adrenal gland ppt, endocrine system

1. By
M. Jyotirmayee
Sister Tutor, N.T.I
ADRENAL GLAND

3. The adrenal glands
 also known as suprarenal glands / Emergency
Gland
 They are found above the kidneys.
 Each gland has an outer cortex which
produces steroid hormones and an inner medulla

4. The adrenal cortex- 3 zones:
 the zona glomerulosa,
 the zona fasciculata and
 the zona reticularis

6. The adrenal cortex
 produces three main types of steroid hormones:
 mineralocorticoids,
 glucocorticoids, and
 androgens.
 Mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone)
produced in the zona glomerulosa help in the
regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte
balance

7. Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Medulla
Outer part Central part
80% part cover the gland 20% part cover the gland
Origin Mesodermal Ectodermal
differenciation 3 zones
i) Zona glomerulosa
ii) Zona fasciculata
iii) Zona reticularis
Not differentiated into zones
Nature of
hormones
Steroid hormones Amine hormone
Hormones Adrenocorticoids
i) Mineralo corticoids
ii) Gluco corticoids
iii) Sex corticoids
i)Adrenaline (epinephrine)
ii) Nor- Adrenaline ( Nor-
epinephrine)
Act under control of ACTH Under control of sympathetic
nervous system

9. Adrenal cortex--
Mineralocorticoids
 Salt retaining hormone
 play a critical role in regulating concentrations of
minerals - particularly sodium and potassium - in
extracellular fluids
 As described above, loss of
these hormones leads rapidly to life-threatening
abnormalities in electrolyte and fluid balance.
 Functions:
 Maintain high Na level in blood (Hypernatremia)
 Maintain low K level in blood (Hypokalemia)
 Increase absorption of Na from nephrotic filtrate.
 Decrease Na loss from urine & sweat

10. Abnormalities of aldosterone
 Hypo secretion: addison’s disease
 Bronze like coloration of pigmentation of skin.

11. hyper secretion - aldosterone
 Conn's syndrome
 Na in blood
 K in blood
 Blood volume and B.P.
 Nerve irritability.

12. Glucocorticoids
 (glucose + cortex + steroid) and is composed
from its role in regulation of glucose metabolism
 do more than help the body respond to stress.
 They also help the body respond to
environmental change.
 In these two roles, glucocorticoids are in fact
essential for survival
 Secreted from zona fasciculata
 Hormones: eg: cortisone, cortisol
 Functions: regulate carbohydrate metabolism

13. Contd…
 Gluconeogenesis
 Decrease the utilization of glucose
 Act as anti inflammatory & anti allergic
 Eg: used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis,
autoimmune disease, asthma, during organ
transplantation.
 Counter fall in B.P as they act as vasoconstrictor.

14. Cortisol (or hydrocortisone)
 is the most important human glucocorticoid.
 It is essential for life, and it regulates or supports
a variety of
important cardiovascular, metabolic, immunologic,
and homeostatic functions.

15. hyper secretion of
glucocorticoids

16. Sex steroids
 also known as gonadocorticoids and gonadal
steroids,
 The sex steroids include
A. the androgens,
B. estrogens, and
C. progestogens.

17. functions of sex steroids
 In male
 Appearance of
secondary sexual
characteristics
 Distribution of
hairover body. Eg:
arm pits, beard, pubic
area etc
 Horseness of voice
 In female
 Appearance of
secondary sexual
characteristics
 Enlargement of breast
 Begins menstrual
cycle
 Female like hair
distribution.

18. Adrenal Medulla
 the inner part of an adrenal gland, (chromaffin
cell)
 controls hormones that initiate the flight or fight
response.
 The main hormones/ neurotransmitter
secreted include
A. epinephrine (adrenaline) 80% and
B. norepinephrine (noradrenaline), 20% which
have similar functions.
 Theses are Amine hormone derived from
catecholamines.
 Derived from nervous tissue

20. function of adrenaline

21. Function of nor Adrenaline
 Decrease heart rate and B.P
 Constrict pupil
 Increase glycogenesis ( process of glycogen
synthesis)/storage of glucose
 Decrease blood sugar

22. The main difference
 Both epinephrine and norepinephrine can affect
your heart, blood sugar levels, and blood vessels.
 However, norepinephrine can also make your
blood vessels become narrower, increasing blood
pressure.
