
Dwivedi et al. (2019b)
Lemieux et al. (2020)

Background studies on IoT, Blockchain, Smart Contract, Algorithms and Tools for Medical Blockchain, and IoT
Sensors for Monitoring Drugs
BACKGROUND STUDIES
Lets talk about background studies on IoT, Blockchain, Smart Contract, medical tools.

Background Studies
Overview of IoT
12
Wearable devices and the IoT play a significant role in RPM and are currently being promoted as part of the creation of smart cities.
Wearable devices continuously gather health information and can send it to emergency clinics or clinical organizations as part of their
health interventions, enabling them to monitor disease results and the progress of treatment (Dwivedi et al. 2019b).
Connecting everything, anywhere, at any time.
Cloud computing leads to important features such as efficiency, time saving, etc.
Blockchain has an important role in the next generation of IoT-based applications
A kind of smart electronic devices which can embedded in clothes industry.
Wearable accessories worn by patients can transmit data to a smartphone.
It also decreases clinical expenses and improves the quality of care.
This targets coordination of subjective advances into IoT-based frameworks
It guarantee smart administration through empowering collaboration and communication between
the IoT and humans
Concept of IoT
Wearable
devices
Cognitive IoT
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Background Studies
Overview of Blockchain Technology
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Decentralized
A decentralized and
equitable computational
model
Distributed
Consensus protocols
maintain information
consistency and integrity
over all nodes on the
network, organized in a
distributed fashion.
Transparency
Blockchain offers various
degrees of transparency
depending on the domain of
application
High level of security
Promoting security, reliability,
with a high level of privacy
guaranteed
Peer-to-Peer Network
This technology was initially created
to handle monetary transactions
within the context of digital currency,
using a peer-to-peer network
13

Background Studies
Blockchain in health-systems
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Blockchain in healthcare monitoring
Blockchain technologies are computationally
costly, requiring a high transfer speed and
extra computational power. But, this
technology is able to solve many serious
problems in a wide range of applications
including modern IoT-based healthcare
monitoring.
Design next-generation health-systems
Design of the next-generation healthcare information systems is
a significant application area for Blockchain technology.
IoT-based remote patient monitoring
Provide advanced security and privacy properties
Brings fundamental and unique value
Integrity, timelessness, interoperability, irreplaceability,
reliability, reduced verification costs, networking and
decentralization in health care
Solve health problems
Solve many serious problems IoT-based
healthcare monitoring.

Background Studies
Smart Contract
15
A set of promises, specified in digital form, including
protocols within which the parties perform on these
promises” (Szabo 1996).
Recorded and confirmed on the Blockchain
The program code of a smart contract is recorded and
confirmed on the Blockchain.
Solve substantial challenges in healthcare domain
Smart contract can solve substantial challenges in healthcare
domain in terms of managing and enforcing contracts without
the interference of a third party in order to improve
interoperability and privacy in healthcare processes.
Reduces the costs of healthcare service
This system reduces the costs of healthcare services and
increases their accessibility

Background Studies
Algorithms and Tools for Medical Blockchain
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Financial perspectives
Several cryptocurrencies, are reported to facilitate financial transactions in
medical domains
Customized
for medical
problems
Play an
essential role
in medical
Blockchains
Decrease the
number of
contacts
Decrease
paperwork and
difficulties in
collecting money

Technical perspectives
Background Studies
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Analyzed in accordance
with legal routines
Study patient records, and
genetic codes can
High level of accuracy
Medicine supply chain
management
Secure data sharing
Blockchain can also be
used to secure data
sharing
Secure access controls
Secure access controls in
healthcare systems are
designated
Medical records can be
stored in Blockchain
Guarantee the high level of
security
High degree of security
Transferred patients’ medical
records

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Tool : BurstIQ
Task : Manages patient data
1
Tool : Coral Health
Task : Smart contracts
3
Tool : Chronicled
Task : Pharma companies
5
Tool : EncrypGen
Task : Genetic information
7
Tool : SimplyVital Health
Task : Protect DNA data
2
Tool : Medicalchain
Task : Patient consultations
4
Tool : CDC
Task : Health reporting
6
Tool : XMC
Task : Global health system
8
Background Studies
The solutions presented by various companies in different
domains are summarized.

Background Studies
IoT Sensors for Monitoring Drugs
Body sensors
The IoT supports a wide range of body sensors, including pulse
rate, blood oxygen level, distance traveled, maximal oxygen
consumption, body temperature, blood pressure, blood glucose
level, EEG, ECG and calories burned.
IoT sensors are cheap
In contracts to traditional sensing elements, the IoT sensors are
cheap and also small enough to be used in a wide range of
devices. A type of IoT sensors that enables online drug monitoring
has revolutionized healthcare monitoring systems.
Online drug monitoring
Drug monitoring activity refers to measurement of medication
levels in the blood, and this can be done using IoT sensors in an
online fashion.
19

In this section, a novel architecture for IoT-based healthcare monitoring using Blockchain technology is
proposed.
This architecture is obtained from recently reported solutions given in (HamlAbadi et al. 2017; Saghiri et al.
2020, 2018; Vahdati et al. 2018), and (Abujamra and Randall 2019; Jamil et al. 2020; Bublitz et al. 2019).
THE PROPOSED ARCHITECUTURE
Lets talk about three-layers architecture

The Proposed Architecture
Three layers architecture
Users
Users of this architecture can
be patients, nurses, and doctors
and even admin
Sensors and Devices
IoT sensors and other devices act
as sensing elements in the
architecture to support
functionalities of the network layer.
A novel architecture
IoT-based healthcare monitoring using
Blockchain
21

Gateway
management unit
Widely used to promote
communication among smart devices.
Connection
management unit
The network communication system
requires massive IoT capability, such as Wi-
Fi, 2G/3G/4G, 5G, and 6G.
Adaptive protocol
management unit
This unit adaptively manages the messaging
protocols.
Security
management unit
Protects the data, a large number of devices, and
interconnected systems.
Routing
management unit
Sets up a communication pathway from a source
IoT device to a destination.
Network Layer
22
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Network Layer
This layer provides the interconnection
backbone for transferring data among many
entities, such as doctors, patients,
laboratories, ambulances, hospitals, and
smart homes.

IoT/Blockchain/AI Services Layer
Requirement layer
• The goals and behaviors of the system are
determined using a language called
Cognitive. Specification Language (CSL).
• Formal language (HTML) and informal
language (English) can be used to
determine the goals and behaviors of the
system.
Cognitive Internet of Things
(CIoT) based on a Blockchain
This framework was proposed in Saghiri et al.
(2018), HamlAbadi et al. (2017), and Vahdati et
al. (2018).
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24
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Take goals
Takes goals from the
requirement layer.
Develop Cognitive engine
Used to extract goals and
behaviors based on machine
learning and natural language-
processing (NLP) engines.
Extract goals
Used to extract goals and
behaviors based on machine
learning and natural language-
processing (NLP) engines.
Execute algorithms
The designer develops
one or more cognitive
engines.
Cognitive Process Layer
In this layer, cognitive
processes are organized. Each
cognitive process may be
designated to manage several
tasks.
Some
cognitive
process
are
given

Processing and
communication
Related to virtual /
augmented reality devices in
the thing’s management
layer.
Sharing learning
models
Cognitive process for
sharing learning models to
facilitate learning in
healthcare systems
Managing
ontologies Cognitive
process for managing
ontologies to facilitate
communication among
entities in healthcare
systems.
Predicting
dangerous and
unsafe states
Pandemic situations and
drug interactions.
Intrusion detection
intrusion detection
Specific applications
Some application-specific
cognitive processes
Securing patients’
data
securing patients’ data
records.

26
Smart contract unit
This unit manages issues related
to smart contracts based
on cognitive engines. In this
unit, cognitive smart contract
can be designated
Payment unit
This unit manages financial
transactions among entities in
the system.
Blockchain unit
In this unit, several Blockchains
for different types of data
related to patient, drugs, DNA,
health microservices and
insurance are considered. .
Peer-to-peer
communication unit
It plays an important role
in managing thing-to-thing
communications in
Decentralized Autonomous
Organization (DAO)
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Things management layer

Application
Layer
In this layer, DAO can be implemented based on distributed application logics. This layer also provides RESTful APIs to cooperate with
other systems. The APIs can be used in internal parts of this architecture.
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Application Layer

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In this section, to apply the proposed architecture in different case studies, three algorithms, namely path
recommendation for pandemic situations, health insurance recommendation, and fighting COVID-19
pandemic have been suggested.
CASE STUDIES
Lets talk about case studies in COVID-19

used multiple data sources,
and built several machine
learning models to
characterize the landscape of
current COVID-19 research
Case Study
A wide range of AI and Blockchain-based solutions in COVID-19 are given
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Highlight the application of Big
Data Overview various intelligence
techniques that can be applied to
various types of medical
information-based pandemic.
AI Techniques for COVID-19
Ebadi et al.
2020
Evolution of COVID-19 research
Five pre-trained convolutional neural
network models have been
proposed for the automatic
detection of
COVID-19 infected patient using
chest X-ray radiographs.
Detection of COVID-19
2020
Hussain et al.
2020
Kassani et al.
30

Case Study
To implement these algorithms different smart contracts in the cognitive engine must be provided
(Smart contracts used in cognitive engines)
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Contract actors Description
This contract collates user information and provides the patient’s medical
records
This contract collates user information and indicates the position of the user.
This concept is reported in (Mashamba-Thompson and Crayton 2020).
This contract collates user information and indicates patterns of movement.
This concept is borrowed from (Torky and Hassanien 2020).
This contract collates user information and provides a doctor’s prescription.
This contract relays information about patients’ allergies to different drugs
and indicates patterns of consumption.
This contract collates information from users and health dossiers and
conveys DNA information.
This contract collates information from users and health dossiers and returns
test results such as molecular, serological (Chamola et al. 2020) and
antibody (Eisenstadt et al. 2020) checks.
Among users and some actors in the healthcare
system
Among users and some government actors
Among users and some actors in the healthcare
system
Among users, healthcare providers and health centers
Among patients, healthcare providers and health
centers
Smart contract
31
User-medical-records-contract
Geographic-information-system-contract
Mass-surveillance-system-contract
Doctor prescription-contract
User allergy information-contract
User DNA information-contract
Clinical test-contract

Case Study
To implement these algorithms different smart contracts in the cognitive engine must be provided
(Smart contracts used in cognitive engines)
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Contract actors Description
This contract collates information from medical centers and then indicates
the services that are available to users
This contract collates information from healthcare providers and drug stores
and conveys this to users
This contract collates information relating to medical diagnoses and
screening (testing kits, face scanners, medical imaging and voice detection
systems) and sends diagnosis results to users (Chamola et al. 2020)
This contract connects individuals with each other and indicates patterns of
movement and communication to government (Chamola et al. 2020).
Among users and health centers
Among users, healthcare providers and drug stores
Among users, healthcare providers and drug stores
Among users and some government actors
Smart contract
32
Clinic/hospital/pharmacy information-
contract
Drug information-contract
Medical diagnosis and screening-contract
Tracing-contract

Case Study
To implement these algorithms five Blockchains are included in the cognitive engines
(Blockchains used in cognitive engines)
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Description
Blockchain names
33
User-positions-Blockchain
Contracts-Blockchain
User-medical-records-Blockchain
Communications-Blockchain
Microservices-Blockchain
This Blockchain is used to maintain the positions of users
This Blockchain is used to maintain the contracts
This Blockchain is used to maintain users’ medical records
This Blockchain is used to maintain communication among Users
This Blockchain is used to maintain the microservices

Case Study
To implement these algorithms different microservices are used for the proposed algorithms in the cognitive engines
(Microservices used in cognitive engines)
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Description
Microservices
34
Infection-info-service
RS-service
Fake news-service
Curative investigate-service
Medical-supply-chain-service
Donate-service
Global-economy-services
This service provides information about the COVID-19 pandemic.
Uses cognitive recommender systems to recommend items to users (HamlAbadi et al. 2017).
Tracks fake news on Web sites, Twitter, etc. indicating valid information (Chamola et al. 2020).
Tracks researches for users, drugs and COVID-19 vaccines development (Chamola et al. 2020).
Uses medical supply-chain information in order to track drug production (Chamola et al. 2020).
Tracks individuals and organizations which provide donations (Chamola et al. 2020).
Considers the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy (Chamola et al. 2020).

Case Study 1
Path Recommendation for Pandemic Situations
Input
User commands; user information
collected by the sensors
Output
A safe path recommendation sent
to the user
Goal
The user can finally take the safest route to
his destination, i.e., in the case of the
COVID-19 pandemic, a low-risk.
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02
01
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User Decision Making
A user wants to go to a particular
destination
1
Sec.
User information and
location sensed
User information and location are
sensed by the sensors and saved
in Blockchain-users-positions.
3
Sec.
Case Study 1

04
03
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Confirmed user
destination location
Destination location is
confirmed by a user
5
Sec.
User send a command using
his voice or a terminal
e.g., “Please recommend a safe
path to travel from source X to
destination Y.”
7
Sec.
05
The corresponding
microservices are
called
Interpret the commands in
order to draw out the goals
of the system for the user
9
Sec.

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the
38
06
Corresponding
recommendation
microservice called
11
Sec.
07
08
Finding a safe path for the user
According to the goals, that is, finding
a safe path for the user.
20
Sec.
Smart Contract fetched
(e.g., the user-medical-records-
contract, geographic-information-
system contract and mass-
surveillance-system-contract)
15
Sec.

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09
10
Compute final distance
The final
distance for the user is
computed by the systems.
27
Sec.
Calculated user
information road
User road information is
calculated based on the
three smart contracts.
23
Sec.
11
Shown the path process
for user
The user can finally take the
safest route to his destination
i.e., in the case of the COVID-19
pandemic, a low-risk route
30
Sec.

Case Study 2
Overview on Health Insurance Recommendation
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Goal: Goals are determined based on the user’s commands with considering user’s environmental information collected by IoT sensors.
Input: Each user has an identifier, and his/her information is saved in the Blockchain.
Output: Recommend an appropriate insurance package to the user.
Health insurance
recommendation
Fetched Smart Contract
Called Microservices
Calculated relevant
discount
Payment
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Case Study 2
Health insurance recommendation details: Firth phase: creating smart contracts
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Medical records
This smart contract can be used to
produce a suitable insurance package
for users.
1
Doctor’s prescription
produce an insurance package
according to an individual’s medical
prescription.
2
User’s DNA information
according to an individual’s DNA
information.
3
User allergy information
Produce an insurance package
according to an individual’s allergy
information, e.g., an allergy to drugs, a
seasonal allergy or other allergies.
4
Clinical test needs
according to an individual’s clinical test
results.
5
Clinical/hospital/pharmacy
information
according to clinical/hospital/pharmacy
information, locations
6
Drug information
according to an individual’s medication
details
7
Medical diagnosis
diagnosis
8
Medical screening
screening
9

Case Study 2
Health insurance recommendation details: Second phase: Called corresponding microservices
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the
RS-Service
This service provides users with a
list of insurance recommendations
from the cognitive engines
Infection-Info-Service
This service may take into consideration
the COVID-19 pandemic in order to create
an appropriate package
Medical-Supply-Chain-Service
Calling this service is used to track
medication information to create an
appropriate package with high accuracy.
Donate-Service
This service can track people’s needs
and then consider charitable services
for these types of people.
Global-Economy-Services
Calling this service is used to track
industrial needs and then consider
supportive services for each type of
industry.

Case Study 2
Health insurance recommendation details: Third phase: the best insurance package can be provided
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Provide best health insurance
Package
Payment
Discount
Smart Contract
In accordance with the systems goal, an algorithm including three phases is executed.
Provide Smart Contract
The best insurance package can be provided using smart contracts.
Relevant discounts can be calculated
Information can be provided from the Blockchains, and relevant discounts can be
calculated for insurance packages
Payment process and update user account
The requisite payment is processed, and the user’s account is updated to reflect the transaction
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Case Study 3
Fighting COVID-19 Pandemic
Input
User commands; user information
collected by the sensors
Output
Dashboards for managing the
impact of the COVID-19 outbreak
through predicting, tracking,
detecting and managing the
pandemic.
Goal
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Case Study 3
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User Command
In the cognitive engine, user commands
can be organized into a system for
managing COVID-19.
Call all services
All corresponding services can be
called to interpret the commands
in order to draw out the goals.
1
Fetched all smart
contract
According to the
system’s goals, all smart
contracts can be fetched.
2

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Handled appropriate
dashboards
Suitable dashboards will be
handled by the system for
managing COVID-19 outbreak.
3
Develop different treatment and
organize an appropriate panel
Based on appropriate information like
user’s DNA and information relating to
pharmaceutical services, different
treatments can be developed (e.g.,
drugs and vaccines).
5
Illustrated six dashboards
Six dashboards will be represented
4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Virus modeling and
analysis
Virus outbreak estimation
Prediction of future
outbreaks
Risk prediction
Medical development
COVID-19 test certificate

Useful vaccine distribution
The Blockchain-based functionalities
of the proposed architecture will be
useful for equitable COVID-19
vaccine distribution.
7
IoTDigitCorp 47
Issue a valid certificate
These certificates will be registered in the
Blockchain in a transparent and immutable
manner
6
Antibody Test
Facilitate verification of
COVID-19 antibody
testing
Vaccine
Facilitate verification of
COVID-19vaccines
Show certificate in a
panel
A panel on the dashboard
is dedicated to show the
certificates.

In this subsection, potentials of the proposed architecture to solve many of the problems caused by COVID-
19 are studied
Discussion
Discussion and Potential Applications

To start with, a short description of this disease is given, and potential applications for the proposed architecture are presented.
Social Distance
Humans may prevent this disease by
keeping a certain amount of distance
among themselves.
Common symptoms
Common symptoms include fever,
coughing, shortness of breath,
muscle pain, sputum production, a
sore throat, indigestion, and redness
of the eyes.
Infectious disease
COVID-19 is an infectious disease
caused by the coronavirus
Onset of symptoms is 2–14 days
The time between exposure to the
disease and the onset of symptoms is 2–
14 days.
What is COVID-19?
IoTDigitCorp 49

50
The proposed architecture can determine social distances.
IoT sensors can gather information about the environment in an selective fashion.
This application can be implemented using proposed architecture.
Application will enable prediction of the number of infected and cured cases in
online fashion.
Application predict several parameters in the system, both online and offline.
The proposed architecture can be used to determine safe and useful lifestyles for humans using a
large amount of data gathered from medical records.
This information may be used to obtain valuable knowledge about finding a proper diet and
establishing habits to keep infection
rates low.
Smart social distance
determination
Online parameter
prediction
Pattern mining for
healthcare purposes
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Population control using gamification
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Encourage people to change
their behavior
Utilizing cryptocurrencies and tokens
(rewards and punishment)
Use of smart contracts and
Blockchain
Governments may use this
solution in their countries
Change the behavior of individuals
Using the concept of reinforcement learning
and mechanism design
Extract the movement pattern
Extract behavior for each person
51

Process
Genetic-based analyses
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Store and
handle
Predict
Detect
Store and handle genetic
information
The proposed architecture may be
used to store and handle genetic
information relating to humans.
Predict pandemic situations
Analysis of this information may
be used to predict pandemic
situations
Detect people have diseases
Detect those people who are
resistant to some diseases, by
considering certain genetic features.
DNA information
In this architecture, DNA information
may be stored in the Blockchain, and
then users can share their keys with
relevant experts using smart contracts
based on privacy protected
mechanisms.
52

This architecture is generalized, and it can be used to design a wide range of algorithms in the healthcare
systems.
Performance Analysis
The performance of this architecture is characterized

Performance Analysis
The performance of this architecture is characterized
IoTDigitCorp
User Anatomy
Can provide anonymity for users
via peer-to-peer and Blockchain
technologies
4
Security and Privacy
Ensures that users’ data are
protected, and confidentiality is
maintained.
5
Portability
Organize a portable application
such as DAOs
6
Reliability
Manage data with a high
degree of reliability
1
Decentralized
Can be used to design
algorithms that can avoid
monopolies
2
Scalability
Support scalability using
some hybrid techniques in
the fusion of Blockchains
and IoT systems
3
Analysis
In this study, an architecture for IoT-based healthcare monitoring using
Blockchain was proposed. This architecture is generalized, and it can be used
to
design a wide range of algorithms in the healthcare systems.
54

A novel architecture for modern healthcare systems has been proposed
Conclusions and future works
Lets talk about conclusion and future works

Conclusions and Future Works
Conclusions
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In this chapter, a novel architecture for modern healthcare systems has been proposed.
Proposed
novel
architecture
Main
advantage
COVID-19
Suggested
Solution
This architecture is an extension to a
recently reported framework for
cognitive IoT based on Blockchain
considering healthcare monitoring
issues.
Cognitive Systems, IoT, Blockchain
A main advantage of the
proposed architecture is to utilize
cognitive computing to organize
management processes in IoT-based
Blockchain systems
Utilize cognitive computing
To show the potential of the proposed
architecture, some case studies aimed at
combating COVID-19 have been
presented.
Present COVID-19 as a case study
The suggested solutions are able to
manage impact of COVID-19 outbreak.
Manage impact of COVID-19 outbreak
56

Conclusions and Future Works
Future Works
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Designing gamification algorithms
Designing gamification algorithms to
change human behaviors in relation to
infection rates may be considered.
Deployed Digital Twins in cognitive engine
Digital twin technology may be deployed by
the cognitive engines of the proposed
architecture.
Digital twins in personal medicine
Digital twin technology may also be
used to design personalized medicine
in healthcare systems..
57

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