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IPHP 11_12 Q1 0301 Questioning Truth and Knowledge PS.pptx
- 1. Questioning Truth and Knowledge Lesson 1 Epistemology
- 2. LEARNING TARGETS At the end of this lesson, the learners should be able to do the following: ● Understand the difference between facts and opinions. ● Separate factual situations from nonfactual situations. ● Discover the significance of philosophizing in finding the truth. ● Determine the errors of reasoning in order to realize the truth.
- 3. VALUES AND ATTITUDES ● Develop comfortability in being asked and asking questions. ● Accept being wrong. ● Develop openness to new perspectives and challenge your own beliefs or assumptions. ● Infer from logical points of view. ● Imbibe the habit of providing evidence and criteria in analyzing situations. In this lesson, you should be able to do the following:
- 4. In many rigorous debates, especially the ones that affect the society and the human condition, people often claim certainty with their statements and present their own opinions masked as truth. Some do it deliberately, while many others commit it without realizing that they are. And some recipients of such statements accept it without second thoughts nor any form of verification.
- 5. GROUNDING How do scientific facts become facts?
- 6. UNIT STIMULUS How many legs does the elephant have?
- 7. In the study of Philosophy, the branch that inquires about the features, extent and limitations of human knowledge is called Epistemology.
- 9. Epistemology episteme which means ‘knowledge’ logos which means ‘study’ or ‘discourse’ Epistemology, then, translates to ‘the study of knowledge’.
- 10. How do we know that we know what we know? CENTRAL QUESTION
- 11. Personal Practical or procedural Propositional Three Kinds of Knowledge
- 12. Three Kinds of Knowledge Personal is the type of knowledge that we acquire as we experience the world. Since the time we were born, we started to acquaint ourselves with the way the world is – some refer to this as ‘common sense’ knowledge. Is the type of knowledge that we acquire as we experience the world. Since the time we were born, we started to acquaint ourselves with the way the world is – some refer to this as ‘common sense’ knowledge.
- 13. Three Kinds of Knowledge Practical or procedural Is a type of knowledge that is particular for skills. This is the type of knowledge that you can practice, and usually involves motor function.
- 14. Three Kinds of Knowledge Propositional Is the type of knowledge that makes a claim: it proposes something to be true or something not to be true.
- 15. Propositional Knowledge is the focus of Epistemology. Since statements that contain Propositional Knowledge claim something to be true, the mission of Epistemology is to seek questions and criteria of the extent of the truth that Propositional Knowledge claimsow do we know that we know what we know? Epistemology
- 16. There are three main criteria that must be met in order for a certain proposition or claim to be considered as ‘true knowledge’ Epistemology
- 18. Three Knowledge Criteria Belief is the type of knowledge that we acquire as we experience the world. Since the time we were born, we started to acquaint ourselves with the way the world is – some refer to this as ‘common sense’ knowledge. Belief refers to a person’s conviction toward his assertion.
- 19. Three Knowledge Criteria Truth is the type of knowledge that we acquire as we experience the world. Since the time we were born, we started to acquaint ourselves with the way the world is – some refer to this as ‘common sense’ knowledge. Truth refers to a claim that corresponds to reality.
- 20. Three Knowledge Criteria Truth is the type of knowledge that we acquire as we experience the world. Since the time we were born, we started to acquaint ourselves with the way the world is – some refer to this as ‘common sense’ knowledge. Belief is necessary for us to claim that we know something. However, our beliefs may, sometimes, be wrong as well.
- 21. Therefore, Knowledge requires a true belief
- 22. Three Knowledge Criteria Justification is the type of knowledge that we acquire as we experience the world. Since the time we were born, we started to acquaint ourselves with the way the world is – some refer to this as ‘common sense’ knowledge. Justification refers to the proof or reason for us to believe the proposition.”
- 23. The notion of Knowledge as a justified true belief (JTB) can be utilized in many ways, even minor ones. We can also see it everyday. For example, some people install CCTV cameras in certain areas because if something bad happens, it will serve as their proof of the truth, it serves as their justification. However, essentially, we can practice JTB in discussing matters of importance with the people we come into contact with, or with our decision-making process.
- 24. IMAGINE THIS Can a justified and true belief not be knowledge? [Insert Illustration of the Gettier Problem]
- 25. Three Knowledge Criteria Belief Truth Justification
- 27. PHOTO CREDIT Slide 5: Solar System and Local Galaxies.jpg, by Pablo Carlos Budassi is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
- 28. REFERENCES Hetherington, Stephen. “Gettier Problems.” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Accessed July 29, 2022. https://iep.utm.edu/gettier/. Hurley, Patrick J. A Concise Introduction to Logic. 12th ed. Stamford, Connecticut: Cengage Learning, 2015. Nilo Macayan, Jr. y Malana vs. People of the Philippines, G.R. No. 175842, Manila (2015).
Editor's Notes
- Teacher’s Script “Welcome to Lesson 1 where we will learn about human knowledge!”
- Teacher’s Script “Here are the learning targets for this unit. We will give the class two minutes to go through them silently, and let me know if you have any questions.”
- Teacher’s Script “Listed here are what we expect everyone to do as part of our values and attitudes integration. We will give the class two minutes to go through them silently, and let me know if you have any questions.”
- Teacher’s script Ask the students the following question: “Can you give me at least one scientific fact?” Use this prompt to introduce the unit “Have you ever wondered how scientific facts become facts? Do most scientists have to agree and subscribe to an idea for it to become factual?” If a tree falls in a forest, but no one is there to witness it, does it really fall? If yes, how certain are we that it fell when no one can attest to the tree falling? Do we have to experience an event for it to be considered true? These are some questions people may ask when knowledge is the topic. They may include discussions on the sources of knowledge, processes, understanding, and relationships with human experiences.”
- Teacher’s Script Ask how many legs the elephant has. Randomly call learners to share their answers. Notice the differences in their answers. Use this as your transition to introduce epistemology: “The way we process information with our senses is relevant to our discussion about epistemology.”
- Teacher’s Script “Your answers to the questions now lead us to the discussion of epistemology.”
- Teacher’s Script It is a study that attempts to answer the question, ‘How do we truly know something?’. There are instances when we believe we know something – an idea, event, situation, facts, skills, etc. but when asked or scrutinized, we eventually realize that we may not truly know it. What are, then, the necessary conditions for us to accept that we truly know something?
- Teacher’s Script “However, some people may deliberately deceive us with information, like fake news. This realization brings to us this question: How do we know that we know what we know? To answer this question, let us jump to our lesson activity.”
- Teacher’s Script “In Epistemology, there are three different kinds of knowledge: personal, practical, and propositional knowledge.
- Teacher’s Script “There are three kinds of knowledge in epistemology: personal, practical, and propositional. Personal knowledge is the type of knowledge that we acquire as we experience the world. An example of this is the knowledge about gravity: if I jump in the air, I know that I’d certainly fall. This is the kind of knowledge that we have worked around since our existence started.
- Teacher’s Script “There are three kinds of knowledge in epistemology: personal, practical, and propositional. Practical or procedural knowledge is the kind of knowledge that we have worked around since our existence started. is a type of knowledge that is particular for skills, Example of this, like knowing how to cook, how to ride a bicycle, how to play the guitar.
- For example, your classmate tells you that there is a ghost on the third floor of the building. He is ‘proposing’, he is making a claim that there is a ghost on the third floor of the building. A Propositional Knowledge declares that there is ‘truth’ in the statement, it involves a whole certainty of the truth.
- With regards to the example provided, the task Epistemology has is to determine if your classmate’s claim about the ghost is indeed true. How do we know that it wasn’t just a mistake? How do we know that it was certainly a ghost? He could have seen something, and it could be his opinion that it was a ghost. How do we know that his claim is factual, and not merely an opinion?
- Teacher’s Script “However, some people may deliberately deceive us with information, like fake news. This realization brings to us this question: How do we know that we know what we know? To answer this question, let us jump to our lesson activity.”
- Teacher’s Script “Three main criteria must be met for a particular proposition or claim to be considered knowledge: belief, truth, and justification. Belief refers to a person's conviction toward his assertion. Truth refers to a claim that corresponds to reality. Justification refers to the proof or reason for us to believe the proposition.”
- Teacher’s Script “Three main criteria must be met for a particular proposition or claim to be considered knowledge: belief, truth, and justification. Belief refers to a person's conviction toward his assertion. When someone makes a claim, he or she must have faith that his/her claim is true. For example, your teacher promised your class that those who will get a score of at least 90 in the project would be exempted from taking the final examination. In your case, you are quite unsure whether your own project would get a score of at least 90 because you might not have met the standards your teacher set. Since you are doubtful that you’d get a 90, this means you do not have the belief that you will be exempted from the final examination. Hence, this suggests that you do not know that you’ll get a 90. Without a belief on a certain claim, this cannot be considered as knowledge.
- Teacher’s Script “Three main criteria must be met for a particular proposition or claim to be considered knowledge: belief, truth, and justification. Truth refers to a claim that corresponds to reality.
- Teacher’s Script “Three main criteria must be met for a particular proposition or claim to be considered knowledge: belief, truth, and justification. Truth refers to a claim that corresponds to reality. You may believe that you will be exempted from the final examination, but in reality, you won’t be. So, it is possible for our beliefs to be mistaken and not meet with the truth. This means that even if you had the belief that you will be exempted, but because your belief did not correspond to the truth, then you did not know that you will be exempted.
- Teacher’s Script However, there is a need for a proof, or at least, a reason for us to believe that a certain proposition is true. It is here where the last criteria enters – justification.
- Teacher’s Script “Three main criteria must be met for a particular proposition or claim to be considered knowledge: belief, truth, and justification. Justification refers to the proof or reason for us to believe the proposition.” If your classmate proposes that Rizal was a better hero than Bonifacio, he must provide you a reason for you to accept his proposition. In one of Plato’s dialogues, he proposed that to truly know means having the ability to explain and reason about it. For one cannot speak of or support any idea that his mind does not know. Hence, a valid justification accompanied with strong evidence and/or proof is what separates an opinion from facts. It is what completes the nature of knowledge itself.
- Teacher’s Script “Your answers to the questions now lead us to the discussion of epistemology.”
- Teacher’s script “Imagine yourself standing outside a farm, and you see what appears to be a cow inside. “Look! There is a cow on the farm!” you say. But, you do not know that you are actually looking at a carabao dressed as a cow. However, your statement is correct because in a distant area on the same farm, there is a cow behind a bahay kubo. But because the cow is in a different location from the direction you are looking, you cannot see that cow and have no concrete evidence of its presence. So, based on what you are currently seeing, your belief is true by luck (there actually exists a cow in a different location on the same farm, but you do not know it). But is your belief considered knowledge? Did you gain actual evidence to justify your belief?”
- Teacher’s Script “Three main criteria must be met for a particular proposition or claim to be considered knowledge: belief, truth, and justification. Belief refers to a person's conviction toward his assertion. Truth refers to a claim that corresponds to reality. Justification refers to the proof or reason for us to believe the proposition.”
- Teachers Script Randomly call learners for their key takeaways. Use the following questions as your guide: What are the things that you will stop believing? What are the things that you will start believing? What are the things that you will continue believing?