A. 1.Virus modified exoxomes are specialized form of nano sized vesi.pdf

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A. 1.Virus modified exoxomes are specialized form of nano sized vesicles calles exosomes can incorporate and transport functional RNA into target cells serves as attractive alternative. 2. Exosomes are small vesicles secreted from cells that participate in intercellular communication events. 3. In cancer, exosomes have linked to tumor growth, progression and metastasis. B. 1.On virus(EVB) exposure, infecte naive B-cells release highlly specific EVB modified exosomes. 2. Latent membrane protein 1 is expressed on virus infected cell membrane. Which causes proliferation programm and B cell immortalization and contribute viral spread. immune evasion. C. 1. Specialised form of nano-sized lipid vesicles can incorporate and transport functional RNA into target virus infected cells. 2. Most pluricellular organisms sustain exosome based communication via inter cellular exchange of mRNA and miRNA between cells. Solution A. 1.Virus modified exoxomes are specialized form of nano sized vesicles calles exosomes can incorporate and transport functional RNA into target cells serves as attractive alternative. 2. Exosomes are small vesicles secreted from cells that participate in intercellular communication events. 3. In cancer, exosomes have linked to tumor growth, progression and metastasis. B. 1.On virus(EVB) exposure, infecte naive B-cells release highlly specific EVB modified exosomes. 2. Latent membrane protein 1 is expressed on virus infected cell membrane. Which causes proliferation programm and B cell immortalization and contribute viral spread. immune evasion. C. 1. Specialised form of nano-sized lipid vesicles can incorporate and transport functional RNA into target virus infected cells. 2. Most pluricellular organisms sustain exosome based communication via inter cellular exchange of mRNA and miRNA between cells..

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Types of immune cells ∆Lymphoid cells -lymphocytes constitute 20%–40% of the body’s white blood cells and 99% of the cells in the lymph continually circulate in the blood and lymph and are capable of migrating into the tissue spaces and lymphoid organs lymphocytes enlarge into 15 µm-diameter blast cells, called lymphoblasts; these cells have a higher cytoplasm : nucleus ratio and more organellar complexity than small lymphocytes. Lymphoblasts proliferate and eventually differentiate into- effector cells or into memory cells. * B-lymphocytes *T-lymphocytes * Natural killer cells ∆mononuclear phagocytes The mononuclear phagocytic system consists of monocytes circulating in the blood and macrophages in the tissues. -macrophages -monocytes ∆granulocytes cells Granulocytes are at the front lines of attack during an immune response and are considered part of the innate immune system. Granulocytes are white blood cells (leukocytes) that are classified as neutrophils, basophils, mast cells, or eosinophils on the basis of differences in cellular morphology and the staining of their characteristic cytoplasmic granules The cytoplasm of all granulocytes is replete with granules that are released in response to contact with pathogens. These granules contain a variety of proteins with distinct functions: Some damage pathogens directly; some regulate trafficking and activity of other white blood cells, including lymphocytes -neutrophills -basophils -eosinophils -dendritic cells -mast cells

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We first see what is the Small Intestine – It connects the stomach and the large intestine. It is called as Small because it is smaller than Large Intestine. It is divided into three sections (duodenum, jejunum & ileum). Three parts are as follows: The three sections of the small intestine look similar to each other at a microscopic level, but there are some important differences in terms of structures. The jejunum and ileum do not have Brunner\'s glands in the submucosa, while the ileum has Peyer\'s patches in the mucosa, but the duodenum and jejunum do not. Now we will see the structure in detail: The small intestine has four tissue layers as follows Brunner\'s Glands Brunner\'s glands (or duodenal glands) are compound tubular sub-mucosal glands found in the duodenum. The main function of these glands is to produce a mucus-rich, alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate) in order to neutralize the acidic content of chyme that is introduced into the duodenum from the stomach, and to provide an alkaline condition for optimal intestinal enzyme activity, thus enabling absorption to take place and lubricate the intestinal walls. Peyer\'s Patches Peyer\'s patches are organized lymph nodules. They are aggregations of lymphoid tissue that are found in the lowest portion of the small intestine, which differentiate the ileum from the duodenum and jejunum. Because the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract is exposed to the external environment, much of it is populated with potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Peyer\'s patches function as the immune surveillance system of the intestinal lumen and facilitate the generation of the immune response within the mucosa. Intestinal Villi Intestinal villi (singular: villus) are tiny, finger-like projections that protrude from the epithelial lining of the mucosa. Each villus is approximately 0.5–1.6 mm in length and has many microvilli (singular: microvillus), each of which are much smaller than a single villus. Explain how structure of the intestinal lining enhances surface area. Now we will see how this Villi are important for enhancing the surface area in details. Villi increase the internal surface area of the intestinal walls. This increased surface area allows for more intestinal wall area to be available for absorption. An increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi, which is semi- permeable, through diffusion, which is effective only at short distances. Microvilli are microscopic extensions of the outer surface of the absorptive cells that line each villus. Because of their brush like appearance (microscopically), the microvilli facing the lumen form the brush border of the small intestine. Like the villi; the microvilli increase the surface area over which digestion and absorption take place. In other words, the increased surface area (in contact with the fluid in the lumen) decreases the average distance traveled by the nutrient.

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The same Mechanisms of genetic exchange in bacteria: 1. Conjugation 2. mechanisms occur in archae also, though they are poorly studied. Conjugation: The exchange or transfer of genetic material occurs from one bacterium (the donor) to the other (the recipient) through the formation of physical contact called conjugation bridge. Bacteria have appendages called fimbriae which form physical contact with other cells. The donor bacteria replicates Transformation 3. Transduction its genome, and one copy of part of the genome is transferred to the recipient through the conjugation bridge. Depending on the type of transfer, the conjugation may be either F’ or Hfr conjugation. Transformation: The ability of bact. Bacteria vary in their ability to get transformed. There are special channels in the cell membranes of bacteria to take up exogenous DNA. During this process, one of the strands is hydrolyzed and the energy obtained is used to translocate the other fragment of DNA eria to take up fragments of exogenous genetic material from their surrounding solution is called transformation. The ability to get transformed is called competence. Therefore, transformation generally occurs with double stranded DNA only. Competence can be artificially induced in cells by cold shock or calcium chloride treatment. Transduction: The transfer of fragments of genetic material from one bacteria cell to another mediated by a bacteriophage is called transduction. Lysogenic phages often carry along with them pieces of bacterial DNA also. Since phage heads can pack some what more genome than its own, the bacteria DNA is carried by them. When they infect a new host and integrate their genome during another cycle of lysogeny, the host now becomes partial diploid for the genes. During excision and lytic phase, the bacterial genes may remain in the second host due to precise excision of the virus genome. Depending on the type of genes carried and success of transduction, it is classified as generalized transduction and specialized transduction. Solution The same Mechanisms of genetic exchange in bacteria: 1. Conjugation 2. mechanisms occur in archae also, though they are poorly studied. Conjugation: The exchange or transfer of genetic material occurs from one bacterium (the donor) to the other (the recipient) through the formation of physical contact called conjugation bridge. Bacteria have appendages called fimbriae which form physical contact with other cells. The donor bacteria replicates Transformation 3. Transduction its genome, and one copy of part of the genome is transferred to the recipient through the conjugation bridge. Depending on the type of transfer, the conjugation may be either F’ or Hfr conjugation. Transformation: The ability of bact. Bacteria vary in their ability to get transformed. There are special channels in the cell membranes of bacteria to take up exogenous DNA. During this process, one of the strands is hydrolyzed and the energy obtained is used to .

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The cam material will be UHMW polyethylene because it had the lost cost of the materials meeting the mechanical property requirements of the design. For a 12”x12”x0.5” sheet of material the UHMW was $14.47 compared to $389.56 for the FEP and $193.55 for the PTFE. The offset m and the lift were chosen to be their minimum allowable values of 6 inches and 30o respectively because it was found that large values of these parameters introduced undercutting of the cam profile. This negatively affected the cam design because the ideal lift chosen by the team of 45o was not achieved. The offset f was chosen to be 2 7/64 inches because it was the minimum value found to prevent undercutting of the cam profile in conjunction with the other parameters. The cam profile was finalized through the choice of the rise and return zones. A symmetric rise and return was chosen to provide a smooth profile, and a value of 155 o was chosen because, as with f, it was the minimum parameter value that prevented undercutting of the cam profile. MATLAB Code %Trade Study - Vertical Motion Control% clear all close all %inputs% Bri = 155*(pi/180); %rise - radians% Btd = 0*(pi/180); %top dwell - radians% Bre = 155*(pi/180); %return - radians% Bbd = 50*(pi/180); %bottom dwell - radians% L = 25*(pi/180); %lift - radians% yo = 5*(pi/180); %min follower position - radians% f = 2 + 7/64; %follower offset - inches% m = 6; %center offset - inches% Rb = m*sin(yo) + f; %radius of base circle - inches% %variables% phi = 0; phi0 = Bri + Btd; phi1 = 2*pi - Bbd; %data storage arrays% phiarr = []; yarr = []; Rarr = []; Angarr = []; Rxarr = []; Ryarr = []; Darr = []; while phi <= 2*pi if phi < Bri %rise% y = (L/Bri).*phi - (L/(2*pi)).*sin(((2*pi)/Bri).*phi); %follower disp% dy = (L/Bri).*(1-cos(((2*pi)/Bri).*phi)); %dy/dphi% D = y + yo; %follower position% a = (m.*dy)./(1 - dy); %distance% h = m.*sin(D) + f; %distance% b = a.*cos(D); %distance% psi = pi/2 - D; %angle% theta = atan(b./h); %angle% R = h./cos(theta); %R - magnitude of polar coord vector, cam profile% Ang = phi + psi + theta; %angle of polar coord vector, cam profile% Rx = R.*cos(Ang); %x coord of cam profile% Ry = R.*sin(Ang); %y coord of cam profile% phiarr = [phiarr phi]; yarr = [yarr y]; Rarr = [Rarr R]; Angarr = [Angarr Ang]; Rxarr = [Rxarr Rx]; Ryarr = [Ryarr Ry]; Darr = [Darr D]; phi = phi + pi/360; end if phi >= Bri & phi < phi0 %top dwell% y = L; dy = 0; D = y + yo; a = (m.*dy)./(1 - dy); h = m.*sin(D) + f; b = a.*cos(D); psi = pi/2 - D; theta = atan(b./h); R = h./cos(theta); Ang = phi + psi + theta; Rx = R.*cos(Ang); Ry = R.*sin(Ang); phiarr = [phiarr phi]; yarr = [yarr y]; Rarr = [Rarr R]; Rxarr = [Rxarr Rx]; Ryarr = [Ryarr Ry]; Angarr = [Angarr Ang]; Darr = [Darr D]; phi = phi + pi/360; end if phi >= phi0 & phi < phi1 %return% y = L - (L/Bre).*(phi - phi0) + (L/(2*pi)).*sin(((2*pi)/Bre).*(phi - phi0)); dy = (L/Bre).*(cos(((2*pi)/Bre).*(phi - phi0)) - 1); D = y + yo; a = (m.*dy)./(1 - dy); h = m.*sin(D) + f; b = a.*c.

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Ques-1: antinormative collective pro-social behavior Reason: Online communities offer many individuals to adopt different disguises, thus concealing their identities and enabling them to be more mean or callous. This type of antinormative pro-social behavior is contributed to deindividuation. This deindiviualization is mainly due to loss of social awareness with different attitude compared to normal social behavior. In contrast, if the stereotypes are inaccurate (because they are developed based on first experiences) they create more problems rather than benefits. These opinions need to be filtered through the view of situations or person that are responsible for creating that stereotype. Ques-2: answer: B. inclinations to act. Reason: Attitude is associated with meticulously cognitive, affective, and behavioral tendencies according to empirical research that support apparent differences between thoughts & emotions but failed to act inclinations to explain attitudes consistently Stereotypes are our opinions about the people who does not belong to our community. Actually all our opinions are impressions of their behavior what we observe directly or what we hear by means of another person. Behavior reflects their attitude, the way they live, their culture and values. Therefore, we can evaluate the people who differ from us. It is very helpful for a tourist visiting a foreign country because it allows having guesses regarding their culture so that we can respond and behave accordingly. By having the basic ideas about the society that we are going to visit allows us to better predict and interpret the behaviors that we are going to experience, so that we can acclimatize ourselves to the new society. Solution Ques-1: antinormative collective pro-social behavior Reason: Online communities offer many individuals to adopt different disguises, thus concealing their identities and enabling them to be more mean or callous. This type of antinormative pro-social behavior is contributed to deindividuation. This deindiviualization is mainly due to loss of social awareness with different attitude compared to normal social behavior. In contrast, if the stereotypes are inaccurate (because they are developed based on first experiences) they create more problems rather than benefits. These opinions need to be filtered through the view of situations or person that are responsible for creating that stereotype. Ques-2: answer: B. inclinations to act. Reason: Attitude is associated with meticulously cognitive, affective, and behavioral tendencies according to empirical research that support apparent differences between thoughts & emotions but failed to act inclinations to explain attitudes consistently Stereotypes are our opinions about the people who does not belong to our community. Actually all our opinions are impressions of their behavior what we observe directly or what we hear by means of another person. Behavior reflects their attitude, the way they live, th.

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(E) a+ and b+ are more closely linked than a+ and c+. If two genes are present on the same chromosome, they are less likely to undergo recombination. If they are very closely located, they do not undergo recombination and that pair of genes occur more frequently. Solution (E) a+ and b+ are more closely linked than a+ and c+. If two genes are present on the same chromosome, they are less likely to undergo recombination. If they are very closely located, they do not undergo recombination and that pair of genes occur more frequently..

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Intelligence comes from the Latin verb \"intellegere\", which means \"to understand\". By this rationale, intelligence (as understanding) is arguably different from being \"smart\" (able to adapt to one\'s environment), or being \"clever\" (able to creatively adapt). At least two major \"consensus\" definitions of intelligence have been proposed. First, from Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns, a report of a task force convened by the American Psychological Association in 1995: Individuals differ from one another in their ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by taking thought. Although these individual differences can be substantial, they are never entirely consistent: a given person Solution Intelligence comes from the Latin verb \"intellegere\", which means \"to understand\". By this rationale, intelligence (as understanding) is arguably different from being \"smart\" (able to adapt to one\'s environment), or being \"clever\" (able to creatively adapt). At least two major \"consensus\" definitions of intelligence have been proposed. First, from Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns, a report of a task force convened by the American Psychological Association in 1995: Individuals differ from one another in their ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by taking thought. Although these individual differences can be substantial, they are never entirely consistent: a given person.

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Initial compromise is the method that is adopted by intruders to enter into the targetted networks. Generally APTI\'s use spear phishing attack for this purpose. Spear phishing is an email that appears to be from an individual or business that is well known to us. But infact it is not. It is from some criminal hackers who want your confidential information such as: credit card and bank account numbers, passwords, and other financial information on your PC. Spear phishing can be used by the attacker to target any individual by sending him a malicious mail that contains content which relates to his recent happenings in life. This mail will appear to the receiver as if it has come from the legitimate friend or relative of him. This might also resemble as a mail sent by the recipient\'s boss who demands him to submit a file immediately. Composing mails in such a way would tempt the receiver in responding before suspecting. Thus, allowing himself to be a victim. Responding to those mails might allow some backdoors to enter into his machine and silently monitors his financial transactions in order to capture the bank account details, passwords etc. According to the refered document, malicious ZIP file named “Internal_Discussion_Press_Release_In_Next_Week8.zip” is the payload. This file contained a malicious executable that installs a custom APT1 backdoor that we call WEBC2-TABLE Solution Initial compromise is the method that is adopted by intruders to enter into the targetted networks. Generally APTI\'s use spear phishing attack for this purpose. Spear phishing is an email that appears to be from an individual or business that is well known to us. But infact it is not. It is from some criminal hackers who want your confidential information such as: credit card and bank account numbers, passwords, and other financial information on your PC. Spear phishing can be used by the attacker to target any individual by sending him a malicious mail that contains content which relates to his recent happenings in life. This mail will appear to the receiver as if it has come from the legitimate friend or relative of him. This might also resemble as a mail sent by the recipient\'s boss who demands him to submit a file immediately. Composing mails in such a way would tempt the receiver in responding before suspecting. Thus, allowing himself to be a victim. Responding to those mails might allow some backdoors to enter into his machine and silently monitors his financial transactions in order to capture the bank account details, passwords etc. According to the refered document, malicious ZIP file named “Internal_Discussion_Press_Release_In_Next_Week8.zip” is the payload. This file contained a malicious executable that installs a custom APT1 backdoor that we call WEBC2-TABLE.

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I agree . Ethernet nodes listen to the medium when they want to transmit so that it is the only station transmitting at that time.When stations detect a collision using CSMA protocol they cease transmission, wait a random amount of time, and attempt to transmit again when the medium is free.If they collide again and again indefinitely, the random delay (T) makes take place between two stations Solution I agree . Ethernet nodes listen to the medium when they want to transmit so that it is the only station transmitting at that time.When stations detect a collision using CSMA protocol they cease transmission, wait a random amount of time, and attempt to transmit again when the medium is free.If they collide again and again indefinitely, the random delay (T) makes take place between two stations.

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(1) White matter in the cerebellum The arbor vitae refers to the cerebellar white matter (2) Central nervous system Brain and spinal cord are part of central nervous system (3) relatively larger than those in humans The olfactory bulb is larger in a sheep brain than in the human brain. (4) occipital lobe primary visual cortex is located in the most posterior portion of the brain\'s occipital lobe . Solution (1) White matter in the cerebellum The arbor vitae refers to the cerebellar white matter (2) Central nervous system Brain and spinal cord are part of central nervous system (3) relatively larger than those in humans The olfactory bulb is larger in a sheep brain than in the human brain. (4) occipital lobe primary visual cortex is located in the most posterior portion of the brain\'s occipital lobe ..

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Debt ratio=Debt/total assets Hence debt=0.55total assets Hence total assets=(2.5/0.55)=$4.545million total assets=debt+equity Hence equity=(1-0.55)=0.45total assets =(0.45*$4.545million)=$2.045 million(Approx) ROE=Net income/total equity = ($250,000/2,045,454.545) =12.22%(Approx). Solution Debt ratio=Debt/total assets Hence debt=0.55total assets Hence total assets=(2.5/0.55)=$4.545million total assets=debt+equity Hence equity=(1-0.55)=0.45total assets =(0.45*$4.545million)=$2.045 million(Approx) ROE=Net income/total equity = ($250,000/2,045,454.545) =12.22%(Approx)..

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