ISEO_ORAL_2016_KP_Son_Final

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Essential oils as potential insecticidal
agents for protection of stored products
Kaan Polatoğlu1, Hüseyin Servi2, Ömer Cem Karakoç3,Yasemin Yücel Yücel4, Salih Gücel5, Betül Demirci6, Kemal Hüsnü Can Başer6,7
1 İstanbul Kemerburgaz University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry.
2 Yıldız Technical University, Graduate School of Natural & Applied Sciences.
3 Çankırı Karatekin University, Yapraklı Vocational School, Department of Crop & Animal Protection.
4 İstanbul Kemerburgaz University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry.
5Near East University, Institute of Environmental Sciences.
6Anadolu University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy.
7Near East University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy.

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Contents
A. Stored product protection
B. Primary & secondary stored product pests
C. Current legislation
D. Essential oils as stored product protection agents
E. Insecticidal activity screening studies of EO from Turkish & Cypriot plant species
E1. Spotting the active plant species
E2. Insecticidal activity screening tests
E3. Cholinergic system inhibition
E4. Results & Discussion
F. Future prospects on EO’s as natural insecticides
F1. Methods of Delivery
F2. Multiple system inhibitors (Formulation)

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A. Stored product protection
Agricultural produce including grains, legumes, dried fruit, spices, tobacco and medicinal plants
has to be stored prior to processing or being distributed to the market.
Grains and legumes are usually stored in large amounts and are the most susceptible products to
the biotic and abiotic factors.
The abiotic factors are mostly related to physical storage conditions
such as humidity, temperature, piling, exposure to light and other
elements.
The biotic factors include fungal, insect, avian and rodent species.
Most significant damage to the stored products are caused by fungal
and insect species.

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The primary pests S. granarius, S. oryzae and R. dominica feeds on wheat, corn,
legumes and rice. These species can feed on unbroken, whole seeds/beans. The
primary pests described here are extremely resistant to very low and high
temperatures, humidty and starvation.
Primary pests
Sitophilus
granarius
Sitophilus
oryzae
Rhyzopertha
dominica
Sitophilus
zeamais

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The secondary pests T. castaneum, T. confusum and Oryzaephilus surinamensis
feeds on broken wheat, corn, legumes and rice. These species can only feed on
broken, whole seeds/beans and flours.
Tribolium
castaneum
Tribolium
confusum
Oryzaephilus
surinamensis
Secondary pests
In the developed
countries stored
product losses due to
insect infestations are
estimated to be 9%
where as in under
developed countries
20% and higher losses
are also reported*
*Pimentel D. 1991. World resources and food losses to pests. See Ref. 37, pp. 5–11.

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Post-harvest insects have been controlled through the use of commercial
synthetic pesticides. These are either admixed in to the grain as dusts or
released in a gaseous state to fumigate stored grain.
Most known synthetic pesticides used for protection of stored products are
methyl bromide and aluminium phosphide. Alternatively sulphuryl fluoride,
carbonyl sulphide, ethane dinitrile and ethyl formate are also used.
H
Br
H
H
Methyl bromide
Methyl bromide was
used as a general-
purpose fumigant to
kill a variety of pests
including rats and
insects

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Methyl bromide is an extremely toxic gas which have very high vapor
pressure and can penetrate through stored product easily. It was used as the
main grain fumigant however it has been phased out through the Montreal
Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.
The only fumigant now routinely used for protecting grain is aluminium
phosphide. Aluminium phosphide is also used to kill rodents and moles and,
thus, is highly toxic to vertebrates and can be dangerous for users. Under
certain conditions, the phosphine gas generated is also highly explosive.
AlP + 3H2O → Al(OH)3 + PH3
Aliminium
phosphide
Phosphine

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Temp.
°C
Compound Vapor
pressure
mmHg
Hazard Pesticidal
use
20 Methyl bromide 1250 Toxic to vertebrates,
Toxic to environment,
depletes ozone
Rodents,
Insects
20 Phosphine 26162 Toxic to vertebrates,
Explosive, Toxic to
environment
Rodents,
Insects,
Fungus
21 Sulfuryl floride 12008 Toxic to vertebrates,
greenhouse gas
Rodents,
Insects
21 Carbonyl sulfide 9034 Toxic to vertebrates,
Highly flammable
Rodents,
Insects
-21 Ethanedinitrile 760 Toxic to vertebrates,
Toxic to environment,
Highly flammable
Rodents,
Insects,
Fungus
20 Ethylformate* 200 Highly flammable Insects

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Montreal protocol restricts uses of substances that deplete the
ozone layer. Most of the countries that signed this protocol phased
out/highly restricted uses of pesticides such as methyl bromide.
Other local regulations such as the European Pesticide Regulation
(EC) No. 1107/2009 supports use of pesticides that are considered
less harmful. New regulations like these are expected to provide a
special attention to the bio-pesticides that could be considered
relatively safe alternative to the synthetic ones !!!

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Currently only aluminum phosphide is being used in large scale
storages of grains, legumes and corn due to its ease in use. Other
alternatives such as ethyl formate, sulfuryl floride and carbonyl
sulfide requires skilled use and appropriate application conditions
since these are gaseous pest management agents !
The efficacy of these alternatives are sometimes found as
questionable by users !
Additionally another problem is that the stored product pests also
started to develop resistance against these synthetic pesticides due
to their improper uses*
*Rajendran, S., Sriranjini V. 2008. “Plant products as fumigants for stored-product insect control.” Journal of Stored Product Research, 44, 126-135.
*Shaaya, E., Kostjukovski, M., Eilberg, J., Sukprakarn C. 1997. “Plant oils as Fumigants and Contact Insecticides for the Control of Stored-product Insects.”
Journal of Stored Product Research, 33, 1, 7-15.

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The problem !
Finding natural alternatives to synthetic fumigant pesticides !
that are :
- safe for users
- safe for environment
- safe for non-target organisms
- multipurpose (against fungus, insects, rodents)
- capable of peneterating evenly to the stored product
- harmless to the stored product (food safety, taste, color, germination
properties)
- easy to use (have a suitable delivery method)
- economic
- easy to standardize as a product

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Inorder to give an idea on the studies that have been conducted until now
only essential oils of 57, 138 and 112 taxa were screened only for S. granarius,
S. oryzae and S. zeamais !
So there is too much to do in this area !
Most active species are from the following families:
Asteraceae (Artemisia, Achillea, Tanacetum), Brassicaceae, Chenopodiastrum
(Chenopodium), Ericaceae, Lamiaceae (Origanum, Mentha, Micromeria,
Thymus, Salvia), Rutaceae (Citrus, Ruta) , Myrtaceae (Eucalyptus),
Zingiberaceae (Curcuma, Zingiber).
* K. Polatoğlu, Ö. C. Karakoç, in Essential Oils in Food Preservation - Biologically active essential oils against stored product pests, Academic
Press, Elsevier. London, 2016, pp. 39-58

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The major compounds found in the most active oils are :
O
O
Ethyl isovalerate OH
Terpinen-4-ol
OH
Linalool
O
1,8-Cineole α-Pinene
OH
Thymol
OH
Carvacrol p-Cymene

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The major compounds found in the most active oils are :
OH
Farnesol
H
β-SelineneGermacrene D
H
H
Caryophyllene
OH
O
Eugenol
O
Estragole
O
O
OH
Cinnamyl alcohol Safrole

E. Insecticidal activity screening studies of EO from
Turkish & Cypriot plant species
In order to work with GRAS plant material we evaluated edibility/medicinal use score of the
plant from the literature and local observations
The edible/medicinal plants were scored in terms of potential insecticidal activity from the
ethnobotanical information and previous insecticidal activity reports on the plants genus
The edible/medicinal plants were scored regarding their ecological functions in terms of
abundancy in the field, hosting predator insect species, interruption by herbivore insects.
The edible/medicinal plants were scored in terms of potential natural products they may contain
with insecticidal activity in regards to the previous studies on similar species in the same genus.
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Natural product score of
the plant species
Plant species to work with !
Ecological score of the
plant species
Insecticidal activity score
of the plant species
Edibility/Medicinal score
of the plant species
(GRAS)
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E2. Insecticidal activity screening tests
Two methods of insecticidal activity tests were done on the essential oils
that tests effective EO concentration and effective EO exposure time
Fumigant insecticidal activity: The EO/EO solution impregnated on
filter paper and attached to the tap of an air-tight vial that have a
known number of insects and the grain. Insects monitored at 12 h
intervals for mortality.
Contact insecticidal activity: The EO/EO solution is applied to dorsal
surface of each insect by a micro-applicator and a insects are
introduced to an air-tight vial that have the grain. Insects are
monitored at 12 h intervals for mortality.
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E2. Insecticidal screening tests
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In addition to the insecticidal activity testing; in order to have an
idea on the action mechanism of EO’s on the insects, in vitro AChE
and BChE inhibition properties of the EO’s were determined
according to Ellman’s method*.
However in this method acetylcholinesterase obtained from the
electric eel and butyrl cholinesterase obtained from equine serum
were used. Therefore the obtained results only present a clue
whether the insecticidal activity is caused by inhibition of these
enzymes.
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*Ellman, G.L., Courtney, K.D., JR Andres, V., Featherstone, R.M. 1961. A New and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity.
Biochem. Pharmacol. 7, 88-95.

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Chrysanthemum coronarium L.
Local names: mandilya, krizantem, garland, chop suey
Edible/Medicinal Rating: Edible, Medicinal uses reported
Insecticidal Activity Rating: Ext. have high activity against Spodoptera littoralis *
Ecological Rating: Very abundant in Cyprus and lacks of herbivore attack
Natural Product Rating: pyrethrins are obtained from other Chrysanthemum sp.
*Shonouda, M.L., Osman, S., Salama, O., Ayoub, A. 2008. Insecticidal effect of Chrysanthemum coronarium L. Flowers on the pest Spodoptera littoralis
Boisd and its parasitoid Microplitis rufiventris Kok. with identifying the chemical composition. Journal of Applied Science. 8, 1859-1866.

Samples Değirmenlik (Aerial
Parts)
Salamis (Aerial Parts) Nicosia/Lefkoşe (Flowers)
Main Components in the
Essential Oil
Camphor 25.2 ± 0.1%
Santolinatriene 14.0 ± 0.1%
Yomogi alcohol 9.4 ± 0.1%
Santolinatriene 21.7 ± 0.1%
Camphor 16.4 ± 0.1%
Yomogi alcohol 12.6 ± 0.1%
cis-chrysanthenyl acetate 10.7 ± 0.1%
Bornyl acetate 11.0 ± 0.5%
cis-chrysanthenyl acetate 9.9 ± 0.4%
Hexadecanoic acid 9.3 ± 0.6%
Camphor 9.1 ± 0.3%
Phytotoxic Activity (Lemna
minor - 10 mg/mL Conc. –
Growth Inhibition)
31 % 100.00 % 33.83 %
Fumigant Insecticidal Activity
(Sitophilus granarius – 10 μL
application of 10% (v/v) in
acetone – Percent Mortality)
87.82 ± 0.09 % 87.94 ± 0.32 % 97.82 ± 1.79 %
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Chrysanthemum coronarium
S
N
DThe EO’s produced high activity against
the insects however they also have
phytotoxic activity. This could be
problematic if the EO’s also inhibit seed
germination !

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Salvia veneris Hedge
Local names: Adaçayı
Insecticidal Activity Rating: EO’s are reported be active against many insect sp.
Ecological Rating: Endemic, Limited to a region and lacks of herbivore attack
Natural Product Rating: EO’s contains active monoterpenes/sesquiterpenes*
*Perry, N. S., Houghton, P. J., Theobald, A., Jenner, P., Perry, E. K. 2000. In‐vitro Inhibition of Human Erythrocyte Acetylcholinesterase by Salvia
lavandulaefolia Essential Oil and Constituent Terpenes. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 52, 7, 895-902.

Contact toxicity % Fumigant toxicity %
Insect species 24 h 48 h 72 h 72 h Cont. 48 h 48 h Cont.
Sitophilus granarius 66.74±0.21 70.00±0.00 70.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 97.63±7.00 0.00±0.00
Sitophilus oryzae 13.01±0.39 53.35±0.19 71.45±2.50 0.00±0.00 100.00±0.00 0.00±0.00
Tribolium castaneum 32.78±1.52 32.78±1.52 32.78±1.52 4.53±1.97 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00
Tribolium confusum 50.15±1.79 53.50±1.40 53.50±1.40 4.53±1.97 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00
Rhyzopertha dominica 46.65±0.19 56.84±0.81 67.09±0.94 4.53±1.97 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00
Oryzaephilus surinamensis 68.84±6.89 77.84±1.91 81.64±2.50 4.53±1.97 90.75±7.00 0.00±0.00
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Salvia veneris Hedge
S. veneris EO was characterized by 1,8
cineole 30.4%, camphor 18.4%,
camphene 12.9%, α-pinene 8.2%,
borneol 5.8% and β-pinene 5.0 %.
AChE Inh. = 85.9% BChE Inh. = 12.2%

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Crithmum maritimum L.
Local names: Girdama
Insecticidal Activity Rating: EO’s are reported be active against Pheidole pallidula*
Ecological Rating: Limited to coastal regions and lacks of herbivore attack
Natural Product Rating: EO’s contains active monoterpenes*
*Tsoukatou, M., Tsitsimpikou, C., Vagias, C., Roussis, V. 2001. Chemical intra-Mediterranean variation and insecticidal activity of Crithmum maritimum.
Z. Naturforsch C. 56, 3-4, 211-215. * Senatore, F., De Feo, V. 1994. Essential oil of a possible new chemotype of Crithmum maritimum L. growing in
Campania (Southern Italy). Flav. Fragr. J. 9, 6, 305-307.

Contact toxicity % Fumigant toxicity %
Insect species 24 h 48 h 72 h 72 h Cont. 48 h 48 h Cont.
Sitophilus granarius 10.00±0.00 23.18±0.26 50.00±0.58 0.00±0.00 100.00±0.00 0.00±0.00
Sitophilus oryzae 46.65±0.19 83.64±0.35 93.30±3.20 0.00±0.00 100.00±0.00 0.00±0.00
Tribolium castaneum 19.31±0.96 19.31±0.96 22.16±1.91 4.53±1.97 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00
Tribolium confusum 26.20±0.94 33.26±0.21 33.26±0.21 4.53±1.97 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00
Rhyzopertha dominica 67.09±0.94 67.09±0.94 83.26±7.50 4.53±1.97 4.53±3.41 0.00±0.00
Oryzaephilus surinamensis 56.84±0.81 56.84±0.81 70.33±0.70 4.53±1.97 90.75±7.00 0.00±0.00
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Crithmum maritimum L.
The major components of the oil were
identified as γ-terpinene (39.3%), β-
phellandrene (22.6%), carvacrol methylether
(10.5%) and (Z)-β-ocimene (8.2%).

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Ferulago cypria H. Wolff
Local names: Not known
Edible/Medicinal Rating: Food additive* & Medicinal uses reported
Insecticidal Activity Rating: EO’s are reported be active against Culex pipiens*
Ecological Rating: Limited mostly to coastal regions and lacks of herbivore attack
Natural Product Rating: Other Ferulago EO’s contain active mono & sesquiterpenes*
*Evergetis, E., Michaelakis, A., & Haroutounian, S. A. (2012). Essential oils of Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) family taxa as emerging potent agents for
mosquito control. Integrated pest management and pest control—current and future tactics. Janeza Trdine, Croatia, 613-638. *Sadeghi, Ehsan,
Farahnaz Karami, and Alireza Etminan. "The Effect of Ferulago angulata (Schlecht) Boiss Essential Oil on Stabilization of Sunflower Oil During
Accelerated Storage." Journal of Food Processing and Preservation (2016).

Contact toxicity % 24h Fumigant toxicity %
Insect species 24 h, 10 μL (20%
(v/v) oil/acetone)
24 h, 10 μL (10%
(v/v) oil/acetone)
24 h, 10 μL (5%
(v/v) oil/acetone)
24 h Cont. 48 h 10 μL (20%
(v/v) oil/acetone)
48 h Cont.
Sitophilus granarius 73 % 26 % 0 % 0.00±0.00 * 0 % 0.00±0.00
Sitophilus oryzae 93 % 83 % 0 % 0.00±0.00 * 0 % 0.00±0.00
Tribolium castaneum 13 % 3 % 0 % 0.00±0.00 0 % 0.00±0.00
Tribolium confusum 63 % 40 % 3 % 0.00±0.00 0 % 0.00±0.00
Rhyzopertha dominica 60 % 26 % 6 % 0.00±0.00 0 % 0.00±0.00
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Ferulago cypria H. Wolff
The major components of the oil were
identified as limonene (23.8%), α-
pinene (11.5%), germacrene D (8.0%)
and α-pinene (7.1%).

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Ruta chalepensis L.
Local names: Fringed Rue
Edible/Medicinal Rating: Medicinal uses reported, some species used as condiment
Insecticidal Activity Rating: EO’s are reported be active against Tribolium sp.*
Ecological Rating: Abundant and lacks of herbivore attack
Natural Product Rating: Contains psoralens
*Majdoub, O., Dhen, N., Salaheddine Souguir, U. 2014. Chemical Composition of Ruta chalepensis Essential Oils and their Insecticidal Activity against
Tribolium castaneum. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection. 9, 1, 83-90.

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Ruta chalepensis L.
The main components of the oil were 2-
undecanone (21.5 %), 2-nonanone (18.3
%), 2-nonyl acetate (13.2 %) and
pregeijerene (3.6 %).
Contact toxicity LD90 (µL/insect ) Fumigant toxicity% 48 h
Insect species 24 h 48 h 72 h 48 h, 20 μL (10% (v/v)
oil/acetone
48 h, 10 μL (10% (v/v)
oil/acetone
48 h, Cont.
Sitophilus granarius 0.107 0.096 0.096 100.00±0.00 100.00±0.00 0.00±0.00
Sitophilus oryzae 0.090 0.071 0.083 95.47±3.41 56.69±0.34 0.00±0.00
Tribolium castaneum 0.276 0.316 0.311 93.30±5.54 80.69±1.66 0.00±0.00
Tribolium confusum 0.340 0.340 0.347 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00
Rhyzopertha dominica 0.039 0.038 0.038 85.47±3.41 53.35±1.35 0.00±0.00

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Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton [Syn.: Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter]
Local names: konyzos
Edible/Medicinal Rating: Medicinal uses reported, No edible uses.
Insecticidal Activity Rating: Extracts are reported to be active against aphids*
Ecological Rating: Very abundant, lacks of herbivore attack, hosts predator insects
Natural Product Rating: EO’s contain active sesquiterpenes*
*Mamoci, E., Cavoski, I., Andres, M. F., Díaz, C. E., & Gonzalez-Coloma, A. (2012). Chemical characterization of the aphid antifeedant extracts from
Dittrichia viscosa and Ferula communis. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 43, 101-107. Al-Qudah, M. A., Al-Jaber, H. I., Mayyas, A. S., Abu-Orabi,
S. T., & Abu Zarga, M. H. (2010). Chemical compositions of the essential oil from the Jordanian medicinal plant Dittrichia viscosa. Jordan Journal of
Chemistry, 5(4), 343-348.

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Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton
The main components of the oil were
(E)-nerolidol (26.6%), selina-6-en-4-ol
(8.5%), fokienol (6.8%) and
caryophyllene oxide (5.1%).
Fumigant toxicity % 48 h (0.01 mL/1mL stock solution, oil/acetone)
Insect species 48 h, 10 μL (5% (v/v) stock
solution/acetone)
48 h, 10 μL (2.5% (v/v) stock,
solution/acetone)
48 h, 10 μL (1% (v/v) stock,
solution/acetone)
48 h, Cont.
Sitophilus granarius 100.00±0.00 95.47±3.41 4.53±3.41 0.00±0.00
Sitophilus oryzae N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Tribolium castaneum N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Tribolium confusum N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Rhyzopertha dominica N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
AChE Inh. = 17.5% BChE Inh. = N.A.

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Achillea biebersteinii Afan.
Local names: Yılan Pungu
Edible/Medicinal Rating: Medicinal uses reported, No edible uses
Insecticidal Activity Rating: EO’s are reported be active against Sitophilus sp., Tribolium sp.*
Natural Product Rating: EO’s contain active monoterpenes & sesquiterpenes*
*Calmasur, O., Kordali, S., Kaya, O., Aslan, I., 2006. Toxicity of essential oil vapours obtained from Achillea spp. to Sitophilus granarius (L.) and
Tribolium confusum (Jacquelin du Val). J. Plant Dis. Protect. 113, 1, 37-41.

Samples Mt. Dumluca (Aerial Parts) Mt. Ararat (Aerial Parts)
Main Components in the Essential Oil 1,8-Cineole 31.1 %
Camphor 14.4%
α-Thujone 12.9%
p-Cymene 4.6%
1,8-Cineole 30.6%
Piperitone 28.9%
Camphor 11.7%
Phytotoxic Activity (Lemna minor - 10 mg/mL Conc. –
Growth Inhibition)
28.74 ± 0.24% 29.95 ± 1.30%
Fumigant Insecticidal Activity (Sitophilus granarius – 10
μL application of 10% (v/v) in acetone – Percent
Mortality)
1.49 ± 1.12% 36.64 ± 0.12%
Contact Insecticidal Activity (Sitophilus granarius – 10 μL
application of 10% (v/v) in acetone – Percent Mortality)
3.33 ± 0.00% 62.23 ± 0.04%
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Achillea biebersteinii Afan.
Only one chemotype of A. biebersteinii
produced considerable activity however
it has mild phytotoxic activity!
D A

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A. teretifolia Willd.
Local names: Boz yavşan, civan perçemi beyazı, sırçanotu, yavşan otu
Edible/Medicinal Rating: Medicinal uses reported, No edible uses
Insecticidal Activity Rating: Achillea EO’s are reported to have insecticidal activity
Natural Product Rating: EO’s contain active monoterpenes*
*Demirci, F., Demirci, B., Gürbüz, İ., Yeşilada, E., Başer, K.H.C., 2009. Characterization and Biological Activity of Achillea teretifolia Willd. and A.
nobilis L. subsp neilreichii (Kerner) Formanek Essential Oils. Turk. J. Biol. 33, 129-136.

Samples Mt. Dumluca (Aerial Parts)
Main Components in the Essential Oil 1,8-Cineole 15.9 %
Borneol 8.1%
Camphor 7.0%
T-cadinol 5.9%
Growth Inhibition)
24.85 ± 9.0%
Fumigant Insecticidal Activity (Sitophilus granarius – 10
μL application of 10% (v/v) in acetone – Percent
Mortality)
4.32 ± 0.20%
43.32 ± 0.11%
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A. teretifolia Willd.
A. teretifolia produced mild insecticidal
activity and mild phytotoxic activity!

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Matricaria chamomilla L. var. recutita (L.) GRIERSON
Local names: Papatya
Edible/Medicinal Rating: Herbal tea is made, Medicinal uses reported
Insecticidal Activity Rating: Matricaria EO’s have insecticidal activity against stored product pests*
Natural Product Rating: EO’s contain active sesquiterpenes*
*Al-Jabr, A. M. (2006). Toxicity and repellency of seven plant essential oils to Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) and Tribolium
castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrioidae). Scientific Journal of King Faisal University (Basic and Applied Sciences), 7(1), 49-60. *Roby, M. H. H., Sarhan,
M. A., Selim, K. A. H., & Khalel, K. I. (2013). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil and extracts of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) and
chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Industrial crops and products, 44, 437-445.

İstanbul Sample (İ) Contact toxicity % (10 μL, (%10 v/v)) Fumigant toxicity %
Insect species 24 h 48 h 72 h 24 h Cont. 24 h
Deltamethrin
72 h 72 h Cont.
Sitophilus granarius 98.85 ± 2.74 98.85 ± 2.74 99.71 ± 1.72 0.29 ± 1.72 98.85 ± 2.74 74.88 ± 1.35 1.49 ± 1.12
Sitophilus oryzae 98.85 ± 2.74 99.71 ± 1.72 100.00 ± 0.00 0.29 ± 1.72 98.85 ± 2.74 75.57 ± 0.05 0.37 ± 1.12
Tribolium castaneum 14.64 ± 0.60 99.71 ± 1.72 99.71 ± 1.72 0.00 ± 0.00 99.71 ± 1.72 21.09 ± 0.05 0.00 ± 0.00
Tribolium confusum 7.02 ± 1.72 39.79 ± 1.67 68.96 ± 2.07 0.29 ± 1.72 99.71 ± 1.72 90.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
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Matricaria chamomilla var. recutita
Main component of İstanbul sample are
bisabolene oxide (41.9%), Bisabolol
oxide A (25.8%) and (E)-β-Farnesene
(7.6%).
İ
B

Bursa Sample (B) Contact toxicity % (10 μL, (%20 v/v)) Fumigant toxicity %
Deltamethrin
72 h 72 h Cont.
Sitophilus oryzae 99.71 ± 1.72 99.71 ± 1.72 99.71 ± 1.72 0.29 ± 1.72 98.85 ± 2.74 88.12 ± 0,67 0.37 ± 1.12
Tribolium confusum 37.97 ± 1.54 55.10 ± 1.14 56.76 ± 1.10b 0.29 ± 1.72 99.71 ± 1.72 89.11 ± 0.42 0.00 ± 0.00
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Matricaria chamomilla var. recutita
Main component of İstanbul sample are
α-Bisabolol oxide A (47.6%) and (E)-β-
Farnesene (12.7%).
İ
B

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Tanacetum parthenium L.
Local names: Papatya
Edible/Medicinal Rating: Medicinal uses reported, No edible use
Insecticidal Activity Rating: EO’s have insecticidal activity against Spodoptera littoralis*
*Pavela, R., Sajfrtová, M., Sovová, H., Bárnet, M., & Karban, J. (2010). The insecticidal activity of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz Bip. extracts
obtained by supercritical fluid extraction and hydrodistillation. Industrial Crops and Products, 31(3), 449-454.

Contact toxicity % (10 μL, (%20 v/v)) Fumigant toxicity %
Deltamethrin
72 h 72 h Cont.
Sitophilus oryzae 98.85 ± 2.74 99.71 ± 1.72 99.71 ± 1.72 0.29 ± 1.72 98.85 ± 2.74 99.63 ± 1.12 0.37 ± 1.12
Tribolium confusum 0.00 ± 0.00 99.40 ± 0.10 99.71 ± 1.72 0.29 ± 1.72 99.71 ± 1.72 96.27 ± 1.84 0.00 ± 0.00
42
Tanacetum parthenium L.
Main component of EO is camphor
36.1% trans-chrysanthenyl acetate
19.5% and camphene 10.7%.
İ

43
Tanacetum macrophyllum (Waldst. & Kit.)
Insecticidal Activity Rating: EO’s of other species of Tanacetum have insecticidal activity
*Demirci, B., & Başer, K. H. C. (2007). The Essential Oil Composition of Tanacetum macrophyllum (Waldst. et Kit.) Schultz. Bip. Journal of Essential Oil
Research, 19(3), 255-257.

44
Tanacetum macrophyllum (Waldst. & Kit.)
Samples Flower Leaf
Main Components in the Essential Oil γ-eudesmol 21.5%
(E)-sesquilavandulol 20.3%
copaborneol 8.5%
copaborneol 14.1%
1,8-cineole 11%,
bornyl acetate 9.6%
borneol 6.3%
Growth Inhibition)
61.86 ± 5.99% N.A.
50.00 ± 0.00% 88.93 ± 0.09%
T. macrophyllum leaf oil have high
activity and flower oil have medicore
activity against S. granarius however
flower oil also have medicore
phytotoxic activity.

45
Tanacetum abrotanifolium Druce.
Insecticidal Activity Rating: Extracts have insecticidal activity against stored product pests*
Ecological Rating: Abundant in a limited region and lacks of herbivore attack
Natural Product Rating: No EO literature prior to study, sesquiterpene lactones
*Caliskan, Z. Z., & Goren, N. (2011). Bioassay directed structure elucidation of secondary metabolites in Tanacetum abratonifolium (Compositae).
Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 22, S143.

Samples Flower Stem
Main Components in the Essential Oil camphor 35.2%,
(E)-sesquilavandulol 19.0%,
1,8-cineole 13.5%
hexadecanoic acid 41.8%,
(E)-sesquilavandulol 16.2%,
tetradecanoic acid 6.6%
Growth Inhibition)
38.14 ± 1.20 % N.A
81.30 ± 0.44 % 47.77 ± 0.15 %
46
Tanacetum abrotanifolium Druce.
T. abrotanifolium flower oil have high
insecticidal activity against S. granarius
however it also have low phytotoxic
activity.
AChE Inh. = 85.3% (F) BChE Inh. = N.A.

47
Another important concern is the application method of the essential oils. Unlike conventional
fumigants, essential oils do not produce high vapor pressure and there is a need for a method to
provide appropriate vapor pressure for their use as fumigants in large-scale applications.
A. Uses of carrier gas such as as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ethyl formate
B. Uses of solid formulations of EO’s with adsorbents (montmorillonite clay, kaolinite clay,
diatomaceous earth, silica gel)
C. Uses of dust formulations with controlled delivery systems (via encapsulation)
D. Uses of new silo designs
F1. Methods of Delivery

48
F2. Multiple system inhibitors (Formulation)
Mixtures of EO’s/EO components that can act on multiple systems
should be investigated such as cholinergic, GABA, octapaminergic and
mitochondrial systems.
Screening of EO’s and EO components for the antagonism of muscarinic,
nicotinic, octapaminergic receptors as well as inhibition of enzyme
systems such as AChE, BChE, esterases, glutathione S-transferase and
monooxygenases is necessary in order to understand action
mechanisms.

Conclusions
49
The area of natural pesticides in terms of essential oils offers so many
oppurtunities to the scientists working on the essential oils.
Essential oils looks very promising in order to develop a new, safe,
environmentally friendly fumigation agents.
However there are many problems to solve which limits their uses
(Stability, Application methodology and limited vapor pressure)
This area is still a virgin territory and there are many topics to work on !

50
Teşekkürler…
Thank you very
much for your
attention !
Assist. Prof. Dr. Kaan Polatoglu
İstanbul Kemerburgaz University, Faculty of
Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry
kaan.polatoglu@kemerburgaz.edu.tr

ISEO_ORAL_2016_KP_Son_Final

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