The same Mechanisms of genetic exchange in bacteria: 1. Conjugation 2. mechanisms occur in archae also, though they are poorly studied. Conjugation: The exchange or transfer of genetic material occurs from one bacterium (the donor) to the other (the recipient) through the formation of physical contact called conjugation bridge. Bacteria have appendages called fimbriae which form physical contact with other cells. The donor bacteria replicates Transformation 3. Transduction its genome, and one copy of part of the genome is transferred to the recipient through the conjugation bridge. Depending on the type of transfer, the conjugation may be either F’ or Hfr conjugation. Transformation: The ability of bact. Bacteria vary in their ability to get transformed. There are special channels in the cell membranes of bacteria to take up exogenous DNA. During this process, one of the strands is hydrolyzed and the energy obtained is used to translocate the other fragment of DNA eria to take up fragments of exogenous genetic material from their surrounding solution is called transformation. The ability to get transformed is called competence. Therefore, transformation generally occurs with double stranded DNA only. Competence can be artificially induced in cells by cold shock or calcium chloride treatment. Transduction: The transfer of fragments of genetic material from one bacteria cell to another mediated by a bacteriophage is called transduction. Lysogenic phages often carry along with them pieces of bacterial DNA also. Since phage heads can pack some what more genome than its own, the bacteria DNA is carried by them. When they infect a new host and integrate their genome during another cycle of lysogeny, the host now becomes partial diploid for the genes. During excision and lytic phase, the bacterial genes may remain in the second host due to precise excision of the virus genome. Depending on the type of genes carried and success of transduction, it is classified as generalized transduction and specialized transduction. Solution The same Mechanisms of genetic exchange in bacteria: 1. Conjugation 2. mechanisms occur in archae also, though they are poorly studied. Conjugation: The exchange or transfer of genetic material occurs from one bacterium (the donor) to the other (the recipient) through the formation of physical contact called conjugation bridge. Bacteria have appendages called fimbriae which form physical contact with other cells. The donor bacteria replicates Transformation 3. Transduction its genome, and one copy of part of the genome is transferred to the recipient through the conjugation bridge. Depending on the type of transfer, the conjugation may be either F’ or Hfr conjugation. Transformation: The ability of bact. Bacteria vary in their ability to get transformed. There are special channels in the cell membranes of bacteria to take up exogenous DNA. During this process, one of the strands is hydrolyzed and the energy obtained is used to .

1. The same Mechanisms of genetic exchange in bacteria: 1. Conjugation 2. mechanisms occur in
archae also, though they are poorly studied.
Conjugation: The exchange or transfer of genetic material occurs from one bacterium (the donor)
to the other (the recipient) through the formation of physical contact called conjugation bridge.
Bacteria have appendages called fimbriae which form physical contact with other cells.
The donor bacteria replicates Transformation 3. Transduction
its genome, and one copy of part of the genome is transferred to the recipient through the
conjugation bridge. Depending on the type of transfer, the conjugation may be either F’ or Hfr
conjugation.
Transformation: The ability of bact. Bacteria vary in their ability to get transformed. There are
special channels in the cell membranes of bacteria to take up exogenous DNA. During this
process, one of the strands is hydrolyzed and the energy obtained is used to translocate the other
fragment of DNA eria to take up fragments of exogenous genetic material from their surrounding
solution is called transformation. The ability to get transformed is called competence. Therefore,
transformation generally occurs with double stranded DNA only. Competence can be artificially
induced in cells by cold shock or calcium chloride treatment.
Transduction: The transfer of fragments of genetic material from one bacteria cell to another
mediated by a bacteriophage is called transduction. Lysogenic phages often carry along with
them pieces of bacterial DNA also. Since phage heads can pack some what more genome than its
own, the bacteria DNA is carried by them. When they infect a new host and integrate their
genome during another cycle of lysogeny, the host now becomes partial diploid for the genes.
During excision and lytic phase, the bacterial genes may remain in the second host due to precise
excision of the virus genome. Depending on the type of genes carried and success of
transduction, it is classified as generalized transduction and specialized transduction.
Solution
The same Mechanisms of genetic exchange in bacteria: 1. Conjugation 2. mechanisms occur in
archae also, though they are poorly studied.
Conjugation: The exchange or transfer of genetic material occurs from one bacterium (the donor)
to the other (the recipient) through the formation of physical contact called conjugation bridge.
Bacteria have appendages called fimbriae which form physical contact with other cells.
The donor bacteria replicates Transformation 3. Transduction
its genome, and one copy of part of the genome is transferred to the recipient through the

2. conjugation bridge. Depending on the type of transfer, the conjugation may be either F’ or Hfr
conjugation.
Transformation: The ability of bact. Bacteria vary in their ability to get transformed. There are
special channels in the cell membranes of bacteria to take up exogenous DNA. During this
process, one of the strands is hydrolyzed and the energy obtained is used to translocate the other
fragment of DNA eria to take up fragments of exogenous genetic material from their surrounding
solution is called transformation. The ability to get transformed is called competence. Therefore,
transformation generally occurs with double stranded DNA only. Competence can be artificially
induced in cells by cold shock or calcium chloride treatment.
Transduction: The transfer of fragments of genetic material from one bacteria cell to another
mediated by a bacteriophage is called transduction. Lysogenic phages often carry along with
them pieces of bacterial DNA also. Since phage heads can pack some what more genome than its
own, the bacteria DNA is carried by them. When they infect a new host and integrate their
genome during another cycle of lysogeny, the host now becomes partial diploid for the genes.
During excision and lytic phase, the bacterial genes may remain in the second host due to precise
excision of the virus genome. Depending on the type of genes carried and success of
transduction, it is classified as generalized transduction and specialized transduction.