3. 1.William James' Concept of
self
According to William James, the self is consisting of
two categories: the I-Self and the Me-Self. The I-Self,
also referred to as the Thinking Self, is the self that
knows who you are as a person. It is the reflection of
our soul or mind which is also known as the Pure Ego.
The other one is the Me-Self, the empirical self that
refers to our personal experiences and is divided into
three sub-categories: the material self, social self, and
spiritual self. The material self refers to one’s physical
attributes and material possessions, social self refers to
the way we act in a situation or how socialize with
others, and the spiritual self refers to our purpose, core
values, conscience, and moral behavior.
4. 2.Carl Rogers ' Self Theory
Carl Rogers believed that for a person to
achieve self-actualization, they must be in
a state of congruence. According to Rogers,
we want to feel, experience, and behave in
ways which are consistent with our self-
image and which reflect what we would like
to be like, our ideal-self
5. 3.Lester's Multiple versus
Unified Self
On Multiple Selves refutes the idea that a
human being has a single unified self.
Instead, David Lester argues, the mind is
made up of multiple selves, and this is a
normal psychological phenomenon. Lester
expands on his earlier work on the
phenomenon, illuminating how a "multiple-
self theory of the mind" is critically
necessary to understanding human
behavior.
6. 4.Winnicotts' True versus false
Self
The true self refers to a sense of self based
on authentic experience, and the feeling of
being truly present and alive. The false self
is a defensive façade, behind which the
person can feel empty, it’s behaviors being
learnt and controlled rather than
spontaneous and genuine.
7. 5.FREUD
The importance of the unconscious=
According to Freud, the unconscious is a
potent part of the human mind. It is the
source of human behavior and acts as a
reservoir for human thoughts and
memories. Freud established that humans
are fully aware of what happens in their
conscious minds. However, they do not
know what goes on in their unconscious
mind
8. 6.Bandura's Self as proactive and
Agentic
Humans have the ability to act, they are able
to produce experiences on their own. The main
agents that drives these experiences are the
following: Intentionality Forethought self-
reactiveness self-reflectiveness Intentionality is
to do an act in your own free will, intentionality
enables the individual to experience his/her
experiences since it is according to his/her own
accord. I express my intentionality through my
eagerness to do something. I never give up on
something that I want no matter how
impossible might seem to me.
9. 7. Jung's Self as the Central
archetype
The self is an archetype that represents the
unified unconsciousness and consciousness
of an individual. Jung often represented the
self as a circle, square, or mandala.
Creating the self occurs through a process
known as individuation, in which the
various aspects of personality are
integrated.
