2. Tongue Twister
Peter Piper picked a peck
of pickled peppers. How
many pickled peppers did
Peter Piper pick?
3. Tongue Twister
To begin to toboggan first buy a
toboggan, but don't buy too big a
toboggan. Too big a toboggan is
too big a toboggan to buy to
begin to toboggan.
5. Tongue Twister
“A tutor who tooted the flute
tried to teach two young
tooters to toot. Said the two to
the tutor, ‘Is it harder to toot,
or to tutor two tooters to
toot?'”
8. Gerund
• Acts as
noun
• Ends in -ing
Example:
Reading maketh a full man.
(Noun functions as subject)
Note: In SVA, gerund subjects are
singular.
Example: Listening to classical music is
my Favorite activity.
Important Note: All gerunds in -ing but NOT all -ing words are
gerund. Some are used as participles (when modifying) or
verbs (when used as progressive form of verb).
9. Participle
• Acts as an
adjective
• Ends in -ing
Two types of
participles:
• present participles
(ending in "-ing")
• past participles
(often ending in "-
ed," "-en," or
irregularly).
Examples:
The dancing queen is my
friend.
(dancing modifies the queen)
The broken window needs to
be repaired.
(“Broken" used as an adjective to
describe the noun "window." “Broken"
tells us the condition of the window.)
10.
11.
12. Infinitive
Most versatile as
it could be used
as noun,
adjectives, or
adverbs
To + base form
(ex. to sing, to
top)
Examples:
To top the exam is my goal.
(Noun acting as subject)
The time to ponder.
(Adjective modifying the noun
“time”)
I can’t wait to top the exam.
(Adverb modifying the verb
“wait”)
13. Parallel Structure
Parallel structures involve using similar
grammatical patterns or forms to express
related ideas.
This technique adds balance, rhythm, and clarity
to your writing.
Parallelism is essential for various types of
communication, including essays, speeches,
and professional documents.
19. LET’S ANALYSE:
Good roads wind through the park and in a
few hours, one can see a mother lion
feeding her cubs, a pair of tigers making
love, a giraffe peacefully eating the leaves
of a tall, and elephants stalking along.
20. LET’S ANALYSE:
Good roads wind through the park and in a
few hours, one can see a mother lion feeding
her cubs, a pair of tigers making love, a giraffe
peacefully eating the leaves of a tall, and
elephants stalking along.
22. 1. Parallel structure should be used when
elements are joined by coordinating
conjunctions(for, and, nor, but, or, yet,so)
F-FOR
A- AND
N- NOT
B- BUT
O- OR
Y- YET
S- SO
23. WRONG:
1. Ana likes hiking, the rodeo, and to take afternoon
naps.
CORRECT:
Ana likes hiking, attending the rodeo, and taking
afternoon naps
Or
Ana likes to hike, to attend the rodeo, and to take
afternoon naps.
24. 2. Parallel structure should be used when
writing elements in the form of a list or a series:
WRONG:
Reading books, to play the piano and going to the
theater are my favorite activities.
CORRECT:
Reading books, playing the piano and going to
the theater are my favorite activities.
{3 gerund phrases}
25. 3. Parallel Structure should be used when
comparing or contrasting elements( A is
better than B- X is less than Y.
WRONG:
Jason enjoys reading more than to write.
Correct:
Jason enjoys reading more than writing.
26. WRONG:
To sing is better than dancing
CORRECT
To sing is better than to dance.
Or
Singing is better than dancing.
27. Activity
Instruction: Correct the faulty parallelism in the following
sentences to make them clear, concise, and easy to read.
1. Rita likes to draw, to write and swimming.
2. Acting is better than to dancing.
3. Ellen spends her time reading, listening to music, and
she works at the mall.
4. Jan appeared on a talk show, visited with Vanna White,
and a meeting with Tom Cruise was arranged.
28. 5.Every morning, we make our bed, eating breakfast
and feed the dog.
6. I like to act, dancing, paint and write journals.
7. She painted, wrote, and will perform music during
the event.
8. He enjoys playing basketball, running, and to swim.
Editor's Notes
Gerunds are verb forms that end in "-ing" and function as nouns in sentences. They often represent activities or actions. Here are some examples of gerunds along with explanations:
Swimming is good exercise.
In this sentence, "swimming" is a gerund. It's functioning as the subject of the sentence, just like a noun would. The gerund "swimming" represents the activity of swimming.
I enjoy reading before bedtime.
Here, "reading" is a gerund. It's the direct object of the verb "enjoy." The gerund "reading" represents the activity of reading.
Her favorite hobby is painting landscapes.
In this sentence, "painting" is a gerund. It's the predicate nominative, which means it renames the subject "hobby." The gerund "painting" represents the activity of painting.
They are interested in learning new languages.
In this example, "learning" is a gerund. It follows the preposition "in" and functions as the object of the preposition. The gerund "learning" represents the activity of acquiring knowledge.
Running a marathon requires a lot of dedication.
Here, "running" is a gerund. It's the subject of the sentence, and the gerund "running" represents the action of participating in a marathon.
He didn't mind waiting for the bus.
In this sentence, "waiting" is a gerund. It's the object of the verb "mind." The gerund "waiting" represents the action of waiting.
Cooking is both a creative outlet and a practical skill.
In this example, "cooking" is a gerund. It's the subject of the sentence, and the gerund "cooking" represents the activity of preparing food.
She regretted not attending the concert.
In this sentence, "not attending" is a gerund phrase. It's the object of the verb "regretted." The gerund phrase "not attending" represents the action of not going to the concert.
Hiking in the mountains gives me a sense of freedom.
Here, "hiking" is a gerund. It's the subject of the sentence, and the gerund "hiking" represents the activity of walking in the mountains.
The teacher praised her for completing the challenging assignment.
In this example, "completing" is a gerund. It's the object of the preposition "for." The gerund "completing" represents the action of finishing the assignment.
Gerunds can take on various roles in a sentence, just like nouns would, including subjects, objects, predicate nominatives, and objects of prepositions.
Certainly! Participles are verb forms that can function as adjectives, describing or modifying nouns in sentences. There are two main types of participles: present participles (ending in "-ing") and past participles (often ending in "-ed," "-en," or irregularly). Here are some examples of participles along with explanations:
Present Participles:
The running water sounded soothing.
In this sentence, "running" is a present participle. It's used as an adjective to describe the noun "water." The present participle "running" describes the type of water, indicating that it's in motion.
The barking dog alerted us to the intruder.
Here, "barking" is a present participle. It acts as an adjective that describes the noun "dog." The present participle "barking" tells us the state of the dog at that moment, which is making a barking sound.
The sparkling stars filled the night sky.
In this example, "sparkling" is a present participle. It functions as an adjective that describes the noun "stars." The present participle "sparkling" indicates the quality of the stars, suggesting that they are shining brightly.
Past Participles:
The broken window needs to be repaired.
In this sentence, "broken" is a past participle. It's used as an adjective to describe the noun "window." The past participle "broken" tells us the condition of the window.
She was fascinated by the written stories of ancient civilizations.
Here, "written" is a past participle. It acts as an adjective describing the noun "stories." The past participle "written" indicates how the stories were produced or presented.
The closed door prevented us from entering the room.
In this example, "closed" is a past participle. It functions as an adjective that describes the noun "door." The past participle "closed" tells us the state of the door.
Remember, participles are used to add more detail and description to nouns, and they often provide additional information about the state, quality, or characteristics of the nouns they modify.
As Nouns:
I like to swim in the ocean.
In this sentence, "to swim" is an infinitive phrase that functions as the direct object of the verb "like." The infinitive "to swim" acts as a noun, representing the activity the speaker enjoys.
His goal is to become a doctor.
Here, "to become" is an infinitive phrase that serves as the predicate nominative. The infinitive "to become" acts as a noun, renaming the subject "goal."
She has the determination to succeed.
In this example, "to succeed" is an infinitive phrase acting as the direct object of the noun "determination." The infinitive "to succeed" functions as a noun, representing the goal or aspiration.
As Adjectives:
She is eager to learn new skills.
In this sentence, "to learn" is an infinitive phrase that functions as an adjective, modifying the noun "skills." The infinitive "to learn" describes the type of skills she is eager about.
The decision to go was difficult for him.
Here, "to go" is an infinitive phrase that acts as an adjective, describing the noun "decision." The infinitive "to go" explains what the decision was about.
As Adverbs:
He works hard to support his family.
In this sentence, "to support" is an infinitive phrase that functions as an adverb, modifying the verb "works." The infinitive "to support" explains the purpose or intention behind his hard work.
She studies diligently to excel in her exams.
Here, "to excel" is an infinitive phrase acting as an adverb, describing the verb "studies." The infinitive "to excel" tells us why she is studying diligently.
He ran quickly to catch the bus.
In this example, "to catch" is an infinitive phrase functioning as an adverb, modifying the verb "ran." The infinitive "to catch" explains the reason he ran quickly.
Infinitives can play different roles in sentences, such as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs, and their function depends on how they relate to other words in the sentence.
