Midterm Lessons.pptx

UNPACKING THE
SELF
• THE PHYSICAL SELF
• THE SEXUAL SELF
• THE SPIRITUAL SELF
• THE MATERIAL SELF
• THE POLITICAL SELF
• THE DIGITAL SELF

MODULE 2
LESSON 6
UNPACKING THE SELF:
THE PHYSICAL SELF

THE
PHYSICA
L SELF
•The Physical Self refers to the
body, this amazing container
and complex, finely tuned,
machine with which we interface
with our environment and fellow
beings. William James
considered body as the initial
source of sensation and
necessary for the origin and
maintenance of personality.

THE
PHYSICA
L SELF
• For Erik Erikson, experience is
anchored in the ground-plan of body
(Erikson, 1963). According to him the
role of bodily organs is especially
important in early developmental
stages of a person’s life.
• Carl Gustav Jung posits that
physical processes are relevant to us
only to the extent they are represented
in the psyche. The physical body and
the external world can be known only
as psychological experiences.

THE PHYSICAL SELF: THE SELF AS
IMPACTED BY THE BODY
Humans have five vital organs that are essential for survival. These are the
brain, heart, kidneys, liver and lungs.
• The human brain is the body's control center, receiving and sending signals to other organs
through the nervous system and through secreted hormones. It is responsible for our thoughts,
feelings, memory storage and general perception of the world.
• The human heart is a responsible for pumping blood throughout our body.
• The job of the kidneys is to remove waste and extra fluid from the blood. The kidneys take urea
out of the blood and combine it with water and other substances to make urine.
• The liver has many functions, including detoxifying of harmful chemicals, breakdown of drugs,
filtering of blood, and secretion of bile and production of blood-clotting proteins.
• The lungs are responsible for removing oxygen from the air we breathe and transferring it to our
blood where it can be sent to our cells. The lungs also remove carbon dioxide, which we exhale.

THE IMPACT OF
CULTURE ON
BODY IMAGE AND
SELF ESTEEM
• Our body image, which includes
our perception of ourselves and
our own body and the manner in
which we feel about our body, is
influenced by a variety of factors.
Many aspects contribute to body
image, including the environment
in which we are immersed in as
well as our biological makeup and
genetic predisposition.

1. CULTURAL
TRADITIONS AND ITS
IMPLICATIONS
 The culture in which we are surrounded by has
a significant impact on how we feel about
ourselves and the manner in which we think
about our body.
 Many cultural traditions contribute to body
image and can influence either negative or
positive body image or self-esteem.
 Depending on the culture and overall emphasis
of traditions involved, a person may find their
surroundings either conducive to or resistant
to the building of a healthy body image and
self-esteem.

2. THE
IMPACT
OF
WESTERN
CULTURE
The Western culture in general, is one that
tends to hyper-focus on dieting and body
appearance.
• example, Digitally retouched photos
are the norm in which our society is
saturated in, and this mentality can
negatively influence an individual’s
body image.
Other cultures that celebrate and uphold a
person’s body and whose traditions
uphold what a person is capable of doing
rather than their appearance may more
effectively support the building of a
positive body image.

3. CULTURE IS JUST
ONE FACTOR
•Culture alone is not responsible
for a poor or negative body
image, the influence and
potential in which it can impact
how a person feels about
themselves and their body are
substantial.

ARTICLE
ANALYSIS
Beauty is in the Mind of the Beholder
Truth in Beauty
‘Your Symmetry Lights Up the Room’
In the Sex of the Beholder
A Thousand Ships
Beautify Yourself

ARTICLE
ANALYSIS
• Beauty is in the Mind of the Beholder
There’s no getting around it. In this world, you’re better
off being good-looking. At all ages and in all walks of life,
attractive people are judged more favorably, treated better, and
cut more slack. Mothers give more affection to attractive babies.
Teachers favor more attractive students and judge them as
smarter. Attractive adults get paid more for their work and have
better success in dating and mating. And juries are less likely
to find attractive people guilty and recommend lighter
punishments when they do. Many factors can play into
personal attractiveness — the way you dress, the way you act,
the way you carry yourself, even things that are hard or
impossible to change, like social status and wealth, race, and
body size and shape. But the first thing we notice when we
meet someone is their face. There are faces that launch a
thousand ships, and faces that only a mother could love, and
we are supremely attuned to tell the difference. The brain,
among its many other functions, is a beauty detector.

ARTICLE
ANALYSIS
The brain is such a good beauty
detector, in fact, that it can judge the appeal
of a face before you’re aware you’ve even seen
one. When participants in a recent study
were presented with attractive and
unattractive faces for only 13 milliseconds,
they were able to judge the faces’
attractiveness accurately (that is, in
accordance with experimenters’ ratings), even
though they were not consciously aware of
the stimuli and felt like they were just
guessing (Olson & Marshuetz, 2005).

ARTICLE
ANALYSIS
• There is no doubt that beauty (which here
means both male and female attractiveness) is
to some extent in the eye of the beholder, but
across individuals and across cultures there is
nevertheless considerable agreement about what
makes a pretty or handsome face, and the
evidence strongly counters the conventional
wisdom that attractiveness preferences are
mainly acquired through life experience. For one
thing, the beauty bias is already present in
infancy. Six-month-old prefer to look at the same
relatively attractive faces that adults do
(Rubenstein, Kalakanis, & Langlois, 1999).

ARTICLE
ANALYSIS
•Truth in Beauty
The question is, is beauty really
only skin deep, or does an attractive
face actually reflect underlying good
qualities? In a few ways, the stereotype
that “beautiful is good” does hold.
Evolutionary psychology holds that
faces really are windows onto certain
fundamental and important
characteristics indicative of a person’s
quality as a romantic partner and as a
mate — qualities of health and genes,
and even character.

ARTICLE
ANALYSIS
•Truth in Beauty
Among the most important and
consistent factors in facial attractiveness are
structural qualities of the face that are highly
sex typical. An attractive man, in the eyes of
female experimental participants, is generally
one with relatively prominent cheekbones
and eyebrow ridges and a relatively long
lower face. Likewise, prominent cheekbones,
large eyes, small nose, a taller forehead,
smooth skin, and an overall young or even
childlike appearance add to women’s allure
in the eyes of male raters.

ARTICLE
ANALYSIS
•Truth in Beauty
Our faces are sculpted by our hormones. These
sex-typical facial features of adult men and women reflect
the ratio of testosterone to estrogen or estrogen to
testosterone, respectively, acting on the individual during
development. We are programmed to be drawn to strong
indicators of maleness (for women) and femaleness (for
men) partly because they reflect an individual’s health
(Fink & Penton-Voak, 2002). The reason hormones equate
to health is somewhat counterintuitive. High levels of sex
hormones during puberty actually suppress the immune
system, raising vulnerability to disease and infection. It
sounds like a bad thing. But when a person with a
particularly “male” or “female” face makes it to adulthood
with all his or her health intact, it means that the person
has withstood the potentially debilitating influence of
those high hormones. In other words, it signifies a more
robust constitution.

ARTICLE
ANALYSIS
• ‘Your Symmetry Lights Up the Room’
No two faces are alike, and no two halves of a face
are alike. Countless small variables make faces somewhat
asymmetrical – a slightly wider jaw on one side, one eye a
fraction of an inch lower than the other, a cheekbone that
sticks out just a wee bit more, a dimple on one cheek, etc.
Some asymmetries (called directional asymmetries) are
common across the population – for example, the left side
of most people’s faces is slightly larger than the right. But
many asymmetries, called fluctuating asymmetries, arise
when one’s unfolding genetic program is perturbed during
development, for instance by parasites or other
environmental challenges. The slings and arrows of life’s
fortunes can literally knock our faces off of kilter, just like
a punch to the nose. A symmetrical face, like a
particularly masculine or feminine one, is a sign of having
stood up better to life’s figurative schoolyard beatings.

ARTICLE
ANALYSIS
• In the Sex of the Beholder
Men and women both show the
above preferences when it comes to
faces, but in general men’s preferences
tend to be more pronounced (Rhodes et
al., 1998). Males may place greater
importance on physical beauty when it
comes to mate choice, while females
also attend to characteristics like power
and status. But a number of factors
contribute to how much — and when —
male face characteristics matter to
women.

ARTICLE
ANALYSIS
•A Thousand Ships
In myth, beautiful women are disruptive of
men’s reason, even causing them to go to war.
We now know that there’s truth to the idea that
men make worse decisions when exposed to
female beauty, and we even are beginning to
understand the neural basis. A pair of McMaster
University researchers found that looking at
photographs of attractive women (but not
unattractive women) caused a significant
increase in delay discounting in men — that is,
choosing a smaller immediate reward over a
larger delayed one (Wilson & Daly, 2004). It’s the
same tendency found to a high degree in addicts
and others with impaired self-control.
Interestingly, viewing attractive men did not
influence women’s decisions.

ARTICLE
ANALYSIS
• Beautify Yourself
Beauty is unfair. Not everyone can be born
with great genes. Not everyone can be born
symmetrical. Not everyone can be born enticingly,
well, average. But obviously there are many factors
contributing to attractiveness that are potentially
under our control.
For women, makeup does have a strong effect.
In one study, women wearing makeup were
approached more, and approached faster, by men at
a bar than they were on nights without makeup
(Gueguen, 2008b). Effect sizes on beauty judgments
for makeup have been found to be as high as those
for the facial structural features mentioned earlier
(Osborn, 2006).

ARTICLE
ANALYSIS
• Beautify Yourself
So, here’s the timeless message of
psychological science: Be beautiful—or, as
beautiful as you can. Smile and sleep and do
whatever else you can do to make your face a
reward. Among its other social benefits,
attractiveness actually invites people to learn
what you are made of, in other respects than
just genetic fitness. According to a new study at
the University of British Columbia (Lorenzo,
Biesanz, & Human, 2010), attractive people are
actually judged more accurately—at least, closer
to a subject’s own self-assessments—than are
the less attractive, because it draws others to go
beyond the initial impression. “People do judge a
book by its cover,” the researchers write, “but a
beautiful cover prompts a closer reading.”

MODULE 2
LESSON 7
UNPACKING THE SELF:
THE SEXUAL SELF

UNPACKING
THE SELF:
THE SEXUAL
SELF
• This part presents one of the
most essential aspects of human
development, the sexual self. It
highlights biological and
environmental factors that shape
sexual development. It is also
characterized as persons’
evaluation of his or her own
sexual feelings or actions. It also
perceives in viewing ourselves.

INTRODUCTION
• This part presents one of the most essential
aspects of human development, the sexual self. It
highlights biological and environmental factors
that shape sexual development. It is also
characterized as persons’ evaluation of his or her
own sexual feelings or actions. It also perceives in
viewing ourselves.

DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEX
CHARACTERISTICS AND THE HUMAN
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Sexual differentiation begins during gestation, when the gonads
are formed. The general structure and shape of the body and face,
as well as sex hormone levels, are similar in preadolescent boys
and girls. As puberty begins and sex hormone levels rise,
differences appear, though some changes are similar in males and
females. Male levels of testosterone directly induce the growth of
the genitals and indirectly (via dihydrotestosterone (DHT)) the
prostate. Estradiol and other hormones cause breasts to develop in
females. However, fetal or neonatal androgens may modulate later
breast development by reducing the capacity of breast tissue to
respond to later estrogen.

Underarm hair and pubic hair are usually considered
secondary sex characteristics, but may also be considered
non-secondary sex characteristics because they are features
of both sexes following puberty.
Puberty is the stage of development at which
individuals become sexually mature. Though the outcomes of
puberty for boys and girls are very different, the hormonal
control of the process is very similar. In addition, though the
timing of these events varies between individuals, the
sequence of changes that occur is predictable for male and
female adolescents. As shown in the image below, a concerted
release of hormones from the hypothalamus (GnRH), the
anterior pituitary (LH and FSH), and the gonads (either
testosterone or estrogen) is responsible for the maturation of
the reproductive systems and the development of secondary
sex characteristics, which are physical changes that serve
auxiliary roles in reproduction.

SIGNS OF PUBERTY
•Different sex steroid hormone concentrations
between the sexes also contribute to the
development and function of secondary sexual
characteristics. Examples of secondary sexual
characteristics are listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Development of the Secondary Sexual Characteristics
Male Female
Increased larynx size and deepening
of the voice
Deposition of fat,
predominantly in breasts and
hips
Increased muscular development Breast development
Growth of facial, axillary, and pubic Broadening of the pelvis and

As a girl reaches puberty, typically the first
change that is visible is the development of the
breast tissue. This is followed by the growth of
axillary and pubic hair. A growth spurt normally
starts at approximately age 9 to 11 and may last
two years or more. During this time, a girl’s
height can increase 3 inches a year. The next
step in puberty is menarche, the start of
menstruation.

In boys, the growth of the testes is typically the first
physical sign of the beginning of puberty, which is followed
by growth and pigmentation of the scrotum and growth of
the penis. The next step is the growth of hair, including
armpit, pubic, chest, and facial hair. Testosterone stimulates
the growth of the larynx and thickening and lengthening of
the vocal folds, which causes the voice to drop in pitch. The
first fertile ejaculations typically appear at approximately 15
years of age, but this age can vary widely across individual
boys. Unlike the early growth spurt observed in females, the
male growth spurt occurs toward the end of puberty, at
approximately age 11 to 13, and a boy’s height can increase
as much as 4 inches a year. In some males, pubertal
development can continue through the early 20s.

HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
• Human reproductive system, organ system by which humans reproduce and
bear live offspring. Provided all organs are present, normally constructed, and
functioning properly, the essential features of human reproduction are (1)
liberation of an ovum, or egg, at a specific time in the reproductive cycle, (2)
internal fertilization of the ovum by spermatozoa, or sperm cells, (3) transport
of the fertilized ovum to the uterus, or womb, (4) implantation of the
blastocyst, the early embryo developed from the fertilized ovum, in the wall of
the uterus, (5) formation of a placenta and maintenance of the unborn child
during the entire period of gestation, (6) birth of the child and expulsion of the
placenta, and (7) suckling and care of the child, with an eventual return of the
maternal organs to virtually their original state.

FIGURE 2.
ORGANS AND
STRUCTURES
OF THE MALE
AND FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEMS.ENC
YCLOPÆDIA
BRITANNICA,
INC

THE HUMAN SEXUAL
RESPONSE CYCLE
• The human sexual response cycle is a four-stage
model of physiological responses to sexual
stimulation, which, in order of their occurrence, are
the excitement-, plateau-, orgasmic-, and resolution
phases. This physiological response model was first
formulated by William H. Masters and Virginia E.
Johnson, in their 1966 book Human Sexual Response.
Since then, other human sexual response models
have been formulated.

EXCITEMENT PHASE
• The excitement phase (also known as the arousal phase or
initial excitement phase) is the first stage of the human
sexual response cycle, which occurs as a result of physical or
mental erotic stimuli, such as kissing, making out, or viewing
erotic images, that leads to sexual arousal. During this stage,
the body prepares for sexual intercourse, initially leading to the
plateau phase. There is wide socio-cultural variation regarding
preferences for the length of foreplay and the stimulation
methods used. Physical and emotional interaction and
stimulation of the erogenous zones during foreplay usually
establishes at least some initial arousal.

PLATEAU PHASE
• The plateau phase is the period of sexual excitement
prior to orgasm. The phase is characterized by an
increased circulation and heart rate in both sexes,
increased sexual pleasure with increased stimulation
and further increased muscle tension. Also,
respiration continues at an elevated level. Both men
and women may also begin to vocalize involuntarily
at this stage. Prolonged time in the plateau phase
without progression to the orgasmic phase may
result in sexual frustration.

ORGASM PHASE
• Orgasm is the conclusion of the plateau phase of the
sexual response cycle and is experienced by both males
and females. It is accompanied by quick cycles of muscle
contraction in the lower pelvic muscles, which surround
both the anus and the primary sexual organs. Women
also experience uterine and vaginal contractions.
Orgasms are often associated with other involuntary
actions, including vocalizations and muscular spasms in
other areas of the body and a generally euphoric
sensation. Heart rate is increased even further.

RESOLUTION PHASE
•The resolution phase occurs after orgasm
and allows the muscles to relax, blood
pressure to drop and the body to slow down
from its excited state. The refractory period,
which is part of the resolution phase, is the
time frame in which usually a man is unable
to orgasm again, though women can also
experience a refractory period.

UNDERSTANDING
“THE CHEMISTRY OF
LOVE: LUST,
ATTRACTION, AND
ATTACHMENT”

THE SCIENCE OF LOVE
Research has shown that all of these crazy,
haywire feelings and physical reactions are, in fact, led
by the brain and the chemicals released as a result of
attraction and desire. Experts believe that three
neurotransmitters (chemical messengers that
transmit impulses (i.e. messages) between nerve cells)
play a significant role during the initial stages of love.
According to a team of scientists led by Dr. Helen
Fisher at Rutgers, romantic love can be broken down
into three stages: lust, attraction, and attachment.
Each category is characterized by its own set of
hormones stemming from the brain.

1ST STAGE: LUST – TESTOSTERONE
AND ESTROGEN
The first stage of romantic love, lust is defined as having an
intense sexual desire towards someone; therefore, lust is driven
by having a desire to achieve sexual gratification. This is based on
an evolutionary need to reproduce, something that is common
among all living species. It is through reproduction that we are
able to pass on our genes and aids in contributing to the
continuation of our species.
The hypothalamus of your brain plays a major role in lust as
it stimulates the production of the sex hormones oestrogen and
testosterone. It is a common misconception that these hormones
should be labelled as female and male respectively, as these play
a role in both women and men’s physiology and sexuality.

1ST STAGE: LUST – TESTOSTERONE
AND ESTROGEN
Testosterone is known to increase libido in both genders.
In women, the effects of testosterone may be less significant
than in men due to the presence of higher levels of oestrogen.
However, oestrogen promotes the function of two hormones,
testosterone, which increases sex drive, and oxytocin,
commonly referred to as ‘the love hormone’ which is released
during physical contact and sexual climax. It is little wonder
then that women report being more sexually aroused during
the ovulation stage of their menstrual cycle when oestrogen
levels are at their peak.

2ND STAGE: ATTRACTION – DOPAMINE,
NOREPINEPHRINE, SEROTONIN
Attraction, although regarded as a distinct category in the stages
of love, is closely related to lust and while one can be linked to the
other and vice versa, they can also be mutually exclusive (i.e. one can
occur without the other). Attraction is associated with the ‘reward’
pathways in the brain that influence our behavior.
The ‘reward’ pathway is connected to parts of your brain that
control memory and behaviour and begin in the ventral tegmental area
(VTA) and prefrontal cortex, this is where neurons release dopamine to
induce feelings of pleasure when we do something that feels good to us.
The VTA forms an important part of your brain’s reward circuit which
is considered to be a primitive, evolutionary neural network. Some of
the structures that make up this reward network or circuit include the
hippocampus, amygdala and the prefrontal cortex, all of which are
stimulated by pleasure-inducing behaviors such as food
consumption, sex and even gambling or drug use.

Dopamine, which is produced by your
hypothalamus, is released during the stage of
attraction, specifically when we spend time with
someone we are attracted to or when we engage
in sexual intercourse with them. Dopamine is a
natural stimulant that fills you with emotions of
ecstasy, this is often why the way falling in love
feels is regarded as the natural equivalent to the
high experienced from taking an illicit drug.

Dopamine is also involved in focus and attention, which explains
why you cannot get that one special person out of your head and when
you are with them as, during this stage, you are ‘hyper-focused’ on
their presence and the way they make you feel.
Another hormone that is released during the stage of attraction is
norepinephrine. Norepinephrine, also referred to as noradrenaline,
may sound familiar to you, this is because it plays an important role in
our ‘fight or flight’ response to stressful situations and keeps us alert.
When it comes to love, the combination of dopamine and
norepinephrine allows us to feel energetic, euphoric and even giddy.
These hormones may also lead to insomnia and a decreased appetite.
Basically, these are why you can be so attracted to someone that you
can’t sleep or eat.

Serotonin is the final hormone associated with
attraction. This hormone is a vital neurotransmitter that aids
in the regulation of social behaviour, mood, memory,
appetite, digestion and sexual desire. Interestingly, it is
believed that serotonin levels begin to decline during the
attraction phase. Cortisol (also known as the stress hormone)
levels increase during the initial stage of falling in love, which
allows for our bodies to deal with the ‘crisis’ or ‘stressful
situation’ that romantic love is perceived by the body to be on
a physiological level. As chemicals flood the reward centre of
the brain, our hearts race, palms sweat, cheeks flush and we
are overwhelmed with emotions of anxiety and passion.

3RD STAGE: ATTACHMENT –
OXYTOCIN AND VASOPRESSIN
The final stage of falling in love is attachment, this is
the predominant factor in defining the success of long-
term relationships. Although the previous stages of lust
and attraction are seen as exclusive to a more
romantically euphoric stage of falling in love, the
attachment stage refers to a more meaningful bond
developing between two people, moving a romantic
relationship to an advanced level of falling in love
wholeheartedly. The two main hormones involved in the
stage of attachment include oxytocin, as well as
vasopressin.

Oxytocin is referred to as ‘the love hormone’ or ‘the
cuddle hormone’ is also produced by the hypothalamus and
is released in substantial amounts during sexual intercourse
and is stimulated through skin-to-skin contact. Interestingly,
oxytocin is also released during childbirth and breastfeeding.
It may seem like the same hormone is responsible for a
strange combination of activities, however, what all of these
have in common is a form of bonding and attachment.
Therefore, oxytocin, or OT, plays an important role in forging
bonds representative of the depth of love and attachment to a
partner as it heightens the feelings of calmness, security and
contentment that are so often linked to bonding with a mate.

The second hormone involved in the phase of
attachment is one that is released in large quantities directly
after having sex. The pituitary gland in both men and women
release vasopressin. Experts believe that vasopressin plays a
role in social interactions between humans and encourages
pair-bonding (monogamous, long-term relationships).
Researchers have also noted that this hormone may in fact,
have a taming effect on more promiscuous people, thus,
when this hormone is increased after sex with someone that
you are in love with, this may affect your brain by triggering
your neural reward system which stimulates feelings of
happiness, encouraging you to want to stay with that person
as a result.

• Gender and Sexual Diversity (GSD), or simply sexual diversity,
refers to all the diversities of sex characteristics, sexual orientations
and gender identities, without the need to specify each of the identities,
behaviors, or characteristics that form this plurality.
• Overview
• In the Western world, generally simple classifications are used to
describe sexual orientation (heterosexuals, homosexuals and
bisexuals), gender identity (transgender and cisgender), and related
minorities (intersex), gathered under the acronyms LGBT or LGBTI
(lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender/transsexual people, and
sometimes intersex people); however, other cultures have other ways of
understanding the sex and gender systems. Over the last few decades,
some sexology theories have emerged, such as Kinsey theory and queer
theory, proposing that this classification is not enough to describe the
sexual complexity in human beings and, even, in other animal species.

Sexual diversity includes intersex people,
those born with a variety of intermediate features
between women and men. It also includes all
transgender and transsex identities which do not
frame within the binary gender system and, like
sexual orientation, may be experienced in
different degrees in between cisgender and
transsexuality, such as gender fluid people.
Lastly, sexual diversity also includes asexual
people, who feel disinterest in sexual activity; and
all those who consider that their identity cannot
be defined, such as queer people.

SEXUALLY
TRANSMITTED
INFECTION

NATURAL AND
ARTIFICIAL
METHOD OF
CONTRACEPTION

MODULE 2
LESSON 8
UNPACKING THE SELF:
THE SPIRITUAL SELF

The spiritual self is the most intimate, inner subjective part of
the self. In William James book, The Principles of Psychology
Spiritual self is one of the four constituents of the “self”. In
his famous Sermon on the Mount, Jesus said: “Happy are
those conscious of their spiritual need.” You probably agree
with that statement. People everywhere recognize the need for
spirituality in their life and assume that once found, it will
bring them happiness. It is the most intimate version of the
self because of the satisfaction experienced when thinking of
one’s ability to argue and discriminate, of one’s moral
sensibility and conscience, and of our unconquerable will
(James 1890) is purer than all other sentiments of
satisfaction. Moreover, seeking the meaning of life is a
journey that the spiritual self is on.
Introduction

One dictionary defines spirituality as “sensitivity or attachment to
religious values” and “the quality or state of being spiritual.” Thus,
such terms as “spirituality,” “being spiritual,” or “being spiritually-
minded” are viewed as synonymous. To clarify the term further, think
of this comparison: An individual who is skillful in commercial affairs
is said to be business-minded. Similarly, someone who keenly values
spiritual or religious interests is called spiritually-minded.
How, then, is true spirituality achieved? Though just about every religion
claims to know the path to spirituality, the directions given are about as numerous
as the religions themselves. A Protestant claims to be saved at a revival meeting. A
Catholic seeks communion with God at Mass. A Buddhist pursues enlightenment
through meditation. A Hindu strives for release from the cycle of rebirths through
self-denial. Are all of these on the path to true spirituality?
In Search of
Spirituality

Religion—How Did It Begin?
The history of religion is as old as the history of man himself.
That is what archaeologists and anthropologists tell us. Even among
the most “primitive,” that is to say, undeveloped, civilizations, there is
found evidence of worship of some form. In fact The New Encyclopædia
Britannica says that “as far as scholars have discovered, there has
never existed any people, anywhere, at any time, who were not in some
sense religious.”
Besides its antiquity, religion also exists in great variety. The
headhunters in the jungles of Borneo, the Eskimos in the frozen Arctic,
the nomads in the Sahara Desert, the urban dwellers in the great
metropolises of the world—every people and every nation on earth has
its god or gods and its way of worship. The diversity in religion is truly
staggering.
In Search of
Spirituality

Logically, questions come to mind. From
where did all these religions come? Since there
are marked differences as well as similarities
among them, did they start independently, or
could they have developed from one source? In
fact, we might ask: Why did religion begin at all?
And how? The answers to these questions are of
vital importance to all who are interested in
finding the truth about religion and religious
beliefs.
In Search of
Spirituality

When it comes to the question of origin, people of
different religions think of names such as
Muhammad, the Buddha, Confucius, and Jesus. In
almost every religion, we can find a central figure to
whom credit is given for establishing the ‘true faith.’
Some of these were iconoclastic reformers. Others
were moralistic philosophers. Still others were selfless
folk heroes. Many of them have left behind writings or
sayings that formed the basis of a new religion. In
time what they said and did was elaborated,
embellished, and given a mystic aura. Some of these
leaders were even deified.
Question of Origin

Even though these individuals are considered
founders of the major religions that we are
familiar with, it must be noted that they did not
actually originate religion. In most cases, their
teachings grew out of existing religious ideas,
even though most of these founders claimed
divine inspiration as their source. Or they
changed and modified existing religious systems
that had become unsatisfactory in one way or
another.
Question of Origin

For example, as accurately as history can tell us, the
Buddha had been a prince who was appalled by the suffering
and deplorable conditions he found surrounding him in a
society dominated by Hinduism. Buddhism was the result of
his search for a solution to life’s agonizing problems.
Similarly, Muhammad was highly disturbed by the idolatry
and immorality he saw in the religious practices around him.
He later claimed to have received special revelations from
God, which formed the Qurʼān and became the basis of a new
religious movement, Islām. Protestantism grew out of
Catholicism as a result of the Reformation that began in the
early 16th century, when Martin Luther protested the sale of
indulgences by the Catholic church at that time.
Question of Origin

•BUDDHISM
•CHRISTIANITY
•HINDUISM
•ISLAM
•JUDDAISM
Some World Religious Beliefs &
Practices

Religious beliefs, rituals, practices, and customs are all part of the
expression of the spiritual self. What to believe and how to manifest the belief
is entirely dependent on the individual, to the self. A person might believe that
there is a higher being, a supernatural being, usually termed as God, but not
necessarily wants to be affiliated or identified with a certain religious group.
Others may have religious beliefs and practices which are perceived to be
contrary to the practices of other groups. Religious beliefs and practices,
therefore, are formed relative to its context and culture.
Religious beliefs, rituals, practices, and customs are all part of the
expression of the spiritual self. What to believe and how to manifest the belief
is entirely dependent on the individual, to the self. A person might believe that
there is a higher being, a supernatural being, usually termed as God, but not
necessarily wants to be affiliated or identified with a certain religious group.
Others may have religious beliefs and practices which are perceived to be
contrary to the practices of other groups. Religious beliefs and practices,
therefore, are formed relative to its context and culture.
Some World Religious Beliefs &
Practices

It is man alone of all earth’s creatures that raises the question,
Does life have any meaning? Every generation has pondered it. If the
need for meaning were not inherent in man, the question would not
have haunted him through the centuries.
If life is so fleeting and followed by a future of oblivion, how
could it have meaning? But the need for meaning and permanence
is so great that doctrines of immortal souls and reincarnations are
seized upon. Many feel the need to make this present life memorable
by leaving something of themselves behind—a book, a painting, a
musical composition, an endowment, a foundation, anything to give
some kind of tangible evidence of there having been here. It seems
to help them to feel that there was some meaning to their existence.
Even those who made a name for themselves fade from memory as
they are eclipsed by prominent ones now living.
The Need for Meaning

In spite of man’s tininess in universal space,
however, and his fleeting appearance in the stream of
time, he still needs to feel his life is meaningful. This
springs from the way he was created. It is an inborn
need. Viktor Frankl, the psychiatrist who originated the
psychiatric school of logotherapy, which he defines as
meaning-therapy, says: “The striving to find a meaning in
one’s life is the primary motivational force in man.”
The Need for Meaning

By Setting Goals
By Doing Work
By Minding Spiritual Things
By a Right Attitude
By Serving Others
By Suffering For Righteousness’ Sake
Making Lives Meaningful

MODULE 2
LESSON 9
UNPACKING THE SELF:
THE MATERIAL SELF

A person’s possessions like his/her
car and house, even family and friends
make up his/her material self. Regardless
of how much or how little a person owns
materially, he or she will always strive to
acquire more because material
possessions are usually reflection of a
person’s success or failure.
Introduction

William James claims that the self is
everything that an individual
considers to be his or hers, not only
the body and material possessions but
also the reputation and beliefs.

One of the tasks of adolescents is to accept
and appreciate the physical characteristics of
their body. However, few adolescents are able to
do this successfully. Adolescents tend to worry
about their bodies and physical appearance.
Generally, girls are more concerned about the
appearance of their body than boys. Perceptions
about what makes a body beautiful are usually
influenced by the media as shown in television
and the internet.
Shaping the Way, we See Ourselves
Body

The style and brand of clothes become
significant symbols among adolescents.
The clothes they tend to wear are greatly
influenced by their peer groups because
adolescents are anxious to conform to
what their peer groups find fashionable
and attractive.
Clothes

The material component of the self
also includes people an individual has
relationships with such as one’s
immediate and extended family members
as well as close friends with whom one
feels psychologically connected. These
people are likely to shape and influence
the development of oneself and identity.
People

Pets could also be an
expression of one’s social
status, pride, and prestige
as in owning a dog or cat of
a very expensive breed.
Pet

Consumer Culture is a social system in which consumption is dominated by the
consumption of commercial products. It denotes social arrangement in which the
relations between lived culture and social resources, and between meaningful ways
of life and the symbolic and material resources on which they depend on, are
mediated through markets.
A Consumerist Society is one in which people spend a great deal of time, money,
and energy to ‘consume” commercial products, goods and services.
Consumerism is the consumption of material goods and services in excess of one’s
basic needs and is closely tied to materialism. Both heavily influence the way
individuals view the self. It can be viewed positively and negatively.
For example, people tend to be more motivated and happier when their wants and
needs are met. On the other hand, it encourages people to buy products and
services that they do not really need or afford.
CONSUMER CULTURE

1. Social Status Symbol - regardless of how much or how little material possessions
people have, they remain valuable. The more expensive they are, the more other people are
impressed.
2. Objective manifestation of the self – material possessions can be a reflection of hard
work and success. People tend to measure success through the amount of their material
possessions, owning it becomes a driving force in urging an individual to seek high level of
achievement.
3. Defining the Self- it contributes to a feeling of well-being, including a sense of
personal growth and purpose or meaning in life.
However the lack or loss of material possessions can be disruptive to one’s mental health
like people losing their houses and other possessions because of disasters and calamities.
4. Significant reference of one’s sense of self and identity- people tend to judge others
through their material possessions. The greater the material possessions, the more likely
one will be accepted and regarded well by other people.
The Role of Consumer Culture on the sense of Self
and Identity

1. Materialism refers to giving more importance to
material possessions than intangible values. A
materialistic person is one who is excessively concerned
with the acquisition of material possession.
2. Psychological Dysfunction- The strong desire for
material possessions could lead to psychological
dysfunction or impairment in functioning such as
compulsive buying disorder which is characterized by
an obsession with shopping and buying behaviors that
can cause adverse consequences such as debts.
Negative Effects on One’s Sense of Self and Identity

Developmental evidence suggests that identification with material
things begins quite early in lie but remains high throughout life
as people seek for happiness (Belk, 1988). Nevertheless,
psychologists identify other social and cultural factors that seem
to be strongly implicated in the etiology of materialism.
Lack or loss of these material possessions could lead to
anxiety, insecurity, and depression in people who are overly
materialistic. Thus, when a person is about to make a purchase,
he or she should ask himself or herself a very important question:
Do I really need this?
The state of needs and wants tends to be endless, and thus
could cause negative effects such as dissatisfaction, unhappiness,
and depression.
Negative Effects on One’s Sense of Self and Identity

MODULE 2
LESSON 10
UNPACKING THE SELF:
THE POLITICAL SELF

INTRODUCTION
AS MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY, PEOPLE ARE NATURALLY OBLIGATED TO PARTICIPATE IN
A POLITICAL SYSTEM AS SOCIAL CITIZENS. POLITICS IS THE WAY THAT PEOPLE LIVING IN
GROUPS MAKE DECISIONS. IT IS ABOUT MAKING AGREEMENTS BETWEEN PEOPLE SO THAT
THEY CAN LIVE TOGETHER IN GROUPS SUCH AS TRIBES, CITIES, OR COUNTRIES. AS
ARISTOTLE STATED, “MAN IS, BY NATURE, A POLITICAL MAN.” THIS IS BECAUSE MAN IS A
SOCIAL BEING AND THAT PEOPLE NATURALLY DRAWN TO VARIOUS POLITICAL
INVOLVEMENTS IN ORDER TO SATISFY THEIR SOCIAL NEEDS. THE POLITICAL SELF-
EXPLORES HOW OUR SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONTEXTS PROFOUNDLY AFFECT OUR
OVERALL WELL-BEING. IT IS THE ASPECT OF OUR IDENTITY THAT IS POLITICAL, SUCH AS
BELIEFS ABOUT WHAT A “GOOD SOCIETY” MEANS OR HOW MUCH GOVERNMENT
REGULATION IS APPROPRIATE.
THIS SECTION ALLOWS STUDENTS TO HAVE AN UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR SELF –
CONCEPT IN POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE AND IMPROVE ONE’S POLITICAL IDENTITY AS A
FILIPINO.

According the 1987 Phil. Constitution,
Filipino citizen are "those whose father or
mother are citizens of the Philippines
those born before January 17, 1973, of
Filipino mother who elect Philippine
citizenship upon reaching the age of
majority and those who are naturalized in
accordance with law".
Who is a Filipino?

It is primarily concerned with the making as distinguished
from the administration of governmental policy. A republic is a
political system in which the government remains mostly subject
to those governed. Some scholars define any political system in
which the citizens legitimize the government.
The Philippines today has only emerged in the 1980s after over
three centuries colonization of the Spaniards. Meanwhile, the
Japanese only occurred in 1946. Foreign culture, beliefs,
language, and religion have made a huge dent on our own by
setting a foundation to the contemporary Filipino identity and
culture. Filipino have truly developed an identity of their own? or
we still living in the shadow of our colonial friends.
What is Political?

The individual's race, ethnicity, and physical
characteristics are not the only factors that make
a person's national identity. The important of
values and traits are set apart ne nationality from
the other. These values and traits may not always
be a positive thing, but being able to identity
one's self apart from other nationalities and point
out weakness and mistakes, paired with unity
and progress a possibility.
What is Political?

It captures the extent to which a person thinks of
themselves as a “political person”. These are beliefs about what a
“good society” means or how much government regulation is
appropriate. Political self-organization then refers to the formation
of political patterns through the local interactions of the members
only; this can be seen in the formation of public opinion, political
movements, and political revolutions. In a cultural context, self-
organizing processes can be seen in the formation of customs and
the development of beliefs. In a socioeconomic context self-
organization can be seen in the growth, competition, and
extinction of companies, national economies, and the stock
market.
What is Political Self?

What do Filipinos value?
The term kapwa or a shared inner self lies at the core of
Filipino values and psychology. A person who treats
another as a kapwa has a shared a sense of identity and
consciousness with that ‘other’ person. Both in the
individual and community level, strong emphasis is
placed on social acceptance and maintaining social
harmony. As such, social approval and caring about what
others will think, say, or do strongly influence social
behavior.
Filipino Traits and Values

FILIPINO TRAITS
Hospitality  Offer the warmth and comfort of your place to a friend or relative who needs a place
to stay.
 Give more than of your best to make your guests feel at home.
Cheerful & Optimistic  Problems are inevitable but Filipinos are known to be positive and joyful –
plaster a sweet smile on your face.
Respect  Pagmamano, beso, and paghaliksakamay should be manifested.
 Use po and opo and/or polite expressions when talking to someone older
than you.
Close family Ties  Maintain a harmonious relationship with your family members.
 Avoid conflicts and if possible settle disputes and misunderstandings.
 Support and help your family and relatives up to any extent.
Bayanihan/Unity and
Helpfulness
 Sincerely extend help to your fellowmen.
 Do not choose whom to help.
 Offer help when someone needs assistance.
Filipino Time  Show respect, sincerity and sensitivity by arriving at a meeting or event on
time.
Mañana Habit  Procrastination leads to a bulkier and heavier workload.
 Do not delay tasks.
Colonial Mentality  Support locals.
NingasKugon  Be consistent of the ventures and things you have started.
 Be happy of other’s achievements and success.

Proverbs or Salawikain - Filipino proverbs or Philippine proverbs are
traditional sayings or maxims used by Filipinos based on local culture,
wisdom, and philosophies from Filipino life. If used in everyday
conversations, proverbs are utilized to emphasize a point or a thought of
reasoning: the Filipino philosophy.
Examples:
1. Habang may buhay, may pag-asa. (Meaning: Never lose hope in life.)
2. Kapag binato ka ng bato, batuhin mo ng tinapay. (Meaning: Repay evil
with kindness and blessing.)
3. Ang buhay ay parang gulong. (Meaning: There is no permanent situation
in this world.)
FILIPINO MARKERS

Superstitions - beliefs or practice based upon one's trust in luck or
other irrational, unscientific, or supernatural forces. Often, it arises
from ignorance, a misunderstanding of science or causality, a belief in
fate or magic, or fear of that which is unknown.
Examples:
1. The number of steps of staircases at home should not be divisible by
three.
2. Don’t go straight home after attending a wake.
3. Siblings should not marry within the same year (sukob).
FILIPINO MARKERS

Myths and Legends - historical fact morphs into a legend when the
truth has been exaggerated to the point that real people or events have
taken on a romanticized, "larger than life" quality. In contrast, a myth
is a type of symbolic storytelling that was never based on fact.
Examples:
1. Mythical creatures such as duwende, diwata, engkanto, kapre,
aswang, etc.
2. The Legend of Makahiya
3. The Heartbreaking Story of Alitaptap (Bataan Legend)
FILIPINO MARKERS

Heroes and Icons - heroes serve as
reminder of true patriotism and
nationalism as they have sacrificed their
lives for the sake of their country`s
freedom and progress.
Examples: Manny "Pacman" Pacquiao,
Lea Salonga
FILIPINO MARKERS

According to Aristotle, every community “is established for the sake of
some good.” This is because “everyone does everything for the sake of what
they believe to be good,” though they of course can be wrong about what “the
good” is. It follows that a political community must also be established for
the sake of some good. Like Plato, Aristotle believed that such a community
must be large enough to be self-sufficient but must nevertheless remain
relatively small. It is a group of like-minded people who share common
political goals and values such as social justice, lowering taxes, improving
educational policy, etc.
Political institutions impact our economy, education, culture and
society. For example, political parties, trade unions, legislature and judiciary
are needed in order to safeguard the interests of citizens of the country and
to ensure the unity and integrity of the nation. Its further results in the
overall development of the country. they ensure that the laws are being
followed by the citizens of the country.
Political Community and Institutions

The word democracy describes a political system. In a democratic
country, all eligible citizens have the right to participate, either directly
or indirectly, in making the decisions that affect them.
Democratic culture is defined as the desire and ability of
individuals in a population to participate actively, individually and
together, to the government of public affairs affecting them. The
existence of a democratic culture within a population is characterized
by the active contribution, effective and in duration, of members of civil
society to development of the common good, the terms of “living
together” and the construction of collective decisions. An example of
democracy at work is in the Philippines, where people have political
freedom and equality. In our country, supreme powers lies with the
people, the power of the elected representatives would be supreme,
democracy requires free and fair election and requires respect for law
and minority opinion.
Establishing a Democratic Culture

Political skill is the ability to effectively
understand others at work, and to use such
knowledge to influence others to act in ways that
enhance one's personal and/or organizational
objectives. Dimensions include social astuteness
(how well you understand other), interpersonal
influence (how you make others feel at ease),
networking ability (using your formal and
informal network to advance your goals) and
apparent sincerity (how genuine and sincere you
appear to others).
Strengthening your Political Skills

How to Improve your Political Skills
1. Make a political "book." With any organization or group, you're involved with, it's a good
idea to gather some insights on the people you work with most often. Record notes regarding how
they each tend to approach problems.
2. Draw a "power web." Create a chart showing the power relationships among all the people
in your organization or workgroup. Power relationships are those connections in which the
parties help one another move projects forward and obtain needed support and resources.
3. Strengthen and forge relationships. Review your power web to spot opportunities to
strengthen existing relationships, as well as forge new ones. For example, ask yourself which
individuals on your web might make valuable power-relationship partners — but you haven't yet
cultivated mutually beneficial connections with them.
4. A key part of developing and wielding political skill is simply knowing other people —
their major concerns and their priorities. By figuring out what you can do for them and what
they can do for you, you nurture relationships of mutual influence and benefit.
Strengthening your Political Skills

MODULE 2
LESSON 11
UNPACKING THE SELF:
THE DIGITAL SELF

INTRODUCTION
THIS UNIT EXPLAINS THE CONCEPT OF
DIGITAL SELF AND THE IMPORTANCE OF
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY IN HUMAN ACTIVITIES.
IT ALSO PRESENTS THE IMPLICATIONS OF,
AND THE ETHICAL ISSUES INVOLVED IN
SHARING PERSONAL INFORMATION
ESPECIALLY IN SOCIAL NETWORK.

Much of our communication and socialization mode now a days happens on
– line, relying more on the unse of technology and internet. Even business
transactions and meetings are mostly done virtually through the use of the internet.
As we interact with other people in on-line sites and uses online services that
require personal accounts such as password and usernames, we are already
creating and sharing our on-line identity.
On-line identity (Olshansky, 2016) is a social identity that network users
establish in online communities. In the internet, there are many social identity
providers such as Facebook, twitter, Google, and many others where one can
manage how their identities can be presented. When you are using the Internet,
your online identity is the sum of your characteristics and interactions. Every
website you interact with has its own idea of your identity because each one you
visit sees you and your characteristics differently. Through the internet, we are
able to make multiple on-line identity for different purposes that possible suits us.
This according the William James is an extension of our self – identity. Our on-line
identity is just one facet of who we are.
I, me, myself, and my user ID online
identity

On – line identity most of the time requires sharing of self –
identity and people are likely to share their on-line identity that
usually matches what is needed or required in the online community.
People usually consider proper selection of words, photos, and
comments in order to create or make a difference. This process is
called impression management. Impression management is the effort
to control or influence other people's perceptions. This could be their
perception of a certain person (including you), a material possession or
an event. An example of online impression management is when people
post happy moments about their family and their travels because they
wanted others to think and to present themselves as having a happy
and contented family life. We usually do impression managing in order
to feel good about our lives but if we try to look into the deeper
meaning of it, we may be striving for positive perceptions from others
in the internet world.
Selective Self Presentation and Impression
Management

Another way of on – line presentation is through
selective self – presentation. Self-presentation refers to
how people attempt to present themselves to control or
shape how others (called the audience) view them. It
involves expressing oneself and behaving in ways that
create a desired impression. Girls would post filtered
images of themselves because they wanted to feel
satisfied with their personal looks as well as try to
present herself as beautiful or sexy or stylist to others.
Selective self-presentation focuses on changing how
other people view an individual.
Selective Self Presentation and Impression
Management

1. DEMATERIALIZATION
Our tangible things and possessions become
invisible. Photos that are collected and place in an
album are now stored in digital storage devices
such as phones and in some internet location.
Music and movies are now stored in small devices
instead of CD and tape collections. Our private
acquisition becomes group because of sharing.
FIVE CHANGES THAT IMPACT THE NATURE OF SELF DUE TO
OUR CURRENT DIGITAL AGE

2. REEMBODIMENT
Refers to new construction and definition of the
self. Through the digital technology, we are able to
disembody and re-embodied our photos and videos
through the help of editing, photo shop and other
accessories that can help enhance it. An example of
this is those who are undergoing sexual identity crisis.
Through the virtual worlds they can present themselves
in the way they want to present themselves. The
internet provides us a mask as well as safety which
means that we do not see identity thus we must rely on
the feedback of others for self – improvement.

3. SHARING
Digital devices help us share more, as well as more
broadly, than ever before. Through Facebook, it is likely
that social media friends know more than the
immediate families about daily activities, connections
and thoughts. Diaries that were once private or shared
only with close friends are now posted as blogs for
anyone to read. In posting photos on sites like Flickr or
Photo bucket the use of arm’s-length self-photography
marks a change. Facebook is now a key part of self-
presentation.

4. CO- CONSTRUCTION OF SELF
Our blogs invite comments, social media thrive on
interaction and while cell phones may be decreasingly
used for telephone calls and e-mails, they are
increasingly used for text messaging, taking and
posting photos and videos, and geo-locating to connect
with others. Blogging is a form of affirmation seeking.
The affirmation by readers provides confidence to
extend the self in a new direction. Feedbacks from
friends and anonymous readers help in the co –
construction of the self.

5. DISTRIBUTED MEMORY
Social media help us remember other people,
emotions and events of significance in our lives. We
can look up old friends, see photos with others who
help a jointly construct the memory of shared events.
Our memories benefit not only from our online actions
but those others who post images of us and tag us in.
Our self is not just co – constructed online but so is our
shared portion of our memory co- constructed with
others on social media.

Expression of Gender and Sexuality Online
According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, sexuality is the
quality or state of being sexual while gender is the psychological
identification of a person as masculine or feminine. Both could affect not
only how people think about themselves but also relationship with others
and how others think of them as well (Cicarelli & White, 2012).
The portrayal of male and female behaviors in media could affect
the construction of appropriate sexual behaviors of people, especially
adolescents. The internet and social networking sites provides channels
for the dissemination of information including information about gender
and identity and sexuality. For this reason, better and accurate
information is now becoming available. With the increasing urgency to
uphold human rights and to protect the dignity and equality of all
persons of various sexual orientations, a pleasure prohibiting
discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity, or
expression is developed.
BOUNDARIES OF THE SELF ONLINE

Most users of social networking sites prefer to be
anonymous and sometimes use false names. Privacy
and confidentiality should be a major concern,
especially for adolescents who may not be entirely
aware of the consequences of sharing private
information online, for anyone to see. Thus, adolescents
are particularly susceptible to cyberbullying, gossips,
and stalking. For this reason, the government together
with academic and even religious institution in the
Philippines make efforts to prevent and effectively
manage the spread of identity theft, false information,
and fake news in the country.
PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SELF

EFFECTS OF CYBERBULLYING
EFFECTS ON THE BULLIED EFFECTS ON THE
BULLIES
Emotional issues (anxiety,
depression)
Emotional issues
Concentration issues Concentration issues
Behavioral issues Behavioral issues
Trouble getting along
with peers
More likely to be
hyperactive
Experience physical
symptoms such as
More likely to abuse
drugs or alcohol

1.Keep your profile set to private.
2.Don’t friend or follow anyone who isn’t a friend.
3.Don’t accept requests or messages from users you
don’t know
4.Never share and protect your password and
prevent others from gaining access to your profile
and private photos
5.Educate yourself and others on the negative
impact of cyberbullying.
6. If you see it, report it.
How to avoid or stop cyberbullying

Social media have greatly influenced and hanged
our everyday interactive behaviors and new norms are
formed. It is not already uncommon for us to see
people walking while talking to someone in their phone
or even doing a live – streaming. People are posing for a
selfie, taking photos before meal for their instagram and
posting for their instagram. Since this is already the
modern communication landscape, it is important that
people who are using social media should be able to
practice modern social media etiquette.
Etiquettes Rules For Students

1. Act like you would in real life. How you act on social media sites is often
the most direct way of how people will perceive who you are.
2. Don’t Discriminate. You can’t be friends with everybody online but be
willing to open up to all types of friends and followers.
3. Earn Respect. Offer accessible information in a friendly way. Share relevant
and verified link, commentary and helpful tips. Be responsible and do not
spread fake news.
4. Avoid Burnout. Balance your social media life, do not burn yourself out.
5. Be curious but not nosy. Social media communities are all about teaching
each other but do not invade other people’s lives.
6. Be extra polite. Apply some attitude to your social media activity by being
friendly and helpful and not to spread hate.
7. Follow the golden rules. Treat others the way you want to be treated.
8. Remember that there are boundaries. Not everyone you are following or
following you is your friend. Try not to talk about health and mushy stuff.
General Social Media Etiquette for Students

1. Don’t cyber-stalk.
2. Don’t drunk – Facebook. Making drunk post can be funny for some
friends but it can seriously damage your image or self-
representation.
3. Don’t sent apps. When you try out an application, do not send it
to everyone your friends with. Again, not everyone is your personal
friend.
4. Don’t write private messages on wall posts. It’s embarrassing,
rude and makes you look immature.
5. Edit your photo choices. Posting personal photos can trigger
bullying. Do not post photos of yourself or others engaging in
irresponsible or illegal activities.
6. Be careful who you tag. Ask permission if its oks to the person you
tag.
7. Write Clear Status Updates. People who write or post vague status
updates such as depressing songs or images can be self – indulgent.
Rules on Facebook

In order for a harassment to be considered bullying,
the following basis should be considered:
1. There must be an imbalance of power between
the victim and the perpetrator/s and occur over an
extended period of time.
2. It is characterized by the repetition of the
abuser behavior – it happens more than one or it
has potential to happen again.
3. The imbalance and repetition of the harassment
happens via any form of electronic communication,
such as texting online, on websites, social networks,
via email and others.
Rules on Facebook

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