2. Accident
The American National Safety Council
has defined accident as:
“that occurrence in sequence of
events which usually produces
unintended injury, death or property
damage’’.
3. Causes of Accidents
The causes may be human or
mechanical failures. The two broad
sources of the accidents may be
classified in to:
Unsafe conditions and
Unsafe actions
4. Factors contributing to accidents
Mechanical
Environment
Human
Human mechanical causes
5. Mechanical causes
In adequately guarded
Unguarded
Unsafe design or construction
Hazardous arrangement
7. Human causes
Individual factors
Age
Marriage
Education
Health
Length of Service
Work performance
Psychological Factors
Attitude towards
Job
Interest &
difficulties
Machine habits
Attention
Fatigue
8. Personality factors
Intellectual level
Emotional maturity
Adjustment
Anxiety level
Sociological factors
Size of family
Number of
dependents
Financial position
Social Status
Interpersonal
relations
Home Environment
9. Classification of accidents
Fall from height
Striking against
Struck by falling objects
Fall at same level
Overexertion
Inhalation or absorption
Contact with electricity / Electric
flash
Others
11. Controlling Accidents
Discover the causes
Control environmental causes
Control behaviorist causes
Supplementary activities
12. Discovering Accident Causes
The Causes of previous accidents
The existing hazards that will cause
accidents unless corrected
13. Introduction
Occupational Safety and
Health Management in India
is guided by the broad
policies of the Ministry of
Labour, Ministry of Industry
& Ministry of Environment &
Forests, Govt. of India.
15. Legal Provisions &
Enforcement
Overview :
Basically, major number of
industries are statutorily
governed by the Factories Act,
1948, besides other statutes
which cover other specific
aspects of safety in the
industrial activities, e.g.
treatment of effluents,
pollution control, hazardous
16. Factories Act, 1948
Objective
The Factories Act has been existing in
India since 1881. The Act provides for
the health, safety, welfare and other
aspects of workers in factories.
In 1987 major amendments in the Act
were incorporated which covered three
major areas i) basic approach ii) health
protection & control of accidents and iii)
emergency planning in the factories
engaged in hazardous processes.
17. Major Provisions
Approval, licensing and registration of
factories
Duties of occupier, manufacturers etc.
Safety and Health policy and
organization
Health and hygiene standards
Safeguards for Dangerous machines,
material handling, pressure plant, floors,
stairs, access and covering to pits,
sumps opening, etc.
Precautions against dangerous fumes,
gases and explosive dust and
precautions in case of fire
18. Provisions for Hazardous Process
Industry
Site Appraisal Committee
Disclosure of information to
Chief Inspector of Factories
Local Authority
Workers and general public,
On-site emergency plan,
Medical examinations and
records
Permissible limits of exposures
of chemicals/ substances
Right to workers to know
19. Section 7-A:
General Duties of the
Occupier
1 Every occupier shall ensure, so far
as is reasonably practicable, the
health, safety and welfare of all
workers while they are at work in
the factory.
2 Without prejudice to the generality
of the provisions of sub-s. (1), the
matters to which such duty
extends, shall include:-
a The provision and maintenance of
plant and systems of work in the
20. General Duties of the
occupier
b The arrangements in the factory for
ensuring safety and absence of
risks to health in connection with
the use, handling, storage and
transport of articles and
substances;
c The provision of such information,
instruction, training and
supervision as are necessary to
ensure the health and safety of all
workers at work;
21. General Duties of the
occupier
d The maintenance of all places of
work in the factory in a condition
that is safe and without risks to
health and the provision and
maintenance of such means of
access to, and egress from, such
places as are safe and without such
risks;
e The provision, maintenance or
monitoring of such working
environment in the factory for the
workers that is safe, without risks
22. General Duties of the
occupier
3 Except in such cases as may be
prescribed, every occupier shall prepare,
and, as often as may be appropriate,
revise, a written statement of his general
policy with respect to the health and
safety of the workers at work and the
organisation and arrangements for the
time being in force for carrying out that
policy, and to bring the statement and
any revision thereof to the notice of all
the workers in such manner as may be
prescribed.
23. Provisions for OHS
Management
The essential requirements for the
Appointment of Safety Officer:
i. Wherein one thousand or more workers
are ordinarily employed, or
ii. Wherein any manufacturing process or
operation is carried out involving risk of
bodily injury, poisoning or disease or any
other hazard to health to the persons
employed in the factory, the occupier shall
appoint Safety Officer. The no. of Safety
Officers is specified by State Government
notification.
24. Appointment of Factory Medical
Officer
For Factories carrying out
“Hazardous Process*”
(*“Hazardous Process” means any
process or activity in relation to an
Industry where unless special case
is taken, raw materials used therein
or the intermediate or finished
products, bye-products, wastes or
effluents thereof would:-
Cause material impairment to the
health of the persons engaged in
or connected therewith or
25. For Factories employing above 200 workers:
There shall be a full time Factory Medical Officer for
factories employing up to 500 workers and one more
Medical Officer for every additional 1,000workers or Part
thereof.
He should posses a Certificate of Training in Industrial
Health of minimum three months duration recognized by
the State Government, or He should posses a diploma in
Industrial Health.
26. Safety Committee
Is a must in every factory –
wherein 250 or more workers
are ordinarily employed, or
which carries on any process
or operation declared to be
dangerous under Section 87 of
the Act; or
which carries on “Hazardous
Process” as defined in
27. Committee Composition
Management Representatives :
A senior official, who by his position in
the organisation can contribute
effectively to the functioning of the
Committee, shall be the Chairman;
A Safety Officer, and a Factory Medical
Officer wherever available and the Safety
Officer in such a case shall be Secretary
of the Committee;
A representative each from the
production, maintenance and purchase
departments.
28. Function and Duties of Safety
Committee
Assisting and co-operating with the
management in achieving the aims and
objectives outlined in the “Health and
Safety Policy” of the occupier;
Dealing with all matters concerning
health, safety and environment and to
arrive at practicable solution to problems
encountered;
Creating safety awareness amongst all
workers;
Undertaking educational, training and
promotional activities
29. • Discussing reports on safety, environmental and
occupational health surveys, safety audits, risk
assessment, Emergency and Disaster Management
plans and implementation of the recommendations
made in the reports;
• Carrying out health and safety surveys and
identifying causes of accidents;
• Looking into any complaint made on the
likelihood of an imminent danger to the safety and
health of the workers and suggesting corrective
measures; and
• Reviewing the implementation of the
recommendations made by it.
31. Major Provisions
Enforced by factory inspectorate along
with SPCBs/ CPCB
Identification of major hazards and take
preventive steps for identified hazards
Demonstrate safe operation / emergency
preparedness.
Prepare MSDS, ensure proper lebeling of
containers.
Preparation of Safety Reports, in case of
exceeding threshold quantities of
hazardous chemicals storage.
Notification of sites, in case of use of
hazardous chemicals storage exceeding
32. OSH Organisations
Government OSH
Organisations-
Directorate General Factory Advice
Service & Labour Institutes
(Founded in 1954)
Central Labour Institute and 4 –
Regional Labour Institutes
(Founded in 1959)
State Inspectorate of Factories and
33. Autonomous OSH
Organsations
National Safety Council of India
(Founded in 1966)
Loss Prevention Association of
India (Founded in 1978)
National Environmental and
Engineering Research Institute
National Institute of Occupational
Health
Disaster Management Institute
34. DISASTER MANAGEMENT
& RISK ASSESSMENT
The Ministry of Environment &
forests under Environment
Protection Act has constituted
4-Tier “Crisis Groups for
Disaster Management of
Chemical Accidents” in the
country. The Crisis Groups will
work under the purview of the
“Chemical Accidents
(Emergency Planning,
35. The Groups are constituted at:
Country level : Central Crisis
Group
State level : State Crisis Group
District level : District Crisis
Group
Industry Pocket Level : Local
Crisis
Group
36. Penalty for Offences:
Any contravention of any of the
provisions of this Act or of any
rules made thereunder or of
any order in writing given
thereunder, the occupier and
manager of the factory shall
each be guilty of an offence
and punishable with
imprisonment for a term which
may extend to (two years) or
37. Penalty for Offences:
Provided that where
contravention of any of the
provisions under S –87 has
resulted in an accident causing
death or serious bodily injury,
the fine shall not be less than
(twenty five thousand rupees) in
the case of an accident causing
death, and (five thousand
rupees) in the case of an
38. Penalty for Contravention of the
Provisions of SS 41-B, 41-C & 41-H
(1)Whoever fails to comply with or
contravenes any of the provision of SS41-B,
41-C and 41-H or the rules made
thereunder, shall, in respect of such failure
or contravention, be punishable with
imprisonment for a term which may extend
to seven years and with fine which may
extend to two lakh rupees, and in case the
failure or contravention continues, with
additional fine which may extend to five
thousand rupees for every day during which
such failure or contravention continues after
the conviction for the first such failure or
contravention.
39. Penalty for Contravention of the
Provisions of SS 41-B, 41-C & 41-H
(2) If the failure or
contravention referred to in
sub-S (1) continues beyond a
period of one year after the
date of conviction, the offender
shall be punishable with
imprisonment for a term which
may extend to ten years.
40. Statutory regulations on
Construction Safety
The Building and Construction
Workers (Regulation of
Employment and Conditions of
Services) Act, 1996
The Building and Construction
Workers (Regulation of
Employment and Conditions of
Services) Rules, 1998.
The Central Labour Commissioner
has been designated as the
Director General of Inspections for
