A hazard is defined as a "Condition, event, or circumstance that could lead to or contribute to an unplanned or undesirable event." Seldom does a single hazard cause an accident or a functional failure. More often an accident or operational failure occurs as the result of a sequence of causes. A hazard analysis will consider system state, for example operating environment, as well as failures or malfunctions. While in some cases, safety or reliability risk can be eliminated, in most cases a certain degree of risk must be accepted. In order to quantify expected costs before the fact, the potential consequences and the probability of occurrence must be considered. Assessment of risk is made by combining the severity of consequence with the likelihood of occurrence in a matrix. Risks that fall into the "unacceptable" category (e.g., high severity and high probability) must be mitigated by some means to reduce the level of safety risk.

1. CHEMICAL PROCESS SAFETY
18CH E 16
3 Hours per week

2. II UNIT
Organized labor interest in safety: Involvement of unions in accident
prevention, recommendation of occupational health committees. Work Policy
of MCA in accident prevention at process industries. Risk assessment
procedures (HAZOP) and typical operational practices. Necessary
precautionary measures (OSHA).
Hazards: Identification and operability studies. Involvement of chemical
criminals in process industries and their prevention. DOW Fire and explosion
index, calculation of the DOW Fire and EI. Chemical safety data sheets and
guides.

3. Organized labor interest in safety
1. Involvement of unions in accident prevention
Unions Fight for That: Stronger Workplace Safety.
Labor unions and workplace safety are intrinsically tied
together.
In fact, building safer workplaces is one of the key reasons
workers formed the first labor unions in the early 1900s.
“Organized labor was one of the most significant driving
forces behind workplace safety in the early and mid-20th
century,” writes Peter Grant, cofounder and CEO of safety
management platform Safe site.

4.  Unions continue to play a critical role in improving
worker health and safety on the job. This was
demonstrated during the pandemic when union
workers were typically more successful than nonunion
workers at securing workplace protections and safety
protocols.

5.  One of the key reasons for this success is that
“union workers are more likely than their nonunion
peers to speak up about health and safety problems
in the workplace,” writes Aaron Sojourner, labor
economist and associate professor at the University
of Minnesota’s Carlson School of Management.
Their collective voice, protected from retaliation, is
better able to pressure employers into prioritizing
worker safety than the individual voices of
nonunion workers.

6.  Other reasons for their success in advocating for safer
workplaces are that unions are promoting workplace
safety on their behalf everywhere: on shop floors, in
contract negotiations, and in the halls of Congress.

7. Unions Monitor and Report Workplace Accidents
 The health and safety of workers is a priority for
unions in the workplace. In most union shops, union
workers form health and safety committees tasked
with identifying, controlling and reporting workplace
hazards.

8. a committee checklist of duties should include:
 Surveying membership on their workplace health and
safety concerns.
 Conducting investigations of injuries, illnesses, and
near-misses.
 Monitoring workplace conditions.
 Educating members and leaders about specific health
and safety issues.
 Developing strategies for getting issues concerning
worker health and safety addressed.
 Filing and following up on OSHA complaints.

9.  By forming health and safety committees, unions
demonstrate to both workers and employers their
commitment to improving working conditions and
protecting workers on the job. Though many
employers feel the burden of safety belongs to them,
unions have the right to (and should) form these
independent committees to serve as a watchdog for
workers.
 While unions have a right to form health and safety
committees without contract language, including it
and other protections in collective bargaining
agreements is a common practice.

11. Unions Negotiate Health and Safety Protocols
 Union leaders often negotiate to include health and
safety language in contracts. This is a major benefit for
workers because most worksite safety practices and
protocols only meet the minimum standards required
of employers, notes the New York Committee for
Occupational Safety and Health (NYCOSH).

12. Strategies unions can use to include health and
safety in contracts to expand protections, as
explained by NYCOSH, include:
 Write a “general duty clause” that covers anything not
specifically mentioned in the contract.
 Create procedures for how workers should report
incidents or unsafe conditions.
 Draft a clause giving workers the right to refuse to do
work they consider unsafe.
 Form health and safety committees.
 Address hazards that are not regulated by federal
agencies.
 Set up a worksite safety program.

13.  By covering these and other necessary health and
safety elements in contracts, unions put workers on
firmer ground when it comes to demanding changes
and improvements to working conditions.

14. Unions Lobby for Legislation That Addresses
Workplace Safety
 Unions also use their lobbying power to advocate for
passage of legislation that would bolster health and
safety protections for workers. Some of the bills for
which union leaders and labor allies are currently
lobbying are:
 Workplace Violence Prevention for Health Care and
Social Services Workers Act.
 Protecting America’s Workers Act.

15. 2.Recommendation of occupational
health committees
1. Each local union select a committee to suit
their own needs; depending on plant size.
2. In case of joint labor-management
committees, equal representation from
both labor and management with the
union members to be selected by their
local unions.

16. 3. Safety committee members be allowed to
participate in plant safety inspections
along with management.
4. They shall have the right to investigate
plant accidents and make
recommendations on any and all existing
hazards.

17. 5. The internationals unions safety and
operational health personnel shall have the
right of entry into plants for the purpose of
investigation of existing hazards
6. The committee be able to study all accidents
and health records and recommendations of
sate factory inspectors

18. 7. Local Union safety and occupational health
committee conduct an intensive educational
program amongst their membership utilizing
the media of press and the facilities of their
respective international union safety
departments.
8. Because of inadequacy of state and federal
safety and occupational health laws, that all
future contracts contain safety clauses that
require that American standards association
safety codes be used minimum requirements
for safety and occupational health

19. 3.Work Policy of MCA in accident prevention at
process industries.

24. A chemical hazard is any substance, regardless of its form—that can
potentially cause physical and health hazards to people, or can result
in harm to the environment. It can also be defined as the actual risk
associated with specific chemicals, such as skin burns, long-term
negative impact to health, lasting environmental damage, fires, or
even explosions.
According to Safe Work Australia and the Hazard Communication
Standard (HCS) of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA), it is important that employees are aware of the risks and hazards
associated with their daily work. Hazard recognition also reduces the
chance of exposure to hazardous chemicals and the injuries they can bring.
Chemical Hazard

25. types of Chemical Hazards
Although there are several types of chemical hazards that have been
generally identified, the following are the chemicals commonly found in
the workplace:

27. Health hazard – This symbol shows a person with damage and pertains to
chemicals that can cause serious and long-term negative impacts on health.
Carcinogens are also substances that are known to be cancer-causing
chemicals. They are categorized as either natural or manmade, but it is
crucial to note that even a small amount of this type of chemical can
severely damage human health.
Flammable – The symbol for this is a flame and it pertains to chemicals or
highly flammable gases that may catch fire or ignite once exposed to air or
other ignition sources or elements.

28. Irritant/hazardous/hazardous to the ozone layer – This is
symbolized by a big exclamation point and refers to chemicals that
usually cause redness, rashes, or inflammation of the affected area.
Although the presence of symptoms is normally short-term, there are still
instances where they create long-lasting effects on others. It is also
known to either cause harm to individuals or pose a threat to public
health by harming the ozone layer.
Gas under pressure – The symbol for this is a gas cylinder and it
pertains to gases that are stored under pressure and may explode if
heated or refrigerated gases that may cause burns or injury.
Corrosion – This pictogram shows corrosion of material and skin. It
refers to chemicals that can cause severe skin burns and damage to the
tissue once contacted with.

29. Explosives – This is symbolized by an exploding bomb and pertains to chemicals
that may explode or can cause a mass explosion.
Oxidizers – This pictogram shows a flame over a circle and symbolizes chemicals
or substances that, under certain conditions or exposure to other chemicals or
elements, can cause severe physical hazards such as fires or explosions.
Hazardous to the environment – The symbol for this is a dead tree and fish. It
refers to chemicals that can cause lasting damage to the environment.
Toxic – This pictogram shows a skull and crossbones, and symbolizes chemicals
that even at a very low exposure—can cause irreversible changes or mutations to
a person’s DNA, damage to health, or even fatality.

30. Examples
Exposure to hazardous chemicals in workplaces can result in adverse
health conditions including headache, difficulty in breathing, skin
irritation, severe allergic reaction, and other more serious and long-
lasting side effects.
Although most hazardous chemicals are easily identifiable, some of them
may be used on a daily basis with workers not having prior knowledge of
their potential negative effects. Examples of hazardous chemicals in
workplace include:

31. gasoline
methanol
disinfectants
glues
cleaning materials
detergents
pesticides
paints
cosmetics
welding fumes
heavy metals including lead, aluminum, and mercury

33. Hazards: