1. Disclaimer (in side page): The “Training Manual” has been developed with the financial assistance of the European
Union. And, the views or opinion herein does not endorsed by the European Union.
‡Uªwbs ‡gbyqvj
gvbevwaKvi Ges ¯’vbxq cÖkvmb
b‡f¤^i 2013
cÖ¯‘Z
b‡f¤^i 2013
Dc¯’vcb
Kbmvb© BDwbf©vmvj, evsjv‡`k
gvbe gyw³ ms¯’v (Gg Gg Gm)
A_©vq‡b
BAvBwWGBPAvi †cÖvMÖvg, BD‡ivwcqvb BDwbqb (BBD)
cÖ¯‘ZKviK
ksKi cvj
cÖavb, wnDg¨vb ivBUm&& BDwbU
Kbmvb© BDwbf©vmvj, evsjv‡`k
Promoting Rights and Accessibility of the Ultra-poor in Char land areas through
Democratic Local Governance (PRADG) Project
(Grant Contract: EIDHR/2013/297-038).

2. 1
ms¯‥ib:
cÖKvkK
e½vbyev`
Szgv nvj`vi,
cÖ‡R± Awdmvi, wcAv&iGwWwR- wnDg¨vb ivBUm&& BDwbU
‡h ‡Kvb Z‡_¨i Rb¨, †hvMv‡hvM Kiæb:
ksKi cvj
cÖavb, wnDg¨vb ivBUm&& BDwbU
Kbmvb© BDwbf©vmvj, evsjv‡`k
evox - 8 (4-5 Zjv), †ivW - 28, eøK - †K, ebvbx
XvKv - 1213, evsjv‡`k
B-‡gBj: shankor.paul@concern-universal.org
I‡qe mvBU: www.concern-universal.org.bd
Ges
Gm . Gg. Avwgi †nv‡mb
Dc-cwiPvjK, gvbe gyw³ ms¯’v (Gg Gg Gm)
e½eÜz weªR Gi cwðg fvM, wmivRMÄ m`i Dc‡Rjv
wmivRMÄ, evsjv‡`k
B-‡gBj: amir.hossainbd@yahoo.com
(GB †Uªwbs †gbyqvjwU BD‡ivwcqvb BDwbq‡bi A_©vq‡b cÖš‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ges GB †gbyqv‡ji †Kvb Z_¨B BD‡ivwcqv‡bi
Øviv Gb‡Wvm© Kiv †bB/ ¯^xK…Z bq)

3. 2
gyLeÜ
gvbevwaKvi Ges ¯’vbxq kvmb welqK cÖwkÿ‡bi †gbyqvjwU gyjZ: Ò¯’vbxq MbZvwš¿K mykvmb e¨e¯Ívi Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g Pi
A‡ji AwZ `wi`ª Rb‡Mvwói AwaKvi I †mev MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM wbwðZ KiYÓ wkl©K cÖK‡íi GKwU Ask hvi jÿ¨ n‡”Q
Piv‡ji AwZ `wi`ª gvby‡li AwaKvi I †mev cÖwßi myy‡hvM wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ M„nxZ D‡`¨vM I Kvh©µg hv evsjv‡`‡ki
Ab¨vb¨ msMVb¸‡jv‡K gvbevwaKvi I mykvbm wel‡q `ÿZv e„w× Ki‡e|
gvbevwaKvi I mykvmb welqK GB cÖwkÿb (mnvwqKv) †gbyqvjwU •Zix‡Z †hme msMV‡bi AwfÁZv I Ávb AvniY Kiv
n‡q‡Q, Kbmvb© BDwbf©mvj, evsjv‡`k (wmBDwe) Zv‡`i cÖwZ K…ZÁZv Rbvq|
GB cÖwkÿb mnvwqKv‡Z ‡hme welq D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv nj: gvbevwaKv‡ii avibv, A_©, Drm, Ges Dbœqb, gvbevwa‡Kii
gvb`Û, gvbevwaKvi f½, gvbevwaKvi welqK AwaKvi f½ ch©‡eÿb, gvbevwaKvi wfwËK c×wZ I ¯’vbxq kvm‡bi mv‡_
Zvi m¤úK©, mykvm‡bi avibv, A_©, Dcv`vb I cÖwZØw›`Zv, MbZvwš¿K ¯’vbxq kvmb, AskMÖbng~jK cwiKíbv Ges ev‡RU,
Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb Ges AvB‡bi wewa, evsjv‡`‡k webvg~‡j¨ AvBb mnvqZv Ges MÖvg Av`vjZ I AwZ `wi`ª‡`i b¨vq
wePv‡i cÖ‡e‡ki AwaKvi|
GB mnvwqKvwU wewfbœ wPÎ, KvUy©b I †Km óvwWm mn mnR mvavib fvlvq •Zix n‡q‡Q| mnR evsjv fvlvq GB mnvwqKvwU
Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| fwel¨‡Z GB mnvwqKvwU ev¯Íe I e¨envwiK Ávb cÖ‡qvM K‡i †kLv‡bvi wel‡q KvR Ki‡e|
cwi‡k‡l, Avwg wg. ksKi cvj‡K A‡kl K…ZÁZv RvbvB hv HKvwšÍK cÖ‡Póvq GB mnvwqKvwU •Zix n‡q‡Q| GQvov, Avwg
Av‡iv ab¨ev` RvbvB gvbe gyw³ ms¯’vi Dc cwiPvjK wg. Avgxi †nv‡mb‡K I wg. mwgi `vm‡K, whwb cÖ‡R± †KvAwW©‡bUi,
wcAviGwWwR - gvbe gyw³ ms¯’vq KvR Ki‡Qb |
Avwg AvšÍwiKfv‡e Avkv KiwQ GB cÖwkÿb mnvwqKvwU ¯’vbxq e¨envi K‡i miKvi cÖwZôvb, GbwRI cÖwZwbwa, mykxj
mgvR, wgwWqv, M‡elK Ges Ab¨vb¨ †K․kjMZ cªwZwbwa I mg¯Í cÖvmw½K wel‡qi jã Ávb‡K e¨enviKvix e¨w³eM© DcK…Z
n‡e|
K‡b©wjm wW Djd
Kvw›Uª WvB‡i±i, evsjv‡`k
Kbmvb© BDwbfv‡m©j

4. 3
myPx cÎ
Dcv`vb welq myPx cvZv
myPbv  myPbv
 hv‡`i Rb¨ GB cÖwkÿb †gbyqvj
 jÿ¨
 ‡gbyqvjwUi KvVv‡gv
 ‡gbyqvjwU e¨env‡ii wUcm
 ‡gbyqvjwUi bgbxqZv/e¨envi Dc‡hvMxZv
Awa‡ekb GK
gvbevwaKvi Ges Gi gvb`Û
 AwaKvi wK?
 gvbevwaKvi ej‡Z wK eySvq?
 Drm Ges gvbevwaKvi Dbœqb, gvbevwaKv‡ii Dcv`vb
 gvbevwaKv‡ii gvb`Û
 gvbevwaKvi ch©‡eÿ‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ gvb`Û
 ‡g․wjK AwaKvi wK? gvbevwaKvi Ges †g․wjK
AwaKv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †Kv_vq?
Awa‡ekb `yB
¯’vbxq Dbœq‡b gvbevwaKv‡ii f~wgKv
 avibvMZ cÖ‡qvRb Ges AwaKvi
 AwaKvi wfwËK e¨e¯’v Ges ÿgZvq‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK©
 ¯’vbxq kvm‡b AwaKvi wfwËK e¨e¯’vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
Awa‡ekb wZb
‡RÛvi Ges ¯’vbxq Dbœqb
 ‡RÛvi wK?
 ‡RÛvi mgZv I BKzBwU
 ‡RÛvi wfwËK Dbœqb
Awa‡ekb Pvi
mykvmb m¤ú‡K© avibv/Ávb
 avibv, A_© I mykvm‡bi msMv
 mykvm‡bi avibv I msMv
 mykvm‡bi g~j Dcv`vb
 mykvmb I gvbevwaKv‡ii ‡hvMm~Î
 mykvm‡bi Rb¨ eo evuav
Awa‡ekb cvuP
MbZvwš¿K ¯’vbxq kvmb
 MbZvwš¿K ¯’vbxq kvmb
 ¯’vbxq kvm‡bi avibv Ges ¯’vbxq miKvi
 evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖÿvc‡U eZ©gvb ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii MVb
 evsjv‡`‡ki BDwbqb cwil‡`i MVb Ges KvVv‡gv
 MbZvwš¿K ¯’vbxq kvm‡bi KvVv‡gi
 mykvm‡bi Rb¨ ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii evuav (Pi GjvKvi
D`vniY mv‡c‡ÿ)
Awa‡ekb Qq
AskMÖnbg~jK cøvwbs Ges ev‡RU
 AskMÖnYg~jK cwiKíbv Ges ev‡RU
 Ask MÖnYg~jK cwiKíbv Ges Gi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ mgq
 BDwbqb cwil‡` A‡_©i cÖavb Drm
 BDwbqb cwil‡` ev‡RU Pµ
Awa‡ekb mvZ
Z_¨ AwaKvi Ges ¯’vbxq kvm‡bi
¸iæZ¡
 Za¨ AwaKvi AvBb - 2009 Gi BwZnvm I avibv
 BDwbqb †j‡f‡j Z_¨ AwaKvi AvB‡bi ‣eaZv
 Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb Dbœq‡bi c_
Awa‡ekb AvU  wjM¨vj GB‡Wi avibv I BwZnvm

5. 4
wjM¨vj GBW Ges wePv‡i cÖ‡ek  evsjv‡`‡k wjM¨vj GB‡Wi AvBbx wewa
 AwZ `wi`ª‡`i wePv‡i wjM¨vj GBW Ges wePv‡i cÖ‡ek
Awa‡ekb bq
MÖvgxb wePvi e¨e¯’v
 evsjv‡`‡k MÖvgxb wePvi e¨e¯’v
 Mªvg Av`vjZ Kv‡K e‡j?
 MVb, AvBbMZ GLwZqvi Ges MÖvg Av`vj‡Zi ÿgZv
 BDwbqb cwil‡` MÖvg Av`vj‡Zi f~wgKv

6. 5
1. myPbv
GB †Uªwbs †gbyqvjwU wcAviGwWwR cÖ‡R‡±i GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~b© Ask| GB †gbyqvjwU †Uªwbs †Kvm© cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ GKwU
wb‡`©wkKv| GwU ¯’vbxq kvmb m¤úK©xZ welqmgyn wb‡q KvR Kivi Rb¨ wmwfj †mvmvBwU GKkb MÖyc, AwZ `wi`ª MÖc, ¯’vbxq
cªwZwbwaeM© Ges Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vbxq †÷K‡nvìvi MÖæc Gi `ÿZv e„wׇZ mnvqZv Ki‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ GjvKvq
MbZvwš¿Kfv‡e ¯’vbxq kvmb cwiPvjbvi cwi‡ek •Zwi‡Z wcAviGwWwR †cÖv‡R‡ói mnvwqKv wnmv‡e GB †gbyqvjwU KvR
Ki‡e| GB †gbyqvjwU gvbevwaKvi Ges mykvmb cwiPvjbvi GKwU gZev` Ges AeKvVv‡gv wnmv‡e avibv cÖ`vb Ki‡e|
‡mBmv‡_ myweav‡fvMx hviv wewfbœ AskMÖnY gyjK Kv‡Ri mnvqK Zv‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ Ges Zv‡`i †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj
DbœqbgyjK cøwbs (ev‡RU mn) mykvmb m¤úK©xZ avibv cÖ`vb Ki‡e| GwU RvwZms‡Ni gvb`‡Û we‡ewPZ gvbevwaKvi,
†RÛvi, mykvmb Ges mvgvwRK AvBbMZ myiÿv m¤úK©xZ welq mgyn mn RvZxq AvBb Ges cwjwm¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© avibv
cwi¯‥vi Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e| GwU AwaKvi wfwËK Kg©cÖbvjx‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e| GwU mvaviY Aby‡gv`b cÖvß welq mgyn,
†hgb: gvbevwaKv‡ii welq, mykvmb m¤úK©xZ bxwZgvjv, BZ¨vw` MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ QK ‣Zix Ki‡e| ‡m Abyhvqx GB
†gbyqvjwUi GK GKwU Aa¨vq evsjv‡`‡k wbw`©ó wKQy wel‡qi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~b© f~wgKv ivL‡e|
1.1. hv‡`i Rb¨ GB †gbyqvj:
GB †gbyqvjwUi e„nËi myweav‡fvMx‡`i gvbevwaKvi Ges ¯’vbxq kvmb wel‡q D×z× n‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e| GB †gbyqvjwU
cÖ_‡g ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii cÖwZwbwa e„›`, wmGmGwR Ges DwcwR Gi m`m¨‡`i‡K `vwqZ¡kxj n‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e| GB
†gbyqvjwU evsjv‡`‡k gvbevwaKvi Ges mykvmb Gi wel‡q hviv KvR Ki‡Q Zv‡`i mvgvwRK Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZôvb‡K
e¨envi Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e|
GB †Uªwbs ‡gbyqvjwU wewfbœ cÖ‡R± Awdm Kg©KZ©v‡`i‡K cÖ‡R± †W‡fjc‡g›U Gi óªv‡UwRK GKkb Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e|
evsjv‡`‡k cÖ‡R‡±i Uv‡M©U GjvK‡Z wbw`©÷ †Kvb AwaKvi f‡½i Rb¨ mycvwik Ki‡e Ges mn‡hvMx wnmv‡e f~wgKv ivL‡e|
†mB mv‡_ miKvix Ges Ab¨vb¨ gvbevwaKvi Ges mykvmb wel‡q wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³‡`i mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡e Ges Ab¨vb¨
AskMÖnbKvix‡`i †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj n‡Z Ges ¯’vbxq fv‡e ev¯Íevqb bxwZ cwiKíbv Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e|
1.2. jÿ¨ / D‡Ïk¨
GB‡gbyqvjwUi m‡ev©cwi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q - `ÿZv e„w×, ms‡e`bkxjZv Ges wcAviGwWwR cÖ‡R‡±i Kg© mgyn‡K GwM‡q wb‡q
hvevi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki Uv‡M©U (wPwýZ) GjvKv¸‡jv‡Z MbZvwš¿Kfv‡e ¯’vbxq mykvmb e„wׇZ mnvqZv Ki‡e|
GB †gbyqvjwUi wbw`©ó jÿ¨My‡jv wb¤œiæc:
1. ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZwbwa, wmGmGwR, BDwcwR Ges Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vbxq †÷K‡nvìvi‡`i Ávb, `ÿZv e„w× Ges AbyKzj mvov
cÖ`vbKvix gvbevwaKvi msMVb Ges ¯’vbxq kvmb m¤úK©xZ Z_¨mgyn cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e|
2. ¯’vbxq kvmb (BDwbqb cwil`) AvBb - 2009 Ges Dwc †gbyqvj Gi wewamn AskMÖnYg~jK ¯’vbxq Dbœqb cwiKíbv
Ges †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj ev‡RU cÖbq‡b AskMÖnYg~jK Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z mnvqK n‡e|
3. evsjv‡`‡ki Uv‡M©U GjvKv‡Z AwZ `wi`ª‡`i mvgvwRK I AvBbMZ myiÿvi Rb¨ Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ges Zv‡`i‡K weP‡i
cÖ‡e‡ki my‡hvM e„w×i Rb¨ Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡e|
GB †gbyqvjwU gvbevwaKvi Ges mykvmb m¤ú‡K© †evSvi Rb¨ cvuPwU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v:
Awa‡ekb GK
myPbv

7. 6
Aa¨vq welq mgyn
Aa¨vq - GK gvbevwaKvi Ges gvbevwaKv‡ii gvb`Û
Aa¨vq - `yB ¯’vbxq Dbœq‡b gvbevwaKvi wfwËK f~wgKv (wnDg¨vb ivBm& †eBm G‡cÖvP)
Aa¨vq - wZb ‡RÛvi I ¯’vbxq Dbœqb
Aa¨vq - Pvi ¯’vbxq kvmb m¤ú‡K© mvavib Ávb: avibv, A_©, Dcv`vb, bxwZgvjv Ges wKfv‡e ¯’vbxq kvmb
KvR K‡i Zvi D`vniY
Aa¨vq - cuvP MbZvwš¿K cªK…qvq ¯’vbxq kvmb
Aa¨vq - Qq bvix AwaKvi: †cÖÿvcU evsjv‡`k
Aa¨vq - mvZ wkï AwaKvi: †cÖÿvcU evsjv‡`k
Aa¨vq - AvU Z_¨ AwaKvi: ¯’vbxq cÖkvmb m¤ú‡K©
Aa¨vq - bq AvBb mnvqZv Ges wePv‡i cÖ‡ek: AwZ `wi`ª RbM‡bi †cÖÿvcU
1.4. GB †gbyqvjwU e¨env‡ii Rb¨ wKQz wUcm (ÿz`ª Dc‡`k)
GB †Uªwbs †gbyqvjwU mnvq‡Ki `ÿZv e„w× Ges jÿ¨ cyi‡b mnvqK n‡e| cÖwkÿ‡b e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ GB gwWDj
e¨enviKvix wbb¥wjwLZ welq¸‡jv ‡g‡b Pj‡e:
 cÖwZwU †mk‡b wbw`©ó jÿ¨ Ges welq myPx‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hv‡e
 cÖwkÿb cÖK…qv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq welqmg~n (‡hgb: mv`v †evW©, gvK©vi †cb, wd¬c PvU©, wfc KvW©, wcb,
gvmwKb †Uc, j¨vcUc, gvwëwgwWqv) Riæix (cÖwZwU †mmb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨)|
 mnvqK †mmb MVb Ges †mmb ïiy Kivi cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡eb| AskMÖnbKvix‡`i wbw`©ó wel‡q AvZ¥wek¦vmx
Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e|
 mnvq‡Ki e¨e¯’vcbv wel‡q `ÿZv e„wׇZ mnvqZv Ki‡e| mywbwðZ wel‡q mnvqK we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kivi
mg‡q AskMÖnbKvix‡`i Dci wbf©i Ki‡e|
 mnvqK wbw`©ó w`‡bi c~‡e© mswÿß †bvU¸‡jv fvjfv‡e co‡e| hw` `iKvi nq, Zviv welq m¤úK©xZ eB/covïbv
Ges D`vniY mgyn co‡Z cv‡i| welq m¤úK©xZ D`vniY mgy‡ni e¨vL¨v, avibv Ges Av‡jvPbv w`‡Z cv‡e|
1.5. g¨byqvjwU e¨env‡ii bgbxqZv
mnvqK B‡”Q Ki‡j GB †gbyqvjwUi ‡Uªwbs G D‡jøwLZ wbw`©wó welq mgyn e¨env‡ii myweav Abyhvqx cwieZ©b K‡i wb‡Z
cv‡i| GB †gbyqvjwU cÖ¯ÍvweZ ‡K․kj¸‡jv, mgq Ges e¨en„Z welqmgyn Ávb, `ÿZv Ges AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Pvwn`v
Abyhvqx cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e| hw` cÖ‡qvRb nq, bZzb jÿ ‡hvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Gi Rb¨ bZzb welq cwiKíbvi `iKvi
n‡e|

8. 7
Awa‡ek‡bi jÿ¨:
GB Awa‡ekbi jÿ¨ n‡”Q gvbevwaKvi Gi avibv, †cÖÿvcU, Dbœqb, gvbevwaKv‡ii fvM mgyn Ges Dbœqb| GB Aa¨v‡q
AwaKv‡ii ‡kªbxwefvM, ‡g․wjK AwaKv‡ii mv‡_ †g․wjK cv_©K¨ gvbewaKvi f‡½i welq mywPZ n‡q‡Q|
Awa‡ek‡bi welq e¯‘:
K. AwaKvi wK?
L. gvbevwaKvi wK?
M. gvbevwaKv‡ii HwZnvwmK †cÖÿvcU Ges Dbœqb
N. gvbewaKv‡ii fvM mgyn
O. gvbevwaKv‡ii gvb`Û
P. gvbevwaKvi gvb`‡Ûi e¨envi (gvbevwaKvi ch©‡eÿb Gi †ÿ‡Î)
Q. gvbewaKvi f½
R. ‡g․wjK AwaKvi wK? gvbevwaKvi Ges †g․wjK AwaKvi‡ii cv_©K¨
K. AwaKvi wK?
mvaviYZ fvlvq AwaKvi n‡”Q GKRb gvby‡li ÿgZv| AwaKv‡ii kvmb Øviv gvbevwaKv‡ii ¯^xK…wZ Ges iÿv KivB Gi
D‡Ïk¨| GwU GKwU AvBb‡K mycvwik K‡i, hLb K) †Kvb cÖwZÁv ivL‡Z mvavib AwaKvi cÖ‡qvRb; L) GwU Avgv‡`i
Kv‡R jv‡M; M) †Kvb e¨w³i †hvM¨Zv hv Zvi wKQy KvR‡K ev Zvi AwaKv‡i _vKv †Kvb welq‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq g‡b K‡i|
‡hgb: Avgiv ÒAwaKviÓ kãwU e¨envi Kwi hLb †Kvb e¨w³ Zvi m¤úwË ev Zvi wb‡R‡K iÿvi AwaKvi welq hy³ nq|
GKwU AwaKvi n‡”Q GKwU eva¨evaKZv Ges G‡K ev¯Í‡e iæc †`qv hvq|
Aa¨vcK m¨vgÛ AwaKvi‡K wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e e¨vL¨v K‡ib:
 AwaKvi n‡”Q ev¯Íe welqmgyn
 AwaKvi n‡”Q wKQ m¤úwË; †hgb: Kwc ivBU, c¨v‡U›U ivBU, BZ¨vw`
 AwaKvi GKRb e¨w³i e¨w³MZ m¤§vb
 AwaKvi n‡”Q cvwievwiK m¤úK©
 AwaKvi n‡”Q mybvg
 AwaKvi n‡”Q wKQz myweav
AwaKvi‡K cÖ_wgKfv‡e `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
1. AvBbMZ AwaKvi
mvaviYfv‡e AvBbMZ AwaKvi GKwU myweav hv wewa Øviv cwiPvwjZ wePvwiK AwaKvi hv AvBbMZ AwaKvi‡K ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb
K‡i Ges myiÿv K‡i| G‡`‡ki RbMb AvB‡bi Øviv ev miKvix wewa Øviv AvBbMZ AwaKvi‡K ‡fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
AvBbMZ AwaKvi‡K bvMwiK AwaKvi ev cÖwZwôZ AwaKvi ejv nq| GwU †`‡ki AvBbMZ wbq‡gi g‡a¨ KvR K‡i| GwU
GKRb gvby‡li †Kvb KvR‡K wbq¯¿b Kivi `ÿZv e„wׇZ ivóª‡K mnvqZv K‡i|
‡mmb `yB
gvbevwaKvi Ges Gi gvb`Û

9. 8
2. ¯^fvweK / gvbweK AwaKvi
¯^vfvweK AwaKvi‡K gvbweK AwaKvi wKsev GKvš‘ e¨w³MZ AwaKvi ejv nq| Rb¥MZ fv‡eB GB AwaKvi ¸‡jv m„wó nq|
GwU †KD †K‡o wb‡Z cv‡i bv| GwU †Kvb miKvi ev ‡Kvb wbqg ev †Kvb ixwZ ev †Kvb AvB‡bi Øviv ‣Zix bq| GwU
gvbweK AwaKvi †_‡K Av‡m hv mve©Rbxb fv‡e ¯^xK…Z| ¯^vfvweK AvB‡bi †Kvb mxgvbv ev wePvwiK mxgve×Zv †bB| GwU
mve©Rbxb| gvbevwaKvi cÖwZôvq ¯^vfvweK AwaKvi GKwU †g․wjK AwaKvi|
L. gvbevwaKvi wK?
gvbevwaKvi mKj gvby‡li ¯^vaxbZv, wePvi Ges kvwšÍi wfwË| gvbevwaKvi mvavi‡bi evuPvi Rb¨ wbb¥Zg `iKvix welq
mgyn‡K mgvbfv‡e mb¥v‡bi mv‡_ cÖwZdwjZ K‡i| gvbevwaKvi mvavi‡Yi ‡eu‡P _vKvi ¯^vaxbZv cÖ`vb K‡i| wKfv‡e Zviv
wb‡R‡`i Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e †m welq¸‡jv e¨vL¨v K‡i| Ges wK ai‡bi miKvi Zviv mg_©b Ki‡e †m welq mn Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK
welq we‡ePbv K‡i| gvbevwaKvi mvavi‡Yi wbb¥Zg cÖ‡qvRbxq Pvwn`v cyi‡Y wbwðqZv cÖ`vb K‡i| †hgb: Lv`¨, evm¯’vb
Ges wkÿv| G‡Z Z‡i mKj myweavi †fvM Kiv hvq| cwi‡k‡l G ejv hvq †h, ‡eu‡P _vKvi wbðqZv, ¯^vaxbZv Ges
wbivcËv cÖ`vb K‡i ÿgZvkxj e¨w³i wbôzi AvPiY n‡Z iÿv K‡i|
RvwZms‡Ni avibv g‡Z, gvbevwaKvi n‡”Q gvbweK Dbœq‡bi `ÿZv Ges gvbweq ¸bvejx †hgb: eyw×gËv, Ávb Ges
m‡PZbZv Ges Zvi Ava¨vwZ¥K Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq welq mgy‡ni wbðqZv cÖ`vb K‡i| gvbevwaKvi gvbweK Ges
AvBbMZ gyj¨‡eva hv miKvi‡K `vqe× n‡Z ¯^xKvi K‡i| GwU gvbevwaKvi‡K wb‡`©k K‡i:
- AvšÍ©RvwZK ¯^xK…wZ
- AvBbMZ myiÿv
- gvbexq gh©v`v‡K wb‡`©k K‡i
- e¨w³ Ges `j‡K iÿv K‡i
- ivóªxq †Kvb euvav Ges miKvix Kg©KZ©v‡`i Zz‡j a‡i
- GwU †KD wQwb‡q wb‡Z cv‡i bv
- GwU mgvb Ges G‡K A‡b¨i cÖwZ wbf©ikxj
- mve©Rbxb
GwU D‡jøL¨ †h, gvbevwaKvi n‡”Q mKj e¨w³i ev `‡ji iÿv KeP (AvB‡bi kvmb)| cÖ_gZ: GwU †Kvb e¨w³ ev `‡ji
weiæ‡× miKv‡ii ÿgZv‡K wbqš¿b K‡i| gvbevwaKvi ‡mme AwaKvi‡K wb‡`©k K‡i hv miKv‡ii †Kvb KvR ‡Kvb e¨w³i
AwaKvi‡K f½ K‡i| gvbevwaKvi †Kvb e¨w³ ev †Kvb iv÷ª Gi m¤úK© Ges e¨w³‡`i wb‡R‡`i ga¨Kvi m¤úK© •Zix‡Z
mnvqZv K‡i| †hgb: ‡e‡Pu _vKvi AwaKvi n‡”Q hv †Kvb ivóª‡K (AvBb, cÖkvmwbK wKsiv wePvwiK) wel‡q †Kvb e¨w³i
wePvi ewn©f~Z nZ¨v, kvw¯Í, AvZ¥nbb ev †Kvb iv÷ªxq ms¯’v ev †Kvb e¨w³i Øviv wbiæ‡Ïk n‡Z eva¨ Kiv, Gme wel‡q
miKvi‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc wb‡Z mnvqZv Kiv|
gyj Dcv`vb
wPÎ - 1: gvbevwaKv‡ii ‣ewkó¨
¯^vfweK hv †`Lv hvq bv
gvbevwaKvi
mb¥v‡bi mv‡_ evuPv
hv †`Lv hvq bv mve©Rbxb

10. 9
gvvbevwaKvi n‡”Q hv KvD‡K †`qv hvqbv, hv ‡Kbv hvq bv, hv AR©b Ki‡Z nq ev Rb¥MZfv‡e ‣Zix nq| KviY Zviv
mvaviYfv‡eB GKRb gvbyl| Zviv cÖ‡Z¨‡K Rb¥MZfv‡eB GwU enb K‡i| GwU GKRb gvbyl R‡b¥i mv‡_ mv‡_ wb‡q
Av‡m|
gvbevwaKvi mK‡ji Rb¨ mgvb| wj½, ag©, RvwZ, ivR‣bwZK ev Ab¨ †Kvb e¨vL¨v, ‡`k ev mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb‡K mgvbfv‡e
†`‡L| Avgiv mK‡jB mgvb gh©`v Ges AwaKvi wb‡q Rb¥MÖnY Kwi| gvbevwaKvi n‡”Q mve©Rbxb| gvbevwaKvi c„w_exi
mK‡ji Rb¨ mgvb|
gvbevwaKvi †KD †K‡o wb‡Z cv‡i bv| †Kvb e¨w³ †Kvb Kvi‡Y KvD‡K ewÂZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| RbM‡bi gvbevwaKvi †Kvb
†`‡ki AvBb Øviv ¯^xK…wZ cÖvß| ‡KD hLb gvbevwaKvi f½ K‡i, †hgb: `vmZ¡, `vm‡`i AwaKvi f½ n‡jI Zviv AwaKvi
f‡½i Rb¨ mnvqZv cv‡e| gvbevwaKvi wQbœ Kiv hvq bv|
gh©v`vi mv‡_ evuPv| gvbevwaKvi ¯^vaxbZv, wbivcËv Ges evuPvi Rb¨ †kvfbxq HK¨gZ, hv †KD wQwb‡q wb‡Z cv‡i bv|
M. HwZnvwmK †cÖÿvcU Ges gvbevwaKv‡ii Dbœqb
gvbevwaKvi GKwU avibv hv gvbe BwZnvm‡K mve©ÿwbKfv‡e weKvk Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| GwU AvBb, cÖ_v Ges ag© Øviv
mKj‡K eva¨ K‡i| AwaKvi 4000 eQi c~‡e© †ewewjqvb‡`i Øviv cÖwZôZ n‡qwQj| †ewewjqvi ivRv nvgyivwe wKQz AvBb
cÖbqb K‡iwQj hv nvgyivwe †KvW bv‡g cwiwPZ| gvbevwaKvi †Kvb D`vniY ev AvBbMZ fv‡e ¯^xK…Z A‡h․w³K cjvqb
Ges kvw¯Í †_‡K iÿv K‡i|
c„w_ex‡Z mKj ag© gvbevwaKvi‡K mg_©b K‡i| ZvB GUv ¯^vfvweK AvBb Gi `vk©wbK avibv Ges cªvPxb wPšÍv Øviv ¯^xK…Z|
wKQz MªxK Ges †ivgvb `vk©wbK wPšÍv‡_‡K ¯^vfvweK AwaKv‡ii ¯^xK…wZ nq| MÖxK `vk©wbK ‡cø‡Uv (L„x:c~: 427-348) ¯^vfvweK
AvB‡bi myPx cÖbqb K‡ib| hv mve©Rbxb fv‡e cÖK„wZK AvBb‡K gvb¨ K‡i| †hgb: Ck¦i mKj‡K kvmb K‡i| †ivg †hLv‡b
wePvcwZ Djwcqvb wek¦m Ki‡Zb cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i B cªvK…wZK / ¯^vfvweK AvBb Av‡Q| ‡m e¨w³ †iv‡g evm KiæK Avi bvB
KiæK|
wPÎ - 2: gvbevwaKvi Gi cwieZ©b: GK bR‡i
cÖPxb hyM
ga¨ hyM
eZ©gvb hyM
cÖPxb hyM
ga¨ hyM
eZ©gvb hyM
‣bwZKZv
bxwZ mgyn
ev¯Íe AvPiY
Kvib
cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi
‡h․wZKZv
gvbevwaKv‡ii bxwZmgyn
cÖvK…„wZK AvB‡bi
bxwZmgyn
mve©Rbxxb AvB‡bi bxwZ

11. 10
ga¨eZ©x hy‡M Ges Zvi cieZx© †iu‡bmv hy‡M e¨w³i mvgvwRK AwaKvi‡K Lªxwóq PvP© cÖavb kw³ cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i| GKRb
e¨w³i AwaKvi‡K bw_e×Kiv †hgb: g¨vMbv KvUv© (1215), `¨v wcwUkb Ae ivBU (1628), `¨v BDGm KÝwUwUDkvb
(1787), `¨v †d«Ý wWK¬v‡ikb Ae `¨v ivBUm„ Ae g¨vb GÛ Ae `¨v wmwU‡Rb (1789), GÛ `¨v BDGm wej Ae ivBm&
(1791) AvR‡Ki hy‡MI gvbevwaKv‡ii `wjj wnmv‡e Mbbv K‡i|
xe„wUk g¨vMbv KvU©v (1215)
g¨vMbv KvU©v n‡”Q GKwU `wjj hv‡Z Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv Rb (1166-1216) ¯^vÿi K‡i| ivRv Rb PvU©v‡i ¯^vÿi K‡iwQj
KviY GwU kw³kvjx gš¿xcwil` MVb Ges Bsj¨v‡Ûi ÿgZv Kwg‡q w`‡qwQj| g¨vMbv KvU©v Bs‡iR‡`i AwaKvi Gi Dci
wfwË K‡i cÖwZwôZ| g¨vMbv KvU©v ivRvi kvm‡bi mxgve×Zvi K_v ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Q| 15 Ryb, 1215 Zvwi‡L ivRv Rb g¨vMbv
KvU©vq ¯^vÿi K‡ib|
wcwUkb Ae ivBU (1628)
AwaKvi cÖv_©bv gvbevwaKvi Dbœq‡bi gvBj‡÷vb wnmv‡e ejv hvq| bvMwiK ¯^vaxbZvi K_v wb‡q 1628 mv‡j cÖ_g
Av‡jvPbv nq| m¨vi G‡WvAvW© ‡KvK AwaKvi cÖv_©bv K‡iwQ‡jb hv c~e©eZ©x ÷vwUDU Ges PvUv©i Gi Dci wfwË K‡i •Zix
nq| GwU PviwU bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i `vwo‡q Av‡Q| h_v:
1. gwš¿cwil‡`i webv AbygwZ‡Z †Kvb U¨v· †`qv hv‡e bv
2. ‡Kvb KviY Qvov KvD‡K AvUK Kiv hv‡e bv (‡nweqvm Kc©vm AwaKv‡ii ¯^vxK…wZ )
3. ‡Kvb mb¨ bvMwiK AwaKvi‡K f½ K‡i bv
4. kvwšÍi mg‡q gvk©vj jÕ e¨envi Kiv nq |
‡d«Ý wWK¬v‡ikb Ae `¨v ivBU Ae g¨vb - 1789
GKRb e¨w³ Ges bvMwiK AwaKvi wb‡q 1789 mv‡ji AvMó gv‡m RvZxq mfvi gva¨‡g †d«Ý wWK¬v‡ikb ïiæ K‡i| †d«Ý
wWK¬v‡ikb †Nvlbv K‡i †h, GB wWK¬v‡ikb Abyhvqx mKj bvMwiK ¯^vaxbZv, m¤úwË. wbivcËv mn mKj wbh©vZb †_‡K iÿv
KeP wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡e| GU AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi K_v wb‡q Gfv‡e ZK© K‡i †h, †Kvb e¨w³i cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi n‡”Q
†Kvb mgv‡Ri m`m¨‡`i GKB AwavKvi †fv‡Mi wbðqZv cÖ`vb| Gfv‡e GB mb`wU AvBb wnmv‡e e¨w³i mvaviY e¨envi‡K
mgvb AwaKvi e‡j DbœZ K‡i Ges †hme Kvh©vejx mgv‡Ri Rb¨ ÿwZKi Zv Ki‡Z eviY K‡i|
GBmb`wU †Kvb e¨w³i †Kvb GKwU AwaKvi ev mK‡ji mgvb AwaKvi‡K e¨vL¨v K‡i| cÖvK…wZK AvB‡bi gZev`, mve©Rbxb
gZev` Ges mKj mg‡q mKj ¯’v‡b g~j¨evb e‡j ¯^xK„wZ †`q| †hgb: mgj gvbyl ¯^vaxbfv‡e Rb¥MÖnY K‡i Ges mgvb
AwaKvi †fvM K‡i|
Av‡gwiKvb wej Ae ivBU 1791
1971 mv‡ji 15 wW‡m¤^i hy³iv÷ª `kwU ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g wej Ae ivBUm& e‡j bvg †Nvlbv †`q| wbb¥wjwLZ AwaKvi
Øviv †dW‡ij miKvi Gi AwaKvi‡ii j‡ÿ¨i mxgve×Zvi ms‡kvabx K‡i:
 fvlvi ¯^vaxbZv, msev`c‡Îi ¯^vaxbZ, a‡g©i ¯^vaxbZv Ges Av‡e`b Kivi AwaKvi
 A¯ª enb Ges ivLvi AwaKvi
 ‣mwbK‡`i AwaKvi¸wj cÖ`vb
 Zjøvmx Ges KvD‡K †LvuRvi AwaKvi
 mgv‡e‡ki AwaKvi
 `ªyZwePvi, ¯^vÿxcÖ`vb/MÖnb, BZ¨vw` Gi AwaKvi
 wePvi Kv‡h©i AwaKvi
 Rvwg‡bi AwaKvi, K‡Vvi kvw¯Í †_‡K iÿvi AwaKvi
 MVbZš¿ MV‡bi wewa
 iv‡óªi mvsweavwbK AwaKvi

12. 11
‡Rgm †gwWmb wcZv wnmv‡e Av‡gwiKvi msweavb Ges wej Ae ivBUm ¯§iY K‡i| wZwb wek¦vm K‡ib †h, bvMwi‡Ki wbR
†`‡k I RvZxq miKvi n‡Z wbivcËv cvevi e¨e¯’v _vKv `iKvi| wZwb cÖ_g w`‡K 42 wU AwaKvi hv GKRb e¨w³i
wbivcËv cÖ`vb K‡i †m¸‡jv mwbœweó K‡i| wKš‘ c‡i cªwZwbwa‡`i gva¨‡g 27 wU AwaKvi †Ku‡U †`qv n‡qwQj| Ges Avvviv
12Rb wm‡bU cÖwZwbwa Av‡iv 12 wU AwaKvi †K‡U w`‡qwQ‡jb| Ges miKvi †k‡l 10wU AwaKvi‡K Aby‡gv`b K‡iwQj|
`kwU AwaKvi `kwU ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g wej Ae ivBUm& bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i|
N. gvbevwaKvi Ges Gi ch©vq mgyn
gyjZ: 1948 mv‡ji gvbevwaKvi mb` GKRb e¨w³i AwaKvi hv †h․_ AwaKvi¸‡jv‡K AvšÍ©RvwZK Ges ¯’vbxq AvBb
wnmv‡e AvbyôvwbKfv‡e ¯^xKvi K‡i| mve©Rbxb mb` Ges hv gvbevwaKvi‡ii e¨vL¨v Ges Zv‡`i AvBbMZ AwaKvi `ªyZ
†e‡o I‡V| AvR, gvbevwaKv‡ii AvšÍ©RvwZK Pzw³¸‡jv hv ‡`‡ki GKwU eo msL¨v‡K gvbevwaKv‡ii g~j myPx wnmv‡e
AwaKv‡ii wZbwU ch©vq‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i| h_v:
1. cÖ_g ch©v‡qi AwaKvi: mvgvwRK Ges ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi
2. wØZxq ch©v‡qi AwaKvi: A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK Ges mvs¯‥…wZK AwaKvi¸‡jv
3. Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi AwaKvi: Kvivev‡mi AwaKvi
A. AwaKv‡ii cÖ_g ch©vq: bvMwiK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi
cÖ_g chv©‡qi AwaKvi¸‡jv ïiy nq 17 Ges 18 kZ‡Ki w`‡K| GB AwaKvi ¸‡jvi AwaKvsk ivR‣bwZK m‡PZbZvi Dci
wbf©ikxj| GwU ¯^xKvh© †h, GB mKj ÿgZvkxj †`k wKQz Ki‡Z mg_© bq Ges bvMwiK AwaKvi‡K cwjwmi gva¨‡g mg_©b
K‡i| `ywU ga¨eZ©x avibvi ¯^xKvi cÖ_g ch©v‡qi AwaKvi mgyn‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i| hv n‡”Q:
 e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZv
 ivwóªq AwaKvi f‡½i Rb¨ ‡Kvb e¨w³‡K iÿv K‡i|
‡idv‡iÝ/m~Î:
GLb bvMwiK Ges ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi ¸‡jv AvšÍ©RvwZK bvMwiK Ges ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi mb‡` (AvBwmwmwcAvi) Ges
gvbevwaKvi Ges †g․wjK ¯^vaxbZv welqK BD‡ivwcqvb mb` (BwmGBPAvi).
 bvMwiK AwaKvi¸‡jv
GB AwaKvi ¸‡jv cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wb‡Ri Ávb Ges wek¦vm Abymv‡i kvwiixK ev •bwZK wel‡q wb¤œZg myiÿv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
†hgb: mgZv Ges ¯^vaxbZvi AwaKvi, A‡b¨i gZvgZ wKsev ag©xq ¯^vaxbZv Ges KvD‡K nZ¨v bv Kiv wKsev wbh©vZb bv
Kiv|
 AvBbMZ AwaKvi¸‡jv
GB AwaKvi¸‡jv mvaviYZ bvMwiK AwaKvi wnmv‡e Mb¨ Kiv nq| Zviv wbqwgZfv‡e RbM‡bi mv‡_ AvBb Ges ivR‣bwZK
wbqg mgyn‡K myiÿv cÖ`vb K‡i| †hgb: wbqg/wePvi ewnf©yZ AvUK, ‡Kvb e¨w³i †`vl cÖgvwbZ nIqv bv ch©šÍ Zv‡K
wb¯úvc fvev Ges Av‡e`b Kivi AwaKvi|
 ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi¸‡jv
ivR‣bwZK AwaKviMy‡jv n‡”Q ‡Kvb m¤úª`vq Ges mvgvwRK Kv‡R AskMÖnY Kiv `iKvix Ggb KZ¸‡jv AwaKvi| ‡hgb:
†fv‡Ui AwaKvi, ivR‣bwZK `‡j AskMÖn‡Yi AwaKvi, ¯^vaxbfv‡e †Kvb mgv‡e‡k AskMÖnY, gZvgZ cÖ`vb Ges Z_¨
msMÖ‡ni cÖ‡ek
HwZnvwmKfv‡e Ges ZvwË¡Kfv‡e, mvgvwRK Ges ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi †Kvb e¨w³i †g․wjK gvbevwaKvi‡K myiÿv K‡i| hv
GKwU †`k Ges RvwZi `vwqZ¡ Ges KZ©e¨‡K mygnvb K‡i|
Av.wØZxq ch©v‡qi AwaKvi¸‡jv: A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK Ges mvs¯Í…wZK AwaKvi¸‡jv
wØZxq ch©v‡qi AwaKvi¸‡jv RbMb wKfv‡e emevm Ki‡e I GK‡Î KvR Kivi mvaviY cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi K_v D‡jøL Ki‡e|
Zviv mgZvi avibv Ges mvgvwRK Ges A_©‣bwZK m¤ú‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, †Kvb KvR Ges my‡hv‡M cÖ‡e‡ki myiÿv cÖ`vb

13. 12
K‡i _v‡K| Zviv AvšÍ©RvwZK ¯^xK…wZ hv cÖ_gw`‡K cÖvwZôvwbK KvR ¸‡jv‡K e„w× Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| G¸wj bZzb Pvwn`v
Ges gh©v`vi mv‡_ bZzb fv‡e †eu‡P avKvi avibv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| RbMb GUv ¯^xKvi K‡i †h, gvbweK ghv©`v mgv‡Ri Ges
ivRbxwZi b~b¨Zg NvUwZ cyi‡Y cÖ¯Íve K‡i|
myÎ/ †idv‡iÝ
AvBwmwmwcAvi Ges BD‡ivwcqvb †mvmvj PvU©vi hv mvgvwRK, A_©‣bwZK Ges mvs¯‥…wZK AwaKvi My‡jv‡K mswÿß AvKv‡i
cÖKvk K‡i|
 mvgvwRK AwaKvi¸‡jv
GB AwaKviMy‡jv mvgvwRK Kv‡R c~b© AskMÖnY Kivi Rb¨ `iKvix| GB AwaKvi¸‡jv wkÿvi AwaKvi Ges GKwU cwievi
MVb Ges cwievi‡K wbq¯¿b Kiv‡K hy³ K‡i| wKš‘ wKQz mvgwRK AwaKvi †hgb: we‡bv`b, ¯^v¯’ myiÿv Ges •el‡g¨ bv Kiv
Ges †MvcbxqZv iÿv Kiv|
 A_©‣bwZK AwaKvi¸‡jv
GB AwaKvi¸‡jv Kv‡Ri mgg~j¨ cÖ`v‡bi AwaKvi¸‡jv‡K mshy³ K‡i| ‡mBmv‡_ fvjfv‡e †eu‡P _vKv, Aemi MÖnY Ges
mvgvwRK wbivËvi AwaKvi cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| A_©‣bwZK AwaKvi gvbyy‡li gh©v`vi Rb¨ byb¨Zg myiÿv cÖ`vb Kivi
AwaKvi‡K cÖwZdjb K‡i|
 mvs¯‥…wZK AwaKvi
GB AwaKvi¸wj mvs¯‥…wZK myiÿv Ges Rxeb avi‡bi Rb¨ wevfbœ AwaKvi mgyn‡K jÿ¨ K‡i MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GwU
RbM‡bi mvs¯‥…wZK AwaKvi mgyn‡K myiÿv K‡i| mvs¯‥…wZK AwaKv‡ii myweav, ¯^vfvweK wiwZ bxwZ, mvs¯‥…wZK myiÿv Ges
gvZ„fvlvq K_v ejvi AwaKvi Gi wkÿvi fvM mgyn hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨vb¨ AwaKvi, ‡h me AwaKvi msK…wZK AwaKvi
f~³ bq ‡mme AwaKvi mgyn †hgb: •elg¨ nxbZv Ges AvB‡bi †Pv‡L mK‡j mgvb †mwelq¸‡jv‡K mshy³ K‡i|
B. Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi AwaKvi¸‡jv: mwjwWUvwi AwaKvi¸‡jv
Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi AwaKvi¸‡jv hv mgvR ev RbM‡bi Rb¨ wKQz AwaKvi msMÖn K‡i| GUv cªwZwU e¨w³i AwaKvi¸‡jvi myweav
cÖ`vb Ges AskMÖnYKvix‡`i AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv Ges c„w_exi cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` mgyn hv A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb, e„w× Ges
A_©bxwZ‡K bZzbfv‡e Kv‡P jvMv‡bvi wbðqZv cÖ`vb K‡i| †hgb: Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ m¤ú` Ges GKwU my¯’ cwi‡ek Gi
AwaKvi wbðqZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
‡idv‡iÝ / myÎ:
1986 mv‡j msKwjZ RwZmsN mvaviY cwil` KZ…©K †lvwlZ Dbœq‡bi AwaKvi mb` (AviwUwW)
Dbœq‡bi AwaKvi n‡”Q †mme AwaKvi hv gvby‡li cÖwZwU g~j¨‡eva Ges mK‡ji AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‥…wZK Ges A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb hv mK‡ji gvbevwaKvi Ges †g․wjK AwaKvi Gi ¯^vaxbZv‡K
Dcjwã Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| RvwZmsN Dbœq‡bi AwaKvi mb` Gi Aby‡”Q` - 1
O. gveevwaKv‡ii gvb`Û

14. 13
A.AvšÍ©RvwZK gvb`‡Û gvbevwaKv‡ii Drm
1948 mv‡ji 10 wW‡m¤^i AvšÍ©RvwZK gvbevwaKvi Gi mb` mKj RvwZi mKj gvby‡li Rb¨ ‡g․wjK AwaKv‡ii gvb`Û
cÖ`vb K‡i| GB gvb`Û cÖv_wgK fv‡e wKQz AwaK‡ii cwiPq K‡i| †hgb:
 gvbevwaKvi Ges †g․wjK AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q`: 1-2)
 mvgvwRK Ges ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q`: 3 - 21)
 A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK Ges mvs¯‥„wZK AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` 22-27)
 myk„s&Lj I mvgvwRK fv‡e emevm Ges AšÍe©Zx Av‡`k (Aby‡”Q` 28-30)
hw`I Gi Rb¨ †Kvb AvBbMZ eva¨evaKZv †bB| wKš‘ RvwZms‡Ni mKj iv‡óªB AwaKv‡ii welq mgyn Zv‡`i mK‡ji
gvbevwaKvi Ge eva¨evaKZv MÖnb K‡i‡Q| Kvib: gvbevwaKvi mb` GwU wb‡`©k K‡i †h,
ÒmKj gvbyl ¯^vaxbfv‡e Rb¥MÖnY K‡i (Aby‡”Q` - 1) Ges GB mb` Abymv‡I mK‡j mvgb AwaKvi ‡fvM K‡i| eb©, RvwZ,
wj½, fvlv, ivR‣bwZK ev Zv‡`i gZvgZ mgyn RvwZ ev mvgvwRK Drm, m¤ú`, Rb¥ ev Ab¨ †Kvb Dcv‡q Zv‡`i cv_K©¨ Kiv
hv‡e bv| (Aby‡”Q` - 2)Ó
gvbevwaKvi mb` RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨ iv‡÷ªi mKj e¨w³i Rb¨ wbb¥wjwLZ welq mgyn ¯^xKvi K‡i:
Aby‡”Q` - 1 mgZvi AwaKvi (mK‡j ¯^vaxb I mgvb ghv©`vi AwaKvix n‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡i)
Aby‡”Q` -2 ‣elg¨nxbZv (GB m`b †Kvb cv_©K¨ QvovB cÖ‡Z¨‡K GKB AwaKvi Ges ¯^vaxbZv w`‡q _v‡K|)
Aby‡”Q` - 3 ‡eu‡P _vKvi AwaKvi, ¯^vaxbZv Ges GKRb e¨w³i wbivcËvi AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` - 4 `vmZ¡ †_‡K gyw³i AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` - 5 wbh©vZb A_ev wbôziZv, AgvbweK A_iv Lvivc AvPiY ev kvw¯Í cÖ`vb n‡Z myiÿvi AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` - 6 gvbyl wnmv‡e AvBbx ¯^xK…wZ
Aby‡”Q` - 7 †Kvb cÖKvi •elg¨ Qvov AvB‡bi mvg‡b mgvb Ges GKB ai‡bi AvBbx wbivcËvi AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` - 8 Kvh©Ki cÖwZKv‡ii Rb¨ RvZxq UªvBeybvj
Aby‡”Q` - 9 wbwe©Pv‡I AvUK, kvw¯Í ev wbe©vmb †_‡K gyw³i AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` -10 ¯^vaxb I wbi‡cÿ UªvBeybv‡ji gva¨‡g myôz I cÖKv‡k¨ ïbvbx Kivi AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` - 11 MbAv`vj‡Z †Kvb e¨w³i wePvi bv nIqv ch©šÍ wb¯úvc avibv Kivi AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` - 11/2 AZx‡Z N‡U hvIqv NUbv hv AvBb Øviv evwiZ Zvi †_‡K gyw³i AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` 12 ‡MvcbxhZv, cwievi, M„n Ges †hvMv‡hv‡Mi AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` 13/1 mgv‡e‡ki ¯^vaxbZv Ges cÖwZwU ‡`‡ki mxgvbvi g‡a¨ emev‡mi AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` - 12/2 wbR †`‡k n‡Z Ab¨‡`‡k hvIqv Ges †`‡k wd‡i Avmv mn †`k Z¨v‡Mi AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` - 14 cjvq‡bi Rb¨ Ab¨‡`‡k Av¯ªq MÖnY Kivi AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` - 15 RvZxqZv Ges RvvwZqZv cwieZ©b Kivi AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` - 16 weevn Ges cwiivi M‡V‡bi AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` - 17 wb‡Ri m¤úwËi AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` -18 wPšÍv, we‡eK Ges ag©xq ¯^vaxZbZv AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` - 19 gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv
Aby‡”Q` - 20 kvw¯Íc~b© mgv‡e‡ki AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` - 21 miKvi MV‡b AskMÖnY Ges webvg~‡j¨ wbev©P‡bi AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` - 22 mvgvwRK wbivcËvi AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` - 23 Kv‡Ri ¯^vaxbZv, Kg©ms¯’vb Ges mgvb Kv‡R mgvb g~‡j¨i AwaKvi

15. 14
Aby‡”Q` - 24 we¯ªvg Ges Aem‡ii AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` - 25 mv¯’¨Ki cwievi MV‡b wbR I cwiev‡ii gv‡bvbœq‡bi AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` - 26 wkÿvi AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` - 27 mvs¯‥…wZK Rxe‡b AskMÖn‡Yi AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` - 28 mvgvwRK Ges AvšÍ©RvwZK Av‡`‡ki AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` - 29 ‡Mvwôi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wel‡q ¯^vaxbZvi AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` - 30 ivóª †Mvwô ev e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvi AwaKvi cÖ`vb K‡i
GwU D‡jøL Kiv hvq †h, gvbevwaKvi mb` wQj RvwZms‡Ni GKwU m`b hv wKbv mKj m`m¨ iv÷ª‡K AvBbMZfv‡e eva¨
K‡ibv | 1948 †_‡K 1966 mvj ch©šÍ RvwZms‡Ni gvbevwaKvi Kwgkb AvšÍ©RvwZKfv‡e gvbevwaKvi myiÿv welqK AvBb
cÖavb welq Ges Gi MVb hv ev¯Íevqb Ges e¨env‡ii Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx| d‡j, gvbevwaKvi Kwgkb 1966 mv‡ji `yBwU cÖavb
AwaKvi m¤^wjZ Pzw³ cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
‡m¸wj n‡”Q:
1. mvgvwRK Ges ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi m¤^wjZ AvšÍ©RvwZK Pzw³; Ges
2. A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK Ges mvs¯‥…wZK AwaKvi m¤^wjZ AvšÍ©RvwZK Pzw³
`ywU AvšÍ©RvwZK AvBbB 1976 mv‡j ‣Zix n‡q‡Q| GB `ÕywU Pzw³B (`yÕwU †cÖv‡UvKj mn) GK‡Î gvbevwaKv‡ii mv‡_ hy³
n‡q ÒAvšÍ©RvwZK wej Ae wnDg¨vb ivBmÓ bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i|
A. mvgvwRK Ges ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi m¤^wjZ AvšÍ©RvwZK Pzw³ (AvBwmwmwcAvi), 1966
GB Pzw³mgyn RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY cwil` KZ…©K 1966 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤^i M„wnZ nq Ges 1966 mv‡ji 23 gvP© GwU
Kh©µg ïiæ K‡i| †kl ch©v‡q, 2001 mv‡j 147 wU †`k GB Pzw³wU Aby‡gv`b K‡i| 6 †m‡Þ¤^i 2000 evsjv‡`k GwU‡Z
ms‡Rvhb K‡i| mvavibfv‡e ejv hvq, mvgvwRK Ges ivR‣bwZK ¯^vaxbZv hv gvbevwaKv‡ii mv‡_ cwiwPZ K‡i (Aby‡”Q` -
3- 21) hv c‡i GB mb‡` hy³ K‡i| GB m`bwU 53 Aby‡”Q` Ges 6 wU fv‡M wef³| AwaKv‡ii kZ© mgyn ZvwjKv cÖbqb
K‡i cvU© - 1, 2, 3 hv AwaKv‡ii cÖfve evšÍevq‡bi c×wZ‡K Dcjwã K‡i|
Aby‡”Q` - 1 wb‡`©k K‡i †h,
o cÖwZwU e¨w³i e¨w³MZ wm×všÍ †bevi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| AwaKv‡ii ¸b n‡”Q ¯^vaxbfv‡K ivR‣bwZK Ae¯’vb Ges
¯^vaxbfv‡e A_©‣bwZKfv‡e, mvgvwRK Ges mvs¯‥…wZK Dbœqb
AvšÍ©RvwZK AwaKvimgy‡ni AvBb
mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK AwaKv‡ii
AvšÍ©RvwZK Pyw³ - 1966 Ges †cÖv‡UvKj
mgyn
A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK Ges mvsmvK…wZK
Aw_Kv‡ii AvšÍ©RvwZK Pyw³ - 1966 Ges
‡cÖv‡UvKj mgyn
AvšÍR©vwZK gvbevwaKv‡ii mb` - 1948

16. 15
o mKj RbMb Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i Kv‡Ri †k‡l, ¯^vaxbfv‡e cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` Ges mnvqK ‡Kvb evuav hv wØcvwÿK
myweav Ges AvšÍ©RvwZK AvB‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i AvšÍ©RvwZK m¤úK©| †Kvb e¨w³ Zvi wb‡R‡K AwaKvi n‡Z
ewÂZ K‡i|
o RvwZms‡Ni PvU©vi Gi wewa Abymv‡i iv÷ª Zvi e¨w³i wb‡Ri msK‡íi AwaKvi ev¯Íevqb Ki‡e Ges AwaKvi‡K
m¤§vb cÖ`k© Ki‡e|
Aby‡”Q` 2-5 GKwU iv‡÷ª‡K AwaKvi Ges eva¨evaKZv‡K kZ© Av‡ivc K‡i| GPyw³ AwaKvi cÖwZôvq iv‡÷ªi ‡fZ‡i †Kvb
e¨w³i mb¥vb cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡i| GB eva¨evaKZv †Kvb `iKvix c`‡ÿc Ges AvBbMZ, wePvwiK, cÖkvmwbK ev
Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi gvÎv wbiæc‡b wb‡`©kbv `vb K‡i| ivóª bvix-cyiæ‡li mgZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z Zv‡`i mvgvwRK Ges ivR‣bwZK
AwaKvi‡K AvBbMZfv‡e eva¨ K‡i|
Aby‡”Q` 6-27 (cvU© - 3) RbM‡bi wbw`©ó mvgvwRK Ges ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi¸wj wb¤œiæc:
 ‡eu‡P _vKvi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 6)
 AgvbweK Ges AegvbbvKi AvPib n‡Z ev kvw¯Í n‡Z gyw³ (Aby‡”Q` - 7)
 `vmZ¡, †Rvo c~e©K kÖg †_‡K gyw³ (Aby‡”Q` - 8)
 ‡Kvb e¨w³i ¯^vaxbZv Ges wbwe©Pv‡e AvUK †_‡K gyw³i AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` -9)
 AvUK e¨w³i cÖwZ gvbweK AvPi‡Yi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 10)
 ‡Kvb e¨w³‡K wi‡bi nvZ n‡Z gyw³ (Aby‡”Q` - 11)
 ¯^vaxbfv‡e PjvPj Ges e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 12)
 wbwe©Pv‡i ewn¯‥vi ‡_‡K gyw³i AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` -13)
 AvB‡bi †Pv‡L mgvb AwaKvi, †`vlx cÖgvwbZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ wb‡`v©l Mb¨ Kiv n‡e Ges GKwU wbi‡cÿ UªvBeybv‡ji
gva¨‡g GKwU myôz I cÖKvk¨ ïbvbx
 ‡d․R`vix AvB‡b bb wi‡UªvGKwUf G Av‡e`b Kivi AwaKvi Av‡Q wKbv (Aby‡”Q` -15)
 AvB‡bi †Pv‡L mK‡j mgvb ¯^xK…wK cvevi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` -16)
 AvB‡bi Kv‡Q mK‡j mgvb wbivcËv Ges †MvcbxqZvi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` -17)
 wPšÍv, we‡eK Ges ag©xq ¯^vaxZbZv AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` -18)
 gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv (Aby‡”Q` -18)
 cÖPvibvi mg_©‡b hy× ev RvZxq RvwZMZ A_ev ag©xq N„bvi we‡ivwaZv (Aby‡”Q` -20)
 kvw¯Íc~b© mgv‡e‡ki AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` -21)
 mwgwZ Kivi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` -22)
 weevn Ges cwiivi M‡V‡bi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` -23)
 wkï‡`i Rb¨ AwaKvi (Rb¥ wbeÜb, RvZxqZv Ges AcÖv߇`i bvg wnmve ivLv) (Aby‡”Q` - 24)
 AwaKvi, RbM‡bi †fv‡U AskMÖn‡Yi AwaKvi Ges miKvix PvKyix‡Z wbe©wPZ nevi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` -25)
 AvB‡bi Kv‡Q mK‡j mgvb I wbivcËvi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 26)
 ag©xq `‡ji m`m¨, RvwZ Ges fvlvi AwaKvi, ms¯‥…wZ, ag© cvjb Ges Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i fvlvi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q`
- 27)
GLv‡b GUv D‡jø_¨ †h, mvgvwRK Ges ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi (Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ) ¸wjB me bq Ges †Kvb welq hv AvB‡bi Øviv
wm× Ges RvZxq wbivcËv, RbM‡bi Av‡`k, RbM‡bi mv¯’¨ ev A‡b¨i AwaKvi Ges ¯^vaxbZvq myiÿv cÖ`vb Kiv|
†mBmv‡_, Aby‡”Q` 4(2) wKQz AwaKvi hv AwaKvi cÖ`vb K‡i †hgb: evuPvi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 6), AgvbweK AvPiY Ges
wbôzi kvw¯Í n‡Z gyw³ (Aby‡”Q` - 7), `vmZ¡ n‡Z gyw³ (Aby‡”Q` - 8), wi‡bi Rb¨ kvw¯Í n‡Z gyw³ (Aby‡”Q` - 11),
†d․R`vix AvB‡b c~‡e©B Av‡e`bKvix, AvB‡bi Kv‡Q e¨w³ wnmv‡K ¯^xK„wZ cvevi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 16) Ges wPšÍv,
m‡PZbZv Ges agx©q ¯^vaxbZv (Aby‡”Q` - 18)

17. 16
2. A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK Ges mvs¯‥wZ…K AwaKvi m¤ú©KxZ AvšÍ©RvwZK AšÍ©RvwZK Pzw³ (AvBwmBGmwmAvi), 1966
GB Pyw³wU 1966 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤^i RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY cwil‡`i wewa 2200 G (XXI) Aby‡gv`b jvf K‡iwQj| GwU
1976 mv‡ji 3 iv Rvbyqvix Kvh©Kix n‡qwQj| evsjv‡`k GwU‡K 5 A‡±vei 1998 mv‡j bvg ms‡hvRb K‡i|
g~j welqmgyn
AvBwmBGmwmAvi 31wU Aby‡”Q` Øviv hy³| hv cuvPwU fv‡M wef³| GB Pyw³i mywbw`©ófv‡e cvU© - 1 Ges cvU© - 3 AwaKvi
Øviv Ab¨vb¨ wewamgyn ¸wj wb¤œiæc:
 ¯^-msK‡íi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 1)
 Kv‡Ri AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 6)
 Kv‡Ri AbyKyj k‡Z©i cÖ‡e‡ki AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` -7)
 ‡UªW BDwbqb MVb Ges †hvM`v‡bi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 8)
 mvgvwRK exgv mn mvgvwRK wbivcËv MÖn‡Yi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 9)
 gvZ…Z¡, ‣kke, weevn Ges cwievi MVb m¤ú©wKZ AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 10)
 wb‡R‡K Ges Zvi cwiei‡K Ges RxebhvÎvi ch©vß gvb ÿzav †_‡K gy³ nevi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 11)
 kvixwiK Ges gvbwmK ¯^v‡¯’¨I m‡eŸv”P AwaMg¨ gvb igb Kivi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 12)
 wkÿvi AwaKvi, webvg~‡j¨ eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wkÿvi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 13)
 ms¯‥…wZK Rxe‡bi Ask ‡bevi AwaKvi Ges †eÁvwbK AMÖMvwZi mydj †fvM Kivi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 15)
ivóxq eva¨evaKZv
AvBwmBGmwmAvi 1966 mv‡j ivóªxq eva¨evaKZv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i hv Aby‡”Q` - 2 †Z eb©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| iv÷ª‡K G Pzw³
AvBbMZfv‡e eva¨ K‡i †h, iv‡÷ªi †fZ‡i mev©waK cÖvß mnvqK, A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK Ges mvs¯‥…wZK fv‡e ¯^xK…wZcÖvß
welqMywj c~b© iæ‡c AvB‡bi gva¨‡g eva¨ K‡i| hv, cÖMwZkxj avibv A_©‣bwZKfv‡e, mvgvwRKfv‡e Ges mvs¯‥…wZKfv‡e Aí
mg‡qi g‡a¨ mvavibfv‡e AR©b Kiv hvqbv| GBme Kvi‡Y, mKj †`k GB Pzw³i e‡j c~b© ¯^xK…wZ †`evi Rb¨ `iKvix
c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i| †`k mgyn AvBb cwil`, cÖkvmwbK wefvM, wePvwiK wefvM Ges cÖvK…wZK AvB‡bi Øviv A_©‣bwZK,
mvgvwRK Ges wkÿvi welq mgyn mwVKfv‡e hy³ Ki‡e|
cÖZMwZkxj AR©b ivóªxq mnvqK‡K Abymib K‡i bv| wKš‘ Zv‡`i AwaKvi cyi‡Yi Rb¨ ‡Kvb cv_©K¨ bv K‡i mK‡ji
cwiZzwó mg„× cÖ‡qvRbxq Ges Kvh©Ki e¨e¯’vmgyn Kvh©Ki‡Y Av‡iv e„w× Ki‡e| †hme mnvqK cvIqv hvq:
- ‡`‡ki †fZ‡i cÖvß mnvqK
- AvšÍ©RvwZK mn‡hvMxZv Ges mnvqZv
Aby‡”Q` - 2: ivóª KZ©„K AwaKv‡ii ev¯Íevqb K‡Lv‡bv K‡Lv‡bv AvšÍ mnvqZv Ges AwaKvi e¨env‡ii myweavi †hvM¨Zv‡K
Zz‡j a‡i| KviY, Zviv iv‡÷ªi Dbœqb Kv‡h© cªvß mnvqKmgy‡ni wewfbœ mgm¨v mgyn wewfbœfv‡e e¨enªZ n‡Z eva¨ K‡i‡Q|
GB Pzw³ †Kvb AwaKvi‡K ZvrÿwbKfv‡e ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Y wKQz mxgve×Zv Av‡Q| ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK
Ges mvs¯‥…wZK AwaKvi hv cvIqv hvq Ges evwn¨K mvnvh¨ / mn‡hvMxZv `iKvi| GUv g‡b K‡i †h, cªwZwU iv÷ª wewfbœ
ai‡Yi eva¨evaKZv e¨envi K‡i| †hgb: e¨w³ wb‡Ri Ges Zvi cwiev‡ii Ae¯’v Abymv‡i ch©vß AvevwmK AwaKvi Av‡Q|
(Aby‡”Q` - 11) GwU Av‡iv `iKvix †h, evwn¨K mnvqZv Ges evsjv‡`‡ki wbKUZg Av‡iv wKQz iv‡óªi Kv‡Q †c․uQv‡Z n‡e|
G¸wj hy³ Kiv hvq †h, RvwZms‡Ni cÖ`Ë wKQz Pzw³ Ges mb` †Kvb GKwU we‡kl `j‡K AwaKvi cÖ`vb K‡i| †hgb: bvix,
wkï, Awffvmb, kvixwiK cÖwZe›`x, Avw`evmx RbMb| evsjv‡`k ¯^vÿi K‡i‡Q GiKg AwaKvsk Pzw³ Ges RvwZms‡Ni
mb` mgyn wb¤œiæc:
- bvixi cÖwZ mKj cÖKvi mwnsmZv we‡jv‡ci mb` (wm‡Wv) (evsjv‡`k ¯^vÿi K‡i- 6 b‡f¤^i 1984)

18. 17
- wkï AwaKvi mb` (wmAviwm) 1989 (evsjv‡`k cwieZ©b K‡i‡Q AMvó 1990)
- mKj cÖKvi wbh©vZb ev Ab¨vb¨ wbôzi, AgvbweK ev AZ¨šÍ Lvivc AvPi‡bi weiæ‡× AvšÍ©RvwZK mb` (K¨vU)
(evsjv‡`k 5 A‡±vei 1998 mv‡j ¯^vÿi K‡i‡Q|
- mKj cÖKvi eb© •el‡g¨ wb‡iv‡a AvšÍ©RvwZK mb` (AvBwmBAviwW), 1965 (evsjv‡`k 11 Ryb 1979 ¯^vÿi
K‡i‡Q|
- cÖwZew›`‡`i AwaKvi iÿvi Rb¨ mb` (evsjv‡`k 30 b‡f¤^i 2007 mv‡j cwieZ©b K‡i‡Q)
- ‣ewk¦K Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ RvwZms‡Ni KvVv‡gv mb`, 1992 (15 GwcÖj 1994 ¯^vÿi K‡i‡Q)
- mKj Awffvmb Kgx© Ges Zv‡`i cwiev‡ii myiÿv Ki‡Yi Rb¨ cÖbxZ mb`, 1990 (evsjv‡`k 7 A‡±vei 1998
mv‡j ¯^vÿi K‡i‡Q)
- SzwKc~b© wkï kÖ‡gi weiæ‡× bm`, 1999 (bs - 182) (evsjv‡`k 12 gvP© 2001 mv‡j ¯^vÿi K‡i‡Q)
GUv ejv `iKvi †h, evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni GKwU m`m¨ ivóª| RvwZms‡Ni AwaKv‡ii mb‡`i •bwZK eva¨evaKZv Av‡Q|
gvbevwaKvi ev¯Íevqb cÖv_wgK fv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi ¯^vÿiKvix †`k wnmv‡e RvwZms‡Ni Pyw³ mgyn D‡jøL K‡i‡Q|
bvix‡`i Rb¨ gvbevwaKv‡ii gvb`Û
1945 mvj n‡Z gvbevwaKvi bvixi AwaKvi we‡ePbvq G‡b‡Q (RvwZms‡Ni cÖwZôvKvj n‡Z)| RvwZms‡Ni PvU©vi Gi
gyLe‡× GUv D‡jøL K‡i †h, †g․wjK AwaKvi, ghv©`vi AwaKvi Av‡Q Ges gvby‡li g~j¨ Av‡Q Ges bvix - cyiæl mgvb|
Aby‡”Q` - 1 (3) RvwZms‡Ni PvU©vi e¨e¯’v MÖnb K‡i †h, RvwZms‡Ni AwR©Z AvšÍ©RvwZK mn‡hvMxZv A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK,
mvs¯‥…wZK ev gvbweK wPÎ m¤^wjZ AvšÍ©RvwZK mgm¨v wb‡iv‡a cwiKíbv MÖnb K‡i _v‡K| eb©, wj½, fvlv Ges ag©xq
¯^vaxbZv gvbevwaKvi Ges †g․wjK AwaKvi‡K DbœZ I e„w× K‡i| 1948 mv‡j gvbevwaKv‡ii •elg¨nxbZvi bxwZ mgyn Ges
mKj gvbyl ¯^vaxbev‡e Rb¥MÖnY K‡i Ges mgvb ghv©`vi AwaKvix Ges mK‡jB mgvb| †hgb: eb©, wj½, fvlv, A_ev ag©,
ivR‣bwZK ev Ab¨vb¨ gZvgZ RvZxq ev mvgvwRK Drm mygM, m¤úwË ev Rb¥ ev Ab¨ †Kvb cÖwZK…wZ|
AvšÍ©RvwZK cÖwZkªywZ, RvwZmsN 1948 mv‡ji gvbevwaKvi mb‡`i AvšÍ©RvwZKfv‡e ¯^xK…Z wewamgyn wb‡q 7 b‡f¤^i 1967
bvixi cÖwZ mKj cÖKvi •elg¨ `~ixKi‡Yi mb` †Nvlbv Kiv nq| GUv RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨ iv‡óªi eva¨evaKZv Qvov AvBbMZ
fv‡e 1979 mv‡j RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY cwil‡` bvixi weiæ‡× •elg¨ `~ixKiY †Nvlbvi AvBbx ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ bvixi
weiæ‡× mKj ai‡bi •elg¨ `~ixKiY Gi mb` M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| GwU‡K 1981 mv‡j 3iv †m‡Þ¤^i bvix AwaKv‡ii AvšÍ©RvwZK
mb` e‡j †Nvlbv Kiv nh|
wm‡Wv 30wU Aby‡”Q‡`i mgš^‡q MwVZ| GwU wZbwU fv‡M wef³:
1. Aby‡”Q` 1-16 : bvix I cyiy‡li gv‡S mgZv
2. Aby‡”Q` 17 - 22 : BDGb wm‡Wv KwgwU Ges Gi wewa mgyn
3. Aby‡”Q` 22 - 30 : Pzw³i cÖkvmwbK Kvh©µg
wm‡Wv Gi Aby‡”Q` - 1 bvixi cÖwZ •elg¨ Gi msMv wbb¥wjwLZ welhmgyn hy³ Kiv nq:
bvix I cyiyl mgZvi wfwˇZ Zv‡`i •eevwnK Ae¯’v ev gwnjv‡`i ¯^xK„wZ cª`vb, †Kvb Drm‡e evuav cÖ`vb ev cÖfve we¯Ívi hv
wj‡½i wfwˇZ cÖbxZ †Kvb cv_©K¨, eR©b ev mxgve×Zv Ges ivR‣bwZK, A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‥…wZK, mykxj ev Ab¨
†Kvb †ÿ‡Î †g․wjK ¯^vaxbZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
GB Kb‡fbkb / mb‡`i gva¨‡g, hy³ivóª mn mKj †`k bvixi weiæ‡× mKj ai‡Yi •el‡g¨ wbim‡b wb¤œwjwLZ e¨e¯’v MÖnY
K‡i:
- ‡`kmgyn Zv‡`i AvBbx e¨e¯’vq bvix cyiæ‡li mgZvi bxwZ MÖnY Ki‡e| •elg¨g~jK AvBb evwZj Ki‡e Ges
bvixi weiæ‡× ‣elg¨ wbim‡b e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e|
- bvixi weiæ‡× mKj cÖKvi •elg¨ `~ixKi‡Y wUªvBeybvj Ges Ab¨vb¨ miKvix cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb K‡i Kvh©Ki myiÿv
wbwðZKiY
- e¨w³, cÖwZôvb ev D‡`¨v‡Mi gva¨‡g bvixi weiy‡× •elg¨ gyjK mKj KvR eR©b wbwðZKiY

19. 18
-
wm‡Wv‡Z bvix‡`i AwaKvi welqK wewa
Aby‡”Q` - 3: mgZv
Rxe‡bi mKj †ÿ‡Î bvix cyiæ‡li g‡a¨ mgZv Av‡Q| ivR‣bwZK, mvgvwRK, A_©‣bwZK Ges mvs¯‥…wZK †ÿ‡Î bvixi mgZv
wbiæc‡g e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
Aby‡”Q` - 3: A¯’vqx we‡kl e¨e¯’v
bvixi mgZv wbiæc‡g A¯’vqx we‡kl e¨e¯’v ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
Aby‡”Q` - 5: Kzms¯‥vi
mKj †`k ¯^xKvi K‡i †h, wj‡½i wfw³‡Z †Kvb e¨w³i byb¨Zv ev †kÖôZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Abygv‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i †Kvb wbqg
ms‡kvab ev ev` w`‡Z n‡e|
Aby‡”Q` - 6: bvix cvPvi `gb
¯^vÿiKvix †`k mgyn bvix cwZZve„wË I cvPvi `gb Kivi Rb¨ c`‡ÿc wb‡Z ivRx nq|
Aby‡”Q` - 7: ivR‣bwZK I mvaviY Rxeb
‡fvU, miKvix Kg©‡ÿ‡Î bvixi Ae¯’vb Ges mykxj mgv‡P bvixi mgvb AskMÖn‡Yi AwaKvi Av‡Q|
Aby‡”Q` - 8: AvšÍ©RvwZK KvR
‡Kvb cÖKvi •elg¨ Qvov AvšÍ©RvwZK ch©v‡q KvR Kivi AwaKvi Av‡Q|
Aby‡”Q` - 9: RvZxqZv
bvixi AR©b cwieZ©b ev RvZxqZv ev Zv‡`i mšÍvb‡`i a‡i ivLv cyiæ‡li mgvb AwaKvi Av‡Q|
Aby‡”Q` - 9: wkÿv
bvix ¯‥z‡ji mgvb cÖ‡ekvwaKvi, e„wËg~jK cÖwkÿb Ges ¯‥jvikx‡ci my‡hvMmn wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î cyiæ‡li mgvb AwaKvi Av‡Q|
Aby‡”Q` - 11: PvKwi
bvixi •eevwnK Ae¯’v ev cÖmywZ Kvjxb myweav mn mKj cÖKvi mgvb AwaKvi i‡q‡Q|
Aby‡”Q` - 12: ¯^v¯’¨
bvixi mvkÖqx g~‡j¨ ¯^v¯’¨ †mevi AwaKvi Av‡Q|
Aby‡”Q` - 13: A_©‣bwZK Ges mvgvwRK Rxeb
bvixi cwievwiK myweav, Avw_©K wib Ges we‡bv`bg~jK Kg©Kv‡Û AskMÖnY Kivi mgvb AwaKvi Av‡Q:
K) cvwievwiK myweavi AwaKvi
L) e¨vsK wib, eÜKx Ges Ab¨vb¨ AwaKvi Av‡Q
M) we‡bv`bg~jK Kvh©µg, µxov I mvs¯‥…wZK Rxe‡b mKj ¯’v‡b AskMÖn‡Yi AwaKvi Av‡Q|
Aby‡”Q` - 14: MÖvgxb bvix
MÖvgxb bvix‡`i ch©vß evm¯’vb, Dbœqb cwiKíbvq AskMÖnY Ges ¯^v‡¯’¨i hZœ Ges wkÿv Mªn‡Yi AwaKvi Av‡Q|
Aby‡”Q` - 15: AvB‡bi mvg‡b mgZv
AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z bvix Ges cyiæl mgvb| bvixi Pzw³, m¤úwË, Ges evm¯’v‡bi AvBbMZ AwaKvi Av‡Q|

20. 19
Aby‡”Q`e - 16: weevn Ges cwievi MVb
bvixi weevn Ges cwievi MVb msµvšÍ wel‡q cyiæ‡li mgvb AwaKvi Av‡Q|
K) weev‡ni mgvb AwaKvi
M) weevn Ges Zvjv‡Ki mgvb AwaKvi Av‡Q
P) AwffveKZ¡, cve©‡b AskMÖnY, Ges wkky cvj‡bi `vwqZ¡ Ges AwaKvi Av‡Q|
bvixi cÖwZ mKj cÖKvi •elg¨ wb‡iv‡ai mb‡` ‡fvU †`qv wKsev wbe©vP‡b `vuov‡bvi AwaKvi Av‡Q| †hgb: wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨ I
DשZb ch©v‡q bvix‡`i mgvb my‡hvM myweav wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges mvaviY Rxeb, mgvb my‡hvM cª`v‡bi Rb¨ wbwðZ e¨e¯’v
ivL‡Z ivóª mgyn m¤§Z nb| GB mb‡`i gva¨‡g ivó mgyn‡K bvix‡`i gvbevwaKvi I †g․wjK ¯^vaxbZv †fvM Kivi Rb¨
AvBb •Zix I A¯’vqx we‡kl e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ ivóª mKj‡K Aby‡iva Rvbv‡bv nq|
GQvov, wm‡Wv bvixi cÖRbb AwaKvi Ges wj½ f~wgKv wbwðZ Ki‡Z Ges cwiev‡ii m¤úK© wbb©q Ges ms¯‥…wZ Ges
HwZn¨MZ cÖfvekvjx evwnbx hv gvbevwaKvi iÿvq f~wgKv iv‡L Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z Pzw³ nq| GB Pzw³ bvixi gvbevwaKvi
AR©b Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| bvixi RvZxqZv Ges Zv‡`i wkï‡`i RvwZqZv AR©b, cwieZ©b ev a‡i ivL‡Z wbðqZv `vb
K‡i| ivóª mgyn bvix I Zv‡`i cÖwZ mKj cÖKvi wbh©vZb / †kvlb mn me ai‡bi AgvbbvKi wbh©vZb m¤ú‡K© e¨e¯’v MÖnY
Ki‡Z m¤§Z nb| ZvQvov bvixi cÖwZ mKj cÖKvi •elg¨ m„wó‡Z AvBbMZ evuav Ges ivóª mgyn Pzw³i mKj Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx
kZ© mgyn †g‡b wb‡q cÖwZ Pvi eQi AšÍi RvZxq wi‡cvU© Rgv w`‡Z cÖwZkÖywZe× nq|
wkï‡`i Rb¨ gvbevwaKv‡ii gvb`Û
1924 mv‡ji jxM Ae b¨vkbm Øviv ¯^xK…Z wkï‡`i AwaKv‡ii •ewkó¨¸wj ‡R‡bfv †Nvlbvi gva¨‡g e¨enªZ nq| GB
‡Nvlbvi gva¨‡g wkïi ¯^vfvweK weKvk, ÿzavZ© wkïi weKvk, ¯^v¯’¨ †mev, AbMÖmi wkïi AwaKvi cÖwZôvq `vex, Amy¯’¨
wkïi AwaKvi cÖwZôvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wbb©‡q Av¯ªq MÖnYI ‡kvlb †_‡K iÿv Kivi AwaKvi mn Abv_ wkï‡`i Rb evm¯’vb
Ges ¯^v¯’¨ †mev MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ wkï AwaKvi wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡i|
1948 mv‡ji gvbevwaKvi mb` Gi Aby‡”Q` 25 (2) Gi gva¨g •kk‡e wkïi hZœ Ges mnvqZv cvevi AwaKvi wbwðZ
nq| gvbevwaKv‡ii g~jbxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i RvwZms‡Ni AwaKv‡ii mve©RbxZv, we‡kl myiÿvi AwaKvi Ges AwaKvi mn
wkï‡`i AwaKvi iÿvi Rb¨ `kwU bxwZ hv wkï AwaKvi †Nvlbvi gva¨‡g M„nxZ nq| GB †Nvlbvi Rb¨ RvwZms‡Ni †Kvb
AvBbx evuav †bB| Z‡e GUv mwZ¨ †h, 1990 mv‡a wkï AwaKv‡ii Rb¨ RvwZmsN wkï AwaKvi †Nvlbv K‡i|
wkï AwaKvi mb` Abyhvqx Aby‡”Q` 54 ‡K wZbwU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v:
wm‡Wv‡Z bvix Dbœqb welqK evsjv‡`‡ki evuavmgyn
evsjv‡`k 1984 mv‡ji 6 b‡f¤^i wm‡Wv mb‡`i Aby‡”Q` 2, 13 (1)(K), 16 (M) Ges (P) ms‡kvlb K‡i|
bvix‡`i welq m¤^wjZ mvgvwRK Kvh©µg Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wm‡Wv mb‡`i Aby‡”Q` 2, 13 (1)(K), 16 (M) Ges (P)
AvcwË evsjv‡`‡k G‡Lv‡bv weivRgvb| Aby‡”Q` `yÕwU wb¤œiæc:
o Aby‡”Q` 2 †Z mvsweavwbK AvBb, AvBbcÖbqb Ges AvB‡bi wewamgyn •el‡g¨i weiy‡× mKj AwaKvi
eySvq; Ges
o Aby‡”Q` 16-1 (M) hv weevn Ges weevn msµvšÍ mKj welq wb¯úwˇZ bvixi mgvbvwaKvi wb‡`©k K‡i|
RvwZms‡Ni m‡ev©”P chv©‡q wm‡Wv mb‡`i G `ywU Aby‡”Q` g~j weavb wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ nq| Z‡e, evsjv‡`k
miKvi cweÎ †Kvivb Ges mybœvni Dci wfwË K‡i we‡ewPZ e‡j ag©xq ¯^xgve×Zv wnmv‡e AvcwË Rvbvq|

21. 20
GKwU wkï n‡”Q GKRb gvbyl hvi eqm 18 eQ‡ii wb‡P Ges AvBbMZ fv‡e ‡h wkï wnmv‡e ¯^vxK„Z |
wmAviwm wbb¥wjwLZ welq mgyn ¯^„K„wZ cÖ`vb K‡i:
 •elg¨nxbZv (Aby‡”Q` - 2)
 evuPvi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 6)
 RvZxqZv Mªn‡Yi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 7)
 gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv (Aby‡”Q` - 13)
 wPšÍv , we‡eK Ges ag©xq ¯^vaxbZv (Aby‡”Q` - 14)
 wkïi msMVb Kiv Ges kvwšÍc~b© mgv‡e‡ki Kivi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 15)
 AvB‡b Zvi ev Zvi †MvcbxqZv, cwievi ev wPwVc‡Îi m‡½ Aeva ev †eAvBbx n¯Í‡ÿc Gi weiæ‡× AvBbMZ
myiÿvi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 16)
 RvZxq Ges AvšÍ©RvwZK Z_¨ my‡Îi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q (Aby‡”Q` - 17)
 we‡klfv‡e myiÿv Ges mnvqZvi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 20)
 gvbwmKfv‡e ev kvixwiKfv‡e cÖwZewÜ wkïi c~b© Ges kvjxb AwaKvi i‡q‡Q (Aby‡”Q` - 23)
 wkïi ¯^v¯’¨ Ges wPwKrmv mn cyb©evmb Kivi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 24)
 wkïi mvgvwRK exgv mn mvgvwRK wbivcËv †_‡K jvfevb nevi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 26)
 wkïi kvwiixK, gvbwmK, Ava¨vwZ¥K, •bwKe Ges mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ch©vß RxebhvÎi gv‡bvbœq‡bi AwaKvi
(Aby‡”Q` - 27)
 wkÿvi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 28)
 wkïi wekÖvg, Aemi, †Ljv Ges we‡bv`bg~jK Kvh©µ‡g wb‡qvwRZ nevi AwaKvi Av‡Q (Aby‡”Q` - 31)
 wkïi A_©‣bwZK †kvlY I wec¾bK / ÿwZKi KvR ‡_‡K iÿv Kivi AwaKvi Av‡Q (Aby‡”Q` - 23)
 wkïi wbh©vZb I Ab¨vb¨ wbôzi, AgvbweK ev AegvbbvKi AvPiY A_ev kvw¯Í n‡Z iÿv Kivi AwaKvi Av‡Q
(Aby‡”Q` - 37)
11. RvZxq wewamgy‡n gvbevwaKv‡ii gvb`Û
evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb
1972 mv‡a evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb iwPZ nq, hv gvbevwaKvi iÿvi GKwU †g․wjK DcKiY| 1948 mv‡ji gvbevwaKvi
mb‡`i mv‡_ msMwZ †i‡L evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b †g․wjK AwaKviMy‡jv mywPZ nq| evsjv‡`‡k 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡bi
Ask - `yB Ges Ask - wZb G G¸wj mwbœ‡ewkZ nq, hv ivóªxq fv‡e A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‥…wZK AwaKv‡ii weavb
¯^xK…Z| GUv ivóªxq g~jbxwZ Ges bvMwiK Kj¨v‡b wb‡qvwRZ|
‡hgb:
1948 mv‡ji gvbevwaKvi `wj‡j Aby‡”Q` - 26 G D‡jøwLZ wkÿvi AwaKvi ¯^xK…Z| AvBwmwmwcAvi Gi Aby‡”Q` 13 Ges
14 Ges wmAviwm 28 G wkïi wkÿvi AwaKvi hv wkï AwaKv‡ii g~j welq †mwU evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q` - 15 (K)
Ges Aby‡”Q` - 17 †Z g~jbxwZ e‡j iwPZ n‡q‡Q|
Aby: 15 (K): ivóª‡i `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q Zvi bvMwi‡Ki Lv`¨, em&ª, wkÿv Ges wPwKrmvi
AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv
Aby: 17: iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡ n‡”P wkïi webvg~‡j¨ eva¨Zvg~jK wkÿvi AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv

22. 21
wbivcËvi AwaKvi, hv gvbevwaKvi mb‡`i Aby‡”Q` - 22 Ges 25 †k, AvBwmwmwcAvi Gi Aby‡”Q` 9 M„wnZ n‡q‡Q| Ges
wmBGbwmAvi Gi mvaviY †Nvlbv bvs- 19, Aby‡”Q` 26 Ges wmAvi wm Gi Aby‡”Q` bs 27 G D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki
Aby‡”Q` bs 15 (K) Ges (N) hv wKbv iv‡óªi g~jbxwZ wnmv‡e cwiwPZ|
‡mBmv‡_, Kv‡Ri AwaKvi, mgvb gRywii AwaKvi Ges Kv‡Ri my¯’¨ cwi‡e‡ki AwaKvi evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi †g․wjK
AwaKvi bq wKš‘ iv‡óªi g~j bxwZ wnmv‡e evsjv‡`k msweav‡b mwbœ‡ewkZ n‡q‡Q| AvšÍ©RvwZK gvbevwaKvi AvB‡bi
eva¨evaKZv ms‡M m¤ú~b©iæ‡c †g‡b Pj‡Z mvsweavwbK myweav i‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b †Rvov‡jvfv‡e AvBbMZ wbðqZv Ges Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g ejer‡hvM¨ 18wU †g․wjK AwaKvi
(Aby‡”Q` 27 †_‡K Aby‡”Q` 44 ch©šÍ) AwaKvi‡ii weavb i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k GB 18wU †g․wjK AwaKvi ev` w`‡q 12 wU
AwaKv‡ii weavb mn 6 wU †g․wjK AwaKvi mn mKj bvMwiK‡K AwaKvi cÖ`vb Kiv nq| evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q` -
44 G cÖ‡`q mvsweavwbK AwaKvi ejer Kivi Rb¨ Aby‡”Q` 102 †Z ÿgZv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvov, mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i
wbw`©ó Av‡`k I wbe©vnq wb‡`©k Rvwi Kivi ÿgZv i‡q‡Q| AvBbmfv †g․wjK AwaKvi ejer Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v
MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
o ‡g․wjK AwaKvi jsNb Ki‡j bvMwiK cÖwZKvi `vex Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Ges Av`vjZ Øviv cybivq AR©b Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i|
o †hmKj AvBb‡K AmvsweavwbK wnmv‡e †Nvlbv K‡i‡Q|
evsjv‡`k msweav‡b GKRb bvMwi‡Ki †g․wjK AwaKvimgyn:
 AvB‡bi †Pv‡L mgZv (Aby‡”Q` - 27)
 ag©xqev Ab¨ †Kvb Kvi‡Y cv_©K¨ (Aby‡”Q` - 28)
 miKvix PvKzwi‡Z mK‡ji mgvb AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 29)
 we‡`kx †Kvb Dcwa‡Z evav (Aby‡”Q` - 30)
 wbicËv cvevi AvBbx AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - -31)
 Pjv‡divi ¯^vaxbZv (Aby‡”Q` - 36)
 mgv‡e‡ki AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 37)
 mvsMVwbK AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 38)
 wPšÍv Ges we‡e‡Ki ¯^vaxbZv (Aby‡”Q` - 39)
 ‡ckv evQvB‡qi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 40)
 m¤úwËi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 42)
 evox‡Z †hvMv‡hv‡Mi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 43)
evsjv‡`‡k mKj e¨w³i ‡g․wjK AwaKvi¸wj wb¤œiyc:
 ‡eu‡P _vKv Ges e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZvi AwaKvi (Aby: - 32)
 ‡MÖdZvi Ges AvUK wnmv‡e myiÿv (Aby: 33)
 ‡Rvoc~e©K kªg G we‡ivwaZv (Aby‡”Q` - 34)
 wePvi I kvw¯Íi †ÿ‡Î myiÿv (Aby‡”Q` - 35)
 agx©q ¯^vaxbZv (Aby‡”Q` - 41)
 ‡g․wjK AwaKvi ejerKi‡Yi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q` - 44)
Aby: 15 (N): Awkÿv, Amy¯’Zv ev cywZewÜZv ev weave, Abv_, e„× ev Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q
Rbm‡PZbZvi AwaKvi

23. 22
‡hgb:
1. Aby‡”Q` - 33:
evsjv‡`k msweav‡b Ó‡MÖdZvi I AvUK Kivi iÿvKiPÓ ‡g․wjK AwaKvi wnmv‡e AvUK e¨w³i myiÿv cÖ`vb K‡i †h,
1. GKwU Dc‡`óv †evW© Øviv ch©v‡jvPbv Kivi AwaKvi
2. AvUKK…Z e¨w³i AvU‡Ki g~j welq Av‡jvPbv Kivi AwaKvi
3. AvUK Av‡`k Dc¯’vc‡bi AwaKvi
‡g․wjK AwaKv‡ii weavb wnmv‡e, evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi 102 (K) Dci wfwË K‡i nvB‡KvU© †_‡K wmAvi wcwmi aviv 491
Gi Awab e›`xcÖ`k©b wiU wcwUkb Gi gva¨‡g AvBbMZ fv‡e †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
RvZxq AvBbMZ AeKvVv‡gv
msweav‡bi weavb evsjv‡`‡ki gvbevwaKvi AvšÍ©RvwZK AvBb †g‡b Pjvi Rb¨ wbb¥wjwLZ AvBb mgyn Pvjy K‡i‡Q:
h_v:
 `¨v ‡cbvj †KvW, 1960
 ‡d․R`vix Kvh©wewa (wmAviwcwm), 1898
 Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb (1860)
 wjM¨vj GBh G¨v±, 2010
 M„n mwnsmZv e‡Ü AvBb, 2010
 c‡b©vMÖvwd wbqš¿b AvBb, 2012
 wkï AvBb, 2013
 gvbe cvPvi `gb Ges e‡Üi AvBb, 2012
 evj¨ weevn e‡Üi AvBb 1929 (ms‡kvabx - 1984)
 bvix I wkïi weiæ‡× wbh©vZb `gb AvBb 2000 (ms‡kvabx 2003)
 evsjv‡`k kÖg AvBb - 2006
 ‡h․ZzK wb‡iva AvBb, 1980
cvwievwiK Av`vjZ welqK AvBb 1985 (1985 mv‡ji AwW©b¨vÝ bs - 18)
P. gvbevwaKvi gvb`‡Ûi e¨envi (gvbevwaKvi ch©‡eÿb Gi Rb¨)
gvbevwaKvi j•Nb ch©‡iÿb Gi Rb¨ Kg©KZ©viv AvšÍ©RvwZK gvbevwaKvi `wjj (A_©vr wbqgvejx, Pzw³ I †Nvlbv) Ges
evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b D‡jøL Kiv nq, hv gvbevwaKv‡ii ÷¨vÛvW© e¨envi Kiv DwPr| Zvi AwaKv‡ii eva¨evaKZv GKwU
ivóª †g‡b wb‡q AvšÍ©RvwZK wewa mgyn we‡kølY K‡i ivóª cÿ‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| m`m¨ ivóª wnmv‡e evsjv‡`k miKviI
mvsweavwbK I AvšÍ©RvwZK mb‡`i eva¨evaKZv †g‡b P‡j|
GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, gvbevwaKvi j•N‡bi †ÿ‡Î cªwZiÿv e¨e¯’v cÖ_‡g jvBb cÖ`vm K‡i †h, GwU cÖ‡qvM Kiv
mnR I e¨vcKfv‡e ÒRvZxq AvBbÓ wnmv‡e †`‡k AvBbmfv, wePvi wefvM I wbe©vnx cwil` Øviv ¯^xK…Z nq| c‡i
mvsweavwbK weavb I Av¯ÍR©vwZK gvbevwaKvi gv‡bi mv‡_ RvZxq AvBb Zzjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Z‡e, ch©‡eÿb gvbevwaKv‡ii gvb`Û e¨env‡ii Rb¨ wb¤œwjwLZ wb‡`©k mgyn Abymib Kiv DwUr| (wPÎ - 2)
o msweavb I RvZxq AvBb Gi m‡½ cwiwPZ n‡Z n‡e| Zvici, AvšÍ©RvwZK gvbevwaKv‡ii gv‡bi mv‡_ RvZxq
AwaKv‡ii weavb ms‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖm½µ‡g ejv hvq, AvšÍR©vwZK gvbevwaKv‡ii `wjj (cÖvkw½K Pyw³ I
mb` mgyn) evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Dci AvBbx eva¨evaKZv †g‡b Pjv Av‡iv `iKvix| RvZxq msweavb I AvBb‡K
kw³kvjx I ¯úó n‡jI gvbevwaKvi j•N‡bi welwU ch©‡eÿb Ki‡Z n‡e|

24. 23
o GKwU AwaKvi iÿv Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb RvZxq mvsweavwbK ev AvBbx weavb Av‡Q †mLv‡b AvšÍ©RvwZK gvbevwaKv‡ii
`wjj (A_©vr Pzw³ / m`b) Gi Aax‡b myiÿv e¨e¯’v wbwðZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
o RvZxq msweavb I AvB‡b †Kvb AwaKvi myiÿv cÖ`vb ev RvZxq AwaKv‡ii wbðqZv weavb A¯úó ev `ye©j nq|
AvšÍ©RvwZK AvBb, weavwbK e¨e¯’v ev wePvwiK wm×vbšÍ (Av`vj‡Zi ivq) A_ev Ab¨vb¨ cÖvmw½K AvBbx e¨e¯’vi
`ye©jZv cyiY K‡i Av‡e`b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
o gvbevwaKvi j•N‡bi †ÿÎ mgyn hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ wb¤œwjwLZ cÖK…qv Abymil Kiv DwPr:

25. 24
wPÎ 2: gvbevwaKv‡ii gvb`‡Ûi e¨envi
Q. gvbevwaKvi jsNb Kv‡K e‡j?
mvaviYZ: gvbevwaKvi j•N‡b miKvi (ivóª) I e¨_©Zv AvBbx eva¨evaKZv ev¯Íevqb ev AvBbx cÖK…qvi e¨envi †evSvq|
RvwZms‡Ni cÖwkÿb mnvwqKvq gvbevwaKvi j•N‡bi welqwU Gfv‡e D‡jøL K‡i †h, RvZxq, AvÂwjK I AvšÍ©RvwZK AvBb
Ges gvby‡li †_‡K D™¢zZ AvBbx eva¨evaKZv ev¯’evqb e¨_©Zv ev mivmwi we‡kwlZ A_© Øviv wbwðZ AwaKv‡ii e¨_©Zv|
OHCHR Gi cªwkÿb mnvwqKv Abymv‡i, gvbevwaKvi j•N‡bi NUbv wbb¥wjwLZ Dcv‡q D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i:
o hLb AvBb, cwjwm ev †Kvb Af¨vm B”QvK…Z fv‡e AR©b Ki‡Z e¨_© nq, ZLb AvBb, bxwZ ev PPv© B”QvK…Zfv‡e
jsNb ev mKiv‡ii eva¨evaKZvi wel‡q D`vwmb nq|
‡hgb:
wePvi ewn©fyZ nZ¨v hv miKvix AvBb Øviv cÖ‡Z¨K gvbyl Zvi evPuvi AwaKv‡ii eva¨evaKZv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| ‡KD B”QvgZ
nZ¨v, iv÷ªxq G‡R›U KZ…©K AwZwi³ wePvi wefvMxZ nZ¨vKvÛ gvbevwaKvi j•Nb ev mb¥vb Kivi eva¨aKZv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i|
‡idv‡iÝ / m~Î:
aviv - 6 (1), AvBwmwmwcAvi, 1966: cÖ‡Z¨K gvbyl Zvi Rxe‡bi mnRvZ AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| ewÂZ‡`i GB AvB‡bi Øviv
myiwÿZ Kiv n‡e|
RvZxq mvsweavwbK AvBb Ges
AvšÍRvwZK gvbevwaKv‡ii gvb I
eva¨evaKZvi mv‡_ m¤úK© †Kv_vq?
gvbevwaKvi j•N‡bi ch©‡ÿ‡bi Rb¨
e¨eüZ `„p I ¯úó RvZxq AvBb I
mvsweavwbK AvBb
AvšÍ©RvwZK gvbevwaKvi
Abymv‡I mvsweavwbK AvB‡bi
Zzjbv
RvZxq AvBb I mvsweavwbK
AwaKv‡ii myiÿv Kiv ev RvZxq
AwaKv‡ii wbðqZv cÖ`vb Kiv
AwaKvi jsN‡bi Rb¨ e¨e¯’v wb‡Z
AvšÍ©RvwZK AvBb I gvb`Û e¨envi
I AwaKv‡ii wbðqZv cª`vb

26. 25
hLb †Kvb miKvi mivmwi †Kbv AwaKvi f‡½i NUbvq me©wbb¥ ¯Íi wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ c~b©iæ‡c eva¨ K‡i A_©vr ivR‣bwZK,
A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK Ges mvs¯‥…wZK, mykxj mgvR GB& wZbwU ¯Í‡i wbðqZv cÖ`v‡b eva¨ K‡i, ZLb gvbevwaKvi jON‡bi
welqwU wbwðZ nq|
‡hgb:
- wbev©Pbx cÖK…qvq AskMÖn‡Yi mxgve×Zv bvMwiK I ivR‣bwZK AwaKv‡ii j•Nb
- ‡Rvo c~e©K †Kvb KvR, †hgb: `vmZ¡ gvbevwaKvi f‡½i j•Nb
- KvivMv‡i cÖvß eq¯‥‡`i mv‡_ ivLv GKB ¯’v‡b Awfhy³ †Kvb wkïi AwaKvi j•Nb
- SzuwKc~b© KvR Ges cyiæl I bvix GKB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Amg e›Ub e¨eš’v I AwaKv‡ii j•Nb
myÎ - 1: aviv - 25 (L), AvBwmwmwcAvi 1966 , †fvU Ki‡Z Ges †fvUvi‡`i gZ cÖKv‡ki wbðqZv Ges mgvb
†fvUvwaKv‡ii e¨e¯’v Kiv Ges †Mvcb e¨vjU Øviv wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ Kiv|
myÎ - 2: aviv - 8 (1), AvBwmwmwcAvi 1966, ‡Kvb e¨w³ `vmZ¡, `vm e¨emv ev `vm e¨emvi mv‡_ RwoZ me ai‡Yi
evwbR¨ wbwðZ Kiv n‡i|
myÎ - 3: aviv - 10 (2) (L), AvBwmwmwcAvi 1966,
Awfhy³ cÖvß eq¯‥ e¨w³‡`i ‡_‡Z wkï‡`i c„_K e¨e¯’v Ges wePvi cÖK…qv hZ `ªæZ m¤¢e Kiv hvq †m cªK…qvi wbðqZv
cÖ`vb|
myÎ - 3: aviv - 7 (K) (L), AvBwmwmwcAvi 1966,
we‡kl †Kvb e¨e¯’v wbwðZ Ki‡Z AbyKzj cwi‡ek ‣Zixj wbðqZv cÖ`vb
(K) (1) : mymg gRyix I cv_©K¨ Qvov mgvb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ mgvb cvwikªwgK cÖ`vb
(L) wbivc` I mv¯’¨Ki Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek m„wó
‡Kvb miKvi eb©, wj½, ag©, fvlv, ivR‣bwZK ev Ab¨vb¨ gZvgZ, RvZxq ev mvgvwRK DrcwË, m¤úwË, Rb¥ ev Ab¨ †Kvb
gh©v`vi Kvi‡Y gvbevwaKvi j•N‡bi Rb¨ ev •elg¨ m„wó‡Z Drmvn †`q, ZLb
‡hgb:
RvwZMZ agx©q ev fvlvMZ msL¨vjNy‡`i AwaKvi gvbevwaKvi j•Nb
RvwZMZ, ag©xq ev fvlvMZ msL¨vjNy‡`i Af¨vm Ges Zv‡`i wbR¯^ ag© ev Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i fvlv e¨envi Kiv, Zv‡`i wbR¯^
ms¯‥…wZ Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z Zv‡`i `‡ji Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨‡`i m‡½ ‡Mvwôi AwaKvi, A¤^xKvi Kiv hv‡e bv|
gvbevwaKvi f‡½i Rb¨ ivóª bb-‡óU GKUi‡`i gvbevwaKvi jsN‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb ¸iyZ¡c~b© NUbv|
wPÎ 1: gvbevwaKvi f½
wfKwUg e¨w³ ev `jgvbevwaKvi
AwaKvi jsNb
ivóxq e¨_©Zvq AvBbMZ
eva¨evaKZv

27. 26
ev¯ÍweKfv‡e GUv A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv †h, GwU mgvR I iv‡óªi g‡a¨ mwnsmZv I msNvZ NUv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i mvgvwRK Ges
ivR‣bwZK Aw¯’iZv GKwU kZ© n‡Z cv‡i| GKwU ivóª ev bb †÷U G±i‡`i D‡ØM bv ïaygvÎ ev¯ÍeZvi mv‡_ we‡iva NUvq|
gvbevwaKvi j•N‡bi Awf‡hvM hvPvB Z`šÍ I ch©‡eÿb Gi KvVv‡gv wbb¥iæc:
RvZxq msweavb Ges AvšÍ©RvwZK
gvbevwaKvi Gi mv‡_ gvb`Û I
eva¨evaKZvi m¤úK© wK?
gvbevwaKvi jsNb I ch©‡eÿ‡bi
†ÿ‡Î RvZxq AvBb I msweavwbK
AvB‡bi e¨envi
AvšÍ©RvwZK gvbevwaKvi
gvb`‡Ûi mv‡_ RvZxq AvBb I
mvsweavwbK AvB‡bi Zzjbv
mvsweavwbK AvBb I RvZxq AvBb
AwaKv‡ii myiÿv cÖ`vb K‡i; ev
hLb RvZxq AwaKv‡ii wbðqZv
A¯úó ev `ye©j nq
AwaKv‡ii wbðqZvi Rb¨ AvšÍ©RvwZK
AvBb I gvb`Û e¨envi K‡i AwaKvi
AR©b

28. 27
NUbvi we‡kølb: `jxq KvR
GK mKv‡j ÿwZMÖ¯’ GKwU bvix `j †Zvgv‡`i GjvKvq G‡m Rvbvj †h, Zv‡`i evuPvi Rb¨ mvnvh¨ cª‡qvRb| Zv‡`i MZ
wZb gvm hver †Kvb KvR †bB| BwZg‡a¨ Zviv cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i Rb¨ Lvivi wKb‡Z Zv‡`i _vKvi RvqMv mn mKj
m¤ú` wewµ K‡i‡Qb| GLb Zviv Abvnv‡i Av‡Qb| byb¨Zg Lvevi cÖ`v‡b e¨_© n‡q Zv‡`i cwiev‡ii wkïiv Amy¯’ Ges
Acywó †Z AvµvšÍ n‡q‡Q| GLb Zv‡`i G Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ `iKvi|
K‡_vcK‡_v‡bi g‡a¨B Zviv GK `j MÖvgevmx hviv MÖv‡g Lv‡`¨i wewbg‡q KvR cÖ‡R‡±i mv‡_ hy³| hLb Zviv Zv‡`i Lv`¨
msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ hvq, ZLb GKRb bvix †`‡L †h, 30 †KwR Mg †bevi Rb¨ Zv‡K Av½y‡ji Qvc w`‡Z n‡”Q| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e Zviv
10 †KwR Mg cv‡”Q cÖwZ Rb cyiæ‡li Rb¨ Ges cÖwZRb bvixi Rb¨ 5 †KwR †`qv n‡”Q| Zviv G‡Z AvcwË Rvbvq Ges
Kv‡Ri mv‡_ RwoZ‡`i welqwU AeMZ K‡i| fz³fywM bvixiv wbKU¯’ _vbvq †hvMv‡hvM K‡i cywjk‡K welqwU Rvbvq| wKš‘
¯’vbxq cywjk Ges ¯’vbxq †Pqvig¨vb Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZwbwa e„›` hviv ivR‣bwZK `‡ji mv‡_ hy³, Zviv †Kvb cÖwZKvi
K‡iwb| Ges cwi‡k‡l, Zviv mvsevw`K eÜz‡`i Rvbvq Ges Zviv welqwU msev`gva¨‡g mKj‡K Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖwZkÖæwZ
†`q| ‡Pqvig¨vb welqwU wb¯úwËi Rb¨ mvsevw`K‡`i 5000 UvKv Nyl cÖ`vb K‡i| ‡hme gwnjviv GB NUbvi mv‡_ hy³ wQj
Zv‡`i KvW© ev` †`qv nq Ges GLb Zviv ‡KD Zv‡`i wKQz †`q bv|
cÖkœ: gvbevwaKvi jsN‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb welqwU mshy³?
GB M‡í Kv‡`i AwaKvi f½ n‡q‡Q?
`‡ji †_‡K m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
µwgK bs Welq †hme AwaKvi f½ nq
1. Lv`¨ ¯^íZv Lvevi Ges Av¯ª‡qi AwaKvi
2 bvix I cyiy‡li Lv`¨ e›U‡b •elg¨ mg gh©`vi AwaKvi
3 miKv‡ii Ach©vß Lv`¨ e›Ub mvgvwRK wbivcËvi AwaKvi
4 cywj‡ki †_‡K mnvqZv bv cvIqv AvB‡bi Kv‡Q mK‡j mgvb GB my‡hvM f½
5 ¯’vbxq ‡Pqvig¨vb‡`i KvQ †_‡K mvsevw`K‡`i Nyl †bqv Z_¨ cÖvwß AwaKvi f½
6 bvix‡`i KvW© evwZjKib fve cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv
R. †g․wjK AwaKvi wK? †g․wjK AwaKvi Ges gvbevwaKv‡ii cv_©K¨ †Kv_vq?
‡g․wjK AwaKvi:
‡g․wjK AwaKvi msweav‡bi Awe‡‡”Q`¨ Ask wnmv‡e iv÷ª KZ…©K ¯^xK…Z|
‡g․wjK AwaKv‡ii ‣ewkó¨:
 GwU we‡kl wKQz AwaKvi hv f½ n‡j Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g wdwi‡q Avbv hvq|
 GwU iv÷ª ev miKvi †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB wQwb‡q wb‡Z cv‡i bv|
 ‡g․wjK AwaKvi ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ ivóªxq fv‡e ivR‣bwZK B”Qv Ges me©wb¤œ m¤ú‡`i cÖ‡qvRb nq|
 GwU Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g Rvwi Kiv nq (evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q` - 44)
 GwU evsjv‡`k msveav‡bi cvU© wZb Gi GKwU Ask (Aby‡”Q; 27-44)
 GwU MbZvwš¿K mgvR Øviv avibv jvf K‡i|

29. 28
gvbevwaKvi Ges †g․wjK AwaKvi Gi cv_©K¨ wb¤œiæc:
gvbevwaKvi ‡g․wjK AwaKvi
gvbevwaKvi n‡”Q gvby‡li g~j Ges Awe‡”Q`¨ AwaKvi ‡g․wjK AwaKvi n‡”Q RbM‡bi g~j AwaKvimgyn
GwU AvšÍ©RvwZK Ges AvBbMZ fv‡e ¯^xK…Z GwU mvsweavwbKfv‡e ¯^xK…Z
GwU RvwZms‡Ni wewfbœ ms¯’vi gva¨‡g Rvwi Kiv nq GwU Av`vj‡Zi Øviv ejeZ‡hvM¨
GwU †Kvb iv‡÷ªi mf¨Zv Ges RvZxq aviYv †_‡K DrcwË nq GwU MbZvwš¿K mgvR Øviv D‡jøwLZ nq
GwU Zv‡`i AvZ¥mb¥v‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ| †hgb: gvbevwaKvi
mb` gvbevwaKvi Ges ‡g․wjK AwaKvi wnmv‡e cÖwZwôZ,
mvgvwRK Ges ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi, Ges A_©‣bwZK, mvgwRK
Ges mvs¯‥„wZK AwaKv‡ii mgš^‡q MwQZ
GwU †g․wjK AwaKv‡ii ¯^vaxbZv cÖ`vb K‡i|
†hgb: evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi msweav‡b mvgvwRK Ges
ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi †g․wjK AwaKvi wnmv‡e cwiwPZ

30. 29
GB Aa¨v‡qi jÿ¨:
GB Aa¨v‡qi †k‡l AskMÖnbKvix hv eyS‡eb:
 AwaKvi Ges Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi cv_©K¨
 AwaKvi wfwËK e¨e¯’v ev ivBU †eBm G‡cÖvP Gi A_©
 wKfv‡e wPšÍv Ges we‡e‡Ki Dbœqb m¤¢e n‡e †mwelqwU wbðZv cÖ`vb K‡i
‡mm‡bi myPxmgyn:
K. AwaKvi Ges cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi avibv
L. ivBU †eBm G‡cÖvP Ges Zvi ÿgZvq‡bi m~Î
M. ¯’vbxq Dbœq‡b Avi we Gi ¸iæZ¡
K. cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ges AwaKvi:
mvavibZ: cÖ‡qvRbxqZv ej‡Z Lv`¨, cvwb Ges Acwinvh© wKQz welq hv we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb, KviY GwU `iKvix A_ev
¸iæZ¡c~b©| (KviY GUv cÖKvk K‡i‡Q †h AvBbMZfv‡e GwU ¸iæZ¡c~b© wK¯‘ GwU‡K `iKvix eva¨evaKZvi mv‡_ hy³ Kivi
`iKvi †bB| GQvov, AwaKv‡ii wKQz eva¨evaKZv Av‡Q hv Ki‡Z GKwU •bwZK ev AvBbx welq¸‡jv co–b| GKwU AwaKvi
GKwU eva¨evaKZv hv cÖ‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| )
‡hgb: cÖ‡qvRb ebvg AwaKvi
‡mmb - `yB
¯’vbxq Dbœq‡b gvbevwaKv‡ii avibv
eÜyeÜy PvKigvwjK

31. 30
L. ivBU †eBm G‡cÖvP Ges Zvi ÿgZvq‡b m~Î
AwaeKvi wfwËe e¨e¯’v ev ivBU †eBm G‡cÖvP (AviweG)
AwaeKvi wfwËe e¨e¯’v ev ivBU †eBm G‡cÖv‡Pi avibvi g~j welqmgyn:
AwZ `wi`ª‡`i AwaKvi `vex cyiY Kivi ÿgZv M‡o Zzj‡Z ¯’vbxq †mev cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvb Ges cwi‡lev cÖ`vbKvix
e¨w³‡`i Dbœqb G eva¨evaKZvi `vwe Kiv DwPr| hv‡Z gvby‡li gh©v`v Ges ¯^vaxbZv cÖ`vb K‡i my›`i cwi‡ek •Zix Ki‡Z
mnvqZv K‡i|
AwaKvi wfwËK e¨e¯’vi 4wU g~jbxwZ nj:
1. gvbyl n‡”Q †Kw›`ªq welq, AskMÖnbKvix, gvwjK, cwiPvjK Ges Dbœqb myweav‡fvMx
2. Dbœqb gvbevwaKv‡ii bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i nIqv DwPr
3. Dbœqb gvbevwaKv‡ii Av`k© wfwËK m¤§vb wb‡`©k K‡i
4. Dbœqb gvbevwaKv‡ii eva¨evaKZv gvÎv I cÖK…wZi mv‡_ myms½Z
GB e¨w³ wK GUv ej‡Qb †h, ÓAvgvi Lv`¨ `iKviÓ ev Ó
Avgvi Lv‡`¨i AwaKvi Av‡QÓ?
GB e¨w³ wK GUv ej‡Qb †h, ÓAvgvi Lv`¨ `iKviÓ ev Ó
Avgvi Lv‡`¨i AwaKvi Av‡QÓ?
‡`L... Avgiv hw` Avgv‡`i Kv‡Ri Øviv gvbyl‡K mnvqZv Kivi K_v fvwe Zv •Zix‡Z cv_¨K¨ †Kv_vq?

32. 31
GKwU AwaKvi wfwËK c×wZ (Avi we G) gvby‡li `‡ji g‡a¨ m¤úK© wbav©iY K‡i| ZvB Gi Rb¨ wb¤§wjwLZ PviwU welq
`iKvi:
- GKwU AwaKvi †fvMx Zv‡`i eva¨evaKZv mswkøó kbv³ Kiv
- AwaKvi evnK‡`i AwaKvi Gi eva¨evaKZv †Rvo`vi Kiv DwPr
- ‡Kvb welq `vex Ki‡Z n‡j `ÿZv e„w× Kiv DwUr
- Zv‡`i AwaKv‡ii `vexi `vwqZ¡ Ges ÿgZv †Rvo`vi Kiv DwPr
‡K AwaKv‡ii evnK?
mKj gvbyl AwaKv‡ii evnK
- gvby‡li Dbœqb wPšÍv we‡kl K‡i hv‡`i AwaKvi A¯^xKvi Kiv ev jw•NZ Kiv n‡”Q
- AwaKvi wfwËK Dbœqb bxwZi †K›`ª me‡P‡q SzwKc~b© cÖvwšÍK I AbMÖmi iv‡L
AwaKvi evnK‡`i `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q Ab¨‡K m¤§vb Ges Zvi AwaKvi cÖwZôv Kiv| †hgb:
- mKj AwaKvi †fvMxivB AwaKv‡ii evnK
- Ab¨‡`i AwaKvi iÿvi Rb¨ AwaKvi evnKiv Aek¨B Zv‡`i AwaKvi ¸‡jv †fvM Ki‡e|
AwaKv‡ii evnK‡`i mwVK `ÿZv e„wׇZ Zv‡`i c~b© AwaKvi Ges `vwqZ¡ `vex Kiv Ges AwfÁZv `iKvi|
AwaKvi Rvbv Avcbvi `vwqZ¡ †Kbbv Avcbvi ¸iyZ¡c~b© w`K n‡”Q:
- hviv `wi`ª I AwaKvi ewÂZ Zv‡`i AwaKv‡ii we‡kl fvM mgyn †kvlb Ges Ace¨envi cÖeb
Kviv AwaKv‡ii evnK?
AwaKv‡ii evnK n‡”Q ZvivB hviv AwaKvi‡K `vwq‡Z¡i gva¨‡g †evaMg¨ K‡i|
cwieZ©‡bi KvVv‡gv:
- AvBb
- mvgvwRK/ivR‣bwZK
- mvgvwRK
-A_©‣bwZK
‡eu‡P _vevi Rb¨ hv
cwieZb‡hvM¨ :
- AvPiY
- ÿgZv
- gvbevwaKvi‡K †evSv
AwaKv‡ii evnK:
Zviv Zv‡`i AwaKvi
PvqGes `vwqZ¡ cvib
K‡i
`vwqZ¡ cvjbKZ©v:
AwaKvi‡K eva¨Ki‡Z
`vwqZ¡kxj e¨w³
AwaKvi `vex‡Z mnvqK
`vwqZ¡cvjK‡K kw³kvjx Kiv MbZvbwš¿K cÖK…qv
`vwi`ª `~ixKiY
AwaKviwfwËKcÖ‡Póv

33. 32
- cÖwZ e¨w³i `vwqZ¡ Ges eva¨evaKZv n‡”Q A‡b¨i cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ e›Ub| GwU n‡”Q mvgvwRK Ges gvbweK `vwqZ¡|
cÖwZ e¨w³i AwaKvi Ges ¯^vaxbZv iÿvq A‡b¨i AwaKvi Ges ¯^vaxbZvq m¤§vb cÖ`k©b Kiv DwPr|
- wKš‘, gvbevwaKv‡ii avibv Ges `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q A‡b¨i eva¨evaKZv| GwU gvbevwaK‡ii AvBbMZ eva¨evaKZvI
wbwðZ K‡i|
AwaKv‡ii evnK‡`i Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
1. GKwU `j‡K Kviv `ªæZ `vwq‡Z¡ cwibZ K‡i: ‡hgb: wkÿKiv Qv·`i `vwqZ¡, cywjk Acivax‡`i Ges wfKwUg‡`i,
wcZvgvZv Zv‡`i wkï‡`i `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i|
2. GKwU cÖwkwÿZ `j hviv ZvrÿwbK welqmgyn `vwq‡Z¡ gv‡S Mb¨ K‡i| †hgb: ¯’vbxq GbwRI, wmweI, ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii
Kg©KZ©ve„›`
3. hviv †mev cÖ`vb K‡i| †hgb: e¨w³MZ mn‡hvMxZv, RvZxq cÖwZóvb mgyn, Avw_©K mnvqZvKvix cÖwZôvb mgyn, †hgb:
RvwZmsN fz³ cªwZôvb, AvšÍ©RvwZK mv¯’¨ ms¯’v Ges AvBGg Gd
4. D”PZi cÖvwZôvwbK ch©vq| †hgb: e¨w³MZ mn‡hvMxZv, RvZxq iv÷ªxq ms¯’v, †Wvbvi
AwaKvi evnK Ges `vwqZ¡ cvjK Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK©:
gvbevwaKvi AwaKvi evnK‡`i ÿgZv cÖ`vb K‡i Ges `vwqZ¡ evnK‡`i iÿv, m¤§vb Ges Zv‡`i c~b© AwaKvi cÖ`vb K‡i|
myiÿvi `vwqZ¡:
- ivóª I Zvi cÖwZóvb Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³ ev MÖyc Øviv AwaKvi j•Nb †iva Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡i
- ivóª †Kvb gvbevwaKvi j•N‡bi NUbvi Z`šÍ ev †Kvb AvBbx cÖwZKvi Gi myiÿvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖnb
Ki‡e|
m¤§v‡bi `vwqZ¡:
- ivóª mivmwi ev c‡ivÿfv‡e gvbevwaKvi‡K c~b©iƒ‡c Dc‡fvM Kivi Rb¨ †Kvbiæc evuav bv Avmv
- AvBb I bxwZmgyn gvbevwaKvi bxwZi AšÍ©f~³ n‡e| †Kvb Af¨vm, bxwZ ev Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i m¤úwˇZ
AwaKvi hv Zv‡`i ¯^vaxbZvi Dci n¯Í‡ÿc Ki‡Z AvBbvbyM fv‡e eviY †`q
- AvBb cÖbqb I cwjwm wba©vi‡bi ¯’vb¸‡jv‡Z gvbevwaKv‡ii bxwZ‡K m¤§vb K‡i|
cyibxq eva¨evaKZv
- ivóª I Zvi cÖwZôvbmgyn gvbevwaKv‡ii c~b© Av`v‡qi cÖwZ mwµq c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| GwU m¤ú` Ges
†mevi gvb‡K MwZkxj K‡i|
- miKvi me‡P‡q `ye©j e¨w³‡K b~b¨Zg AwaKvi cyi‡Y AMÖvwaZvi ‡`‡e|
AwaKvi wfwËK e¨e¯’v Ges ÿgZvqb
AwaKvi wfwËK e¨e¯’v RbM‡bi †eu‡P _vKvi ÿgZv‡K gh©v`v Ges m¤§v‡bi m‡½ †eu‡P _vKvi gvby‡li ÿgZvqb NUv‡Z
mvnvh¨ K‡i| GUv Dbœq‡bi †Kw›`ªq kw³ wnmv‡e gvbyl we‡ePbvq Av‡b| ZvB AwaKvi wfwËK e¨e¯’v †K›`ªxq kw³ wnmv‡e
gvbyl we‡ePbvq Av‡b| d‡j AwaKvi wfwËK e¨e¯’v n‡”Q:
- cwieZ©‡bi GKwU cÖK…qv hv cwieZ©‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i
- wm×všÍ MÖn‡b mwµq AskMÖnYKvix n‡Z e¨w³ ev e¨w³‡`i †Mvôx‡K mnvqZv K‡i
- cwieZ©b Rxe‡bi Dci wbq¯¿b wb‡` e¨w³ ev ‡Mvwô‡K mwµq K‡i
- cwieZ©b e¨w³ ev `‡ji g‡a¨ cÖej
AwaKvi wfwËK c×wZ mKj e¨w³‡`i gh©v`v I m¤§v‡mi m‡½ †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ GKwU ¯’vb •Zix Kiv gvbevwaKvi bxwZ Øviv
cwiPvwjZ nq| GB ¯’vb e¨w³‡`i ÿgZvevb AvBbx ivR‣bwZK, mvgvwRK Ges A_©‣bwZK ev RbM‡bi KvVv‡gv cwieZ©‡b
mnvqZv K‡i|

34. 33
ÿgZvqb n‡”Q gvby^l‡K ‡evSv - bvix I cyiæl Dfq‡KB Zv‡`i Rxe‡bi Dci wbq¯¿b K‡i - AvZ¥wek¦vm
evwo‡q mgm¨vi mgvavb Ges ¯^-wbf©iZv, Dbœqbkxj, `ÿZv AR©b ev Zv‡`i wbR¯^ `ÿZv Ges Ávb
AR©b Kiv ev Zv‡`i wbR¯^ ¯^xK…wZ n‡”Q wbR¯^ welq mgyn Ges GKwU cÖK…qv I GKwU djvdj DfqB|
ÿgZvqb n‡”Q GKwU cÖK…qv Ges GKwU djvdj DfqB| hv jsDB GKwU KvVv‡gvi gva¨‡g ÿgZvq‡bi wewfbœ wWwMÖi g‡a¨
wKQz cv_©K¨ Dcjãx Kiv|
1. Kj¨vb ÒwWwMÖÓ: ‡hLv‡b †g․wjK Pvwn`v cyib nq| Gi Rb¨ KvVv‡gvMZ KviY cÖ‡qvRb nqbv Ges RwoZ‡`i
`iKvix wel‡qi D‡jøL Kiv DwUr|
2. cÖ‡ekvwaKv‡ii wWMÖx: wkÿv, f~wg Ges †µwW‡U mgvb cÖ‡ekvwaKvi wbwðZ K‡i|
3. m‡PZbZv DÌvcb ÔwWwMÖÕ: ‡hLv‡b KvVv‡gvMZ Ges cÖwZôvwbK •elg¨ wbiæcb K‡i|
4. AskMÖnY I msnwZ ÔwWwMÖÕ: †hLv‡b mgvb wm×všÍ †bevi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
5. wbqš¿b ÔwWwMÖÕ; †hLv‡b e¨w³ wb‡R wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡ib Ges GUv m¤ú~b©iæ‡c ¯^xK„Z nq|
GB KvVv‡gv wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi gvb wba©vib K‡i wm×všÍ †bq †h, m¤ú‡`i Dci wbq¯¿b‡K †Rvo w`‡Z n‡e| bvixev`x ZZ¡ Ges
RbwcÖq wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î ÿgZvqb bvixi wPšÍvaviv‡K g~j kw³ wnmv‡e e¨w³MZ Ges †fZ‡ii ÿgZv‡K Zz‡j a‡i|
ÿgZvi aiY ÿgZvqb‡K †evSvi Rb¨ Abygvb mgyn
Kv‡iv Dc‡i ÿgZvi cÖfve Ges wbb©q Kiv n‡”Q
cvIqvi Ifvi
¯^xgve×Zvi †gvKv‡ejvq AšÍ©wbwnZ m¤ú` Ges ÿgZvi cwieZ©b Kiv
we`¨gvb D”PZg ÿgZvi cwieZ©b Ges Zv‡`i
msMwVZ Kiv n‡”Q cvIqvi Uz
e¨w³i c„_K ÿgZv Ges my‡hv‡Mi A‡cÿv
‡h․_ Kg© †_‡K †e‡o hvIqvB n‡”Q cvIqvi DB_ AšÍ©wbwnZ avibvMy‡jv‡K ‡e‡o hvIqv Abygv‡bi ‡gvKv‡ejv KiY
ÿgZvi g‡a¨ kw³ n‡”Q ewa©Z c„_K GKwU
†PZbv
‡Kvb avibvi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ ewa©Z m‡PZbZv Ges B”Qv
Avgiv Rvwb †h, Dbœqb e„wËK `vex Kiv Ges Zv‡`i AwaKvi iÿvi Rb¨ ‡h cÖvmw½K ms¯’v¸‡jv KvR Ki‡Q Zv‡`i KZ©e¨ I
`vwqZ¡ cvjb Kiv Riæix| Avgv‡`i cÖK‡í Zviv Dbœqb cÖK…qvq mwµq G‡R›U n‡Z cv‡i Ges hviv Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i fvM¨
wbqš¿b Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡`i ÿgZv, Ávb I m¤ú` w`‡q AwaKvi †fvMx‡`i mg_©b cª‡qvRb|

35. 34
GB Awa‡ek‡bi D‡Ïk¨:
Awa‡ekb †k‡l AskMÖnYKvix hv Rvb‡eb:
- miKv‡ii avibv I A_© eyS‡Z
- mykvm‡bi Dcv`vb mgyn
- mykvmb I gvbevwaKvi Ges evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi m¤¢ve¨ P¨v‡jÄ Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK©
Awa‡ekb ïwP:
K. miKv‡ii avibv, A_© Ges msMv
L. mykvm‡bi msMv Ges avibv
M. mykvm‡bi g~j Dcv`vb
N. mykvmb Ges gvbevwaKv‡ii g‡a¨ g~j m¤úK©
O. evsjv‡`‡ki ‡cÖÿvc‡U g~j euvavmgyn
K. miKv‡ii avibv, A_© Ges msMv
mvavibZ, ¯’vbxq kvmb, wm×všÍ MÖnY Ges ev¯Íevqb ev hvi Øviv †Kvb cÖK…qv ‡evSvq| †hgb:
- evwbwR¨K miKvi
- AvšÍ©RvwZK miKvi
- RvZxq kvmb, Ges
- ¯’vbxq kvmb
Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vsK (1995) msMvg‡Z, ÿgZv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK I mvgvwRK m¤ú` e¨e¯’vcbv
KZ©Z¡c~b© c×wZB n‡”Q miKvi|
BD‡ivcxq BDwbqb (BD) msMvg‡Z, ÿgZv AKcUZv, AskMÖnY, Reviw`wnZv, Kvh©KvwiZv Ges m½wZ ch©v‡q cª‡qvM Kiv
nq hv fv‡e cÖfvweZ †h wbqg I AvPib w`‡q msMvwqZ Kiv nq|
- wKfv‡e ÿgZv fvMvfvwM Kiv nq
- hv‡`i ¸iæZ¡c~b© wm×všÍ †bevi KZ©Z¡ Av‡Q
- wKfv‡e wm×všÍ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e
- gvbyl‡K wKfv‡e `vqe× n‡Z nq (‡K wm×všÍ ‡`q)
‡`‡ki kvmb e¨e¯’v wb‡¤œi 6wU Dcv`vb w`‡q cwigvc Kiv nq| h_v:
1. fvlv Ges evwn¨K Revew`wnZv
2. ivR‣bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv I mwnsmZv, Aciva Ges mš¿vmev` Gi Afve
3. RbM‡bi myweav cÖ`vbKvix e¨e¯’v mn AvgjvZš¿, miKvix Kvh©KvixZv Ges cÖbqb gvb
4. wbqš¿b Kivi ÿgZv
5. AvB‡bi kvmbGes
6. `ybxwZ© wbqš¿b
Avgiv mwµq kvmb Ki‡Z PvB| Avgiv Dbœq‡bi w`‡K Zv‡`i wbR¯^ welq cwiPvjbv Kiv GKwU `j wnmv‡e wb‡R‡`i
msMwVZ Kiv DwPr| hv‡Z Zviv GKwU MbZvwš¿K cÖK…qv, KvVv‡gv, HwZn¨ I wbqg †g‡b Pjvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wba©vib Ki‡e|
‡mmb wZb:
miKvi m¤ú‡K© avibv

36. 35
- gvwjKvbv wba©vib
- hvi wm×všÍ †bevi KZ…©Z¡ Av‡Q
- Zv‡`i †Rvo`vi wm×všÍ I ev¯Íevqb Kivi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q
- Zv‡`i wm×všÍ cÖ¯‘ZKviK‡`i `vqe× ivLv
- fwel¨‡Zi w`‡K ZvKv‡bv
- Ab¨‡`i m‡½ Zv‡`i AwaKvi I ¯^v_© `vex
wK¯‘ g~j ev¯ÍeZ hv ÿgZv, KZ©„Z¡ I wbqg memgq we‡kl K‡i Dbœqbkxj †`‡k miKvi I miKv‡ii f~wgKv wbqš¿‡bi
PvweKvwV nq| miKv‡ii GB KvVv‡gv miKv‡ii f~wgKv wbf©i K‡i M‡i I‡V|
miKvi Ges mykvm‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:
miKvi:
miKvi n‡”Q iv‡óª Af¨šÍixb I ewn©w¯’Z ¯^v_© m¤^wjZ mve©‡f․g PP©v hv †Kvb wbqš¿K I cÖvwZôvwbK e¨e¯’v †evSvq|
kvmb:
kvmb n‡”Q mgv‡Ri Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ev¯Íe wm×všÍ MÖn‡bi cÖK…qv| GmKv‡ci msMvg‡Z, kvmb n‡”Q wm×všÍ MÖnY Ges wm×všÍ
ev¯Íevqb ev ev¯Íevqb Kiv nq bv Ggb welqmgyn|
miKvi
gvb`Û
RwZmsN gvbevwaKvi Kwgkb †iRy‡jkb 2000/64
mykvmb

37. 36
myZivs, miKvi n‡”Q miKvi, ivóª Ges kvmb I GKwU e„nËi avibv|
L. mykvm‡bi msMv I avibv:
avibv:
mykvmb GKwU MbZvwš¿K KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ `ÿ I Kvh©Ki cÖkvmb Gi m‡½ hy³ Kiv| GwU gvby‡li Rxei‡bi gvb DbœwZ‡Z
cÖwZkÖywZe×, hv Dbœqb wfwËK cÖkvm‡bi mgvb| GwU D”P ch©v‡q mvsMVwbK Kvh©KvixZv wba©vib K‡i| GwU mgv‡Ri SzwK
mvgjv‡Z ivR‣bwZK Ges cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯’v K‡i hvv we`yr‡K›`ª m¤úKx©Z ÿgZvi mv‡_ m¤úKx©Z| GUv Av‡iv `ÿZv, •eaZv
I wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv ¯’vcb kvm‡bi bZzb gvb MÖnY †evSvq| GwU‡Z Kvh©Ki wek¦vm‡hvM¨ I •ea cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯’vi bvMwiK
evÜe, g~j¨ cÖ`vbKvix Ges gvby‡li mv‡_ fvM Kivi ‣ewkó¨ _vK‡Z n‡e|
ZvB, mykvmb mKiKvi kvwmZ Pvwn`v c~b© cÖwZwbwa wK¯‘ ïaygvÎ cÖK…qvkxj n‡Z n‡e Ggb `vex|
msMv:
mykvmb n‡”Q ¯^”Q, `vqe×, b¨vq msMZ Ges gvby‡li Pvwn`v Ki‡Z cÖK…qvkxj Ggbfv‡e †h GKwU †`‡ki m¤ú` Ges
GwelqK mwVK e¨e¯’vcbv|
wek¦ e¨v‡Ki g‡Z, mykvmb n‡”Q:
- RbM‡bi e¨e¯’vcbvi kã hv `ÿZv, Kvh©KvixZv Ges A_©bxwZi mv‡_ m¤úK©h
- hv Revew`wnZv I wewbgq Z_¨ ¯^”Q GKwU e¨e¯’v Ges
- Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU AvBwb KvVv‡gv hv wePv‡ii, gvbevwaKvi I ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ m¤§vb enb K‡i
AZGe, Avgiv mykvmb Gi gva¨‡g `ªæZ Ges Kvh©Kix fv‡e bvMwiK myweav w`‡Z cvwi| hv‡Z miKv‡ii g‡a¨ Av¯’v,
Revew`wnZv, ¯^”QZv I AskMÖnYg~jK cÖK…qv, kw³kvjxKi‡bi Dchy³ nevi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
mykvm‡bi Rb¨ g~j Dcv`vb:
mykvmb n‡”Q miKv‡ii f~wgKv hv †Kvb `„óvšÍ hv GKwU Av`k© cÖwZK…wZ| mykvmb Gi Av`k© AR©b Kiv KwVb| mykvm‡bi
Av`k© n‡”Q g~j¨vqb| Gwel‡q mv‡eK gvbevwaKvi Kwgk‡bi KvR e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| †iRy‡jkb 2000/64 Abymv‡i
mykvmb Gi g~j Dcv`vb n‡”Q:
- ¯^”QZv
- Revew`wnZv
- AskMÖnY
- `vwqZ, I
- ms‡e`bkxjZv

38. 37
wPÎ: mykvm‡bi g~j welq mgyn
¯^”QZv:
¯^”QZvi wm×všÍ¸‡jv †bqv nq Gfv‡e hv wm×všÍ msµvšÍ Z_¨ hv wm×všÍ Øviv cÖfvweZ nq, we‡kl K‡i hviv mn‡R gvby‡li
e¨envi‡hvM¨ I AvB‡bi mv‡_ msMwZc~b© nh| †hgb:
- we`¨gvb AvBb welqK Z_¨
- miKvix †mev g~j¨
- RbM‡bi m¤úwËi cwimsL¨v
- RbM‡bi Avmv`b Gi wbqg
`vqe×Zv:
`vqe×Zv `vwqZ¡ evnK ev AvgjvZš¿ Ges Zv‡`i Rb¨ Revew`wn Kiv DwPr ev DwPr wKbv Zv ‡evSv| GUv miKv‡ii Rb¨
cÖ‡RvR¨ wKš‘ †emiKvix Ges GwU ïaygvÎ mykxj mgv‡Ri bq| GUv wPšÍvi welq †h‡Kvb e¨w³ Zvi wm×všÍ ev Kg© Øviv
cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z mÿg| GwU ¯^”QZv I AvB‡bi kvmb Qvov cÖ‡qvM Kiv hv‡ebv| ‡hgb:
- ¯’vbxq gš¿xmfvq Revew`wnZv Ges š’vbxq miKvix cÖwZôv‡b Zvi wbe©vPbx e¨w³‡`i Øviv MwVZ msm`xq MbZvwš¿K
ivóª
AskMÖnY:
RbM‡bi AskMÖnY bxwZ •Zix Ges Dbœqb cÖK…qv hv RwoZ nqbv Zv ‡evSvq| GwU miKvix fv‡e mnR Ges gvby‡li Dbœqb
cÖK…qvh AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| RbM‡bi AskMÖnY wZbwU Dcv‡q wbwðZ Kiv hv‡e| hLv:
1. Dbœqb myweav‡fvMx wnmv‡e
2. Dbœqb †÷K‡nvìvi I †bZv wnmv‡e
3. Dbœqb Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡b whwb Kg©KZv© Ges we‡ivax mn‡hvMx ms¯’v
`vwqZ¡
`vwqZ¡ Revew`wnZvi g~jbxwZi mv‡_ MbZ‡š¿i wfwË wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq| GwU Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡`i KZ©e¨ I `vwq‡Z¡
iæcvšÍwiZ `vqx miKvi, mykxj mgvR Ges †emiKvix GKwU Ae`vb| ‡hgb:
- AvBb cÖ‡qvMKvix ms¯’v¸‡jv AvBb cÖ‡qv‡Mi mgq †KvW Ae KÛv± eRvq iv‡L|
mykvmb
¯^”PZv
Revew`nxZv
AskMÖnYms‡e`bkxjZv
ØvwqZ¡

39. 38
ms‡e`bkxjZv
ms‡e`bkxjZvi ÿgZv, ms‡e`bkxjZv Ges Dbœq‡b Kvh©Ki fv‡e `vwq‡Z¡i aviK (A_©vr miKvi, ‡emiKvix ms¯’v I mykxj
mgvR) Gi g‡a¨ bgbxqZv Av‡b| GwU RbM‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b ¯^v_© wPwýZ mykxj mgv‡Ri cÖZ¨vkv we‡ePbv K‡i| GwU cybivq
cixÿv hv we`¨gvb wewa, bxwZ I mwVKfv‡e KvR Kivi ch©v‡jvPbvmn mgv‡jvPK‡`i ms‡e`bkxj K‡i| GwU hyw³msMZ
mgqmxgvi g‡a¨ hv‡`i cÖwZôvb I cÖK…qvi Kvh©KvixZv Av‡Q Zv‡`i Rb¨ cÖvwZôvwbK wewa|
‡mB mv‡_, 1997 mv‡j mykvm‡bi Rb¨ gvbweK Dbœqb welqK RvwZms‡Ni GKwU cÖwZ‡e`‡b wb¤œwjwLZ •ewkó¨ D‡jøL Kiv
nq| h_v:
- AskMªnb
- AvB‡bi kvmb
- ¯^”QZv
- Revew`wnZv
- HK¨g‡Zi Awf‡hvRb
- b¨vqmsMZ e¨e¯’v
- Kvh©KvixZv Ges `ÿZv
- ‡K․kjMZ `„wó
M. mykvmb I gvbevwaKv‡ii g‡a¨ g~j m¤úK©:
mykvmb I gvbevwaKv‡ii g‡a¨ m¤úK© cyb©envb nq| gvbevwaKvi bxwZi miKvi Ges Ab¨vb¨ ivR‣bwZK I mvgvwRK Kv‡Ri
w`Kwb‡`©wkKv cÖ`vb K‡i| †mBmv‡_ GwU ¯^”Q I Revew`wn g~jK e¨e¯’v MÖn‡bi g~j¨vqb K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, mykvmb Qvov I
gvbevwaKvi m¤§vwbZ Kiv hv‡e bv Ges GKwU †UKmB c×wZ‡Z myiwÿZ Kiv nq| gvbevwaKvi ev¯Íevqb Gi mnvqK Ges
mwµq cwi‡e‡ki Dci Pvwn`v wbf©i K‡i| h_vh_ AvBbx AeKvVv‡gv Ges cÖvwZôvwbK wnmv‡e AwaKvi I RbmsL¨vi Pvwn`v
mvov †hvMvq| ivR‣bwZK e¨e¯’vcbvMZ Ges cÖkvmwbK cÖK…qv i‡q‡Q| ‡hgb:
mn¯ªv‡ãi †Nvlbvq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, we‡k¦i †bZv‡`i MbZš¿ I AvB‡bi kvm‡bi Dbœqb Kiv Ges †mBmv‡_ Dbœqb Kivi
AwaKvi mn AvšÍR©vwZK fv‡e ¯^xK…Z gvbevwaKvi I †g․wjK ¯^vaxbZv, m¤§vb Ges Zv‡`i cÖwZkÖæwZ iÿv Kiv|
RvwZms‡Ni gvbevwaKvi †Nvlbv hvi m¤úK© n‡”Q mykvm‡bi g~jbxwZi mv‡_| GwU wb¤œiæc:
- MbZvwš¿K miKvi Ges cÖK…qv
- Kvh©Kix miKvix cÖwZôvb
- AvBb Ges GKwU wbi‡cÿ I Kvh©Ki AvBbx e¨e¯’vv kvm‡bi cÖv_wgK ¯’vb
- GKwU mywkj mgvR
- wewb‡qv‡Mi Dci AwaK g~j¨vqb
- RvZxq A_©bxwZi hy³hy³ e¨e¯’vcbv
AZGe, mykvmb I gvbevwaKvi Gi g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i PviwU w`K msMwVZ Kiv hv‡e| h_v:
1. MbZvwš¿K cÖwZôvi kw³kvjxKib:
mykvmb ms¯‥v‡ii MbZvwÎK bxwZ wbg©v‡bi Rb¨ RbM‡bi AskMÖnY wbwðZ K‡i| wbe©vwPZ I wb‡qvwRZ Kg©KZ©v‡`i
Revew`wnZv Ges mykxj mgv‡Ri mwµq I wm×všÍ MÖn‡bi †ÿ‡Î mvgvwRK ¯^v_© m¤úK©xZ welq mgy‡ni cÖwZ Av¯’v ev‡o|
Zv‡`i AwaKvi iÿvi Rb¨ bvix I msL¨vjNy‡`i mn AbMÖmi †Mvwôi ÿgZvqb NUv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| D`vnib ¯^iæc ejv
P‡j †h:
evsjv‡`‡ki we`¨gvb wbe©vPb Kwgkb (Aeva I myôz wbe©vPv‡bi Av‡qvRb K‡i) bvMwi‡Ki †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi g‡a¨ A‡bK
¸iæZ¡c~b© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z nq|

40. 39
1. ‡mev cÖ`vb Dbœqb:
RbM‡bi †mev wbwðZ Ki‡Z ivóª eva¨| RbM‡bi †mev mn Zv‡`i RbmsL¨v, †mev cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ ivóª `vqx| Avevmb, ¯^v¯’¨,
wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨ I mvgvwRK Dbœqb mev mn Zv‡`i AwaKvi| GB ‡mev wbwðZ Ki‡Z gvbevwaKvi iÿvi Rb¨ Acwinvh©,
gvbevwaKvi bxwZi miKvix ‡mev mn Zv‡`i RbmsL¨v Ges `wi`ªZg I me‡P‡q cªvwšÍK AwaKvi myiwÿZ Kivi Rb¨ Dcjã
cÖ‡ek‡hvM¨ I mvs¯‥„wZKfv‡e MÖnb‡hvM¨ nIqv DwPZ| mykvmb A_©‣bwZK I mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi gvÎ myweav‡fvMx‡`i g‡a¨
wbKUZg e¨w³‡`i Ae`vb ¯^xKvi Kiv| †hgb:
AvBwmBGmwmAvi, 1966 Gi Aby‡”Q` - 2 G ejv n‡q‡Q †h, ivóªxq eva¨evaKZvi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~b© c`‡ÿc †bevi Rb¨
¯^xK…Z AwaKv‡ii h_vh_ Pzw³i ev¯Íevqb Kiv KZ©e¨|
1. AvB‡bi kvmb:
AvB‡bi kvmb n‡”Q GKwU cÖvwZôvwbK iæc hv cÖvwZôvwbK AvBb I Abykxjb Øviv cÖwZwôZ nq| AvB‡bi AvwacZ¨ †evSvq
Ges †Kvb e¨w³ AvB‡bi evB‡i bq| GwU mylg mgv‡Ri weKvk K‡i cÿ؇qi g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ I RbM‡bi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU
kvwšÍc~b© cwi‡ek Avb‡Z Ae`vb iv‡L| ejv †h‡Z cv‡i †h,
1966 mv‡j AvBwmwmwcAvi Gi Aby‡”Q` 14 (3) g‡Z, b¨vqwePvi wbwðZ K‡i mgvb my‡hvM •Zix Ki‡Z n‡e| GwU e¨w³i
mva¨i evB‡i Zv‡`i Rb¨ AvBbx mnvqZv gy³ Kivi AwaKvi|
2. `ybx©wZi we‡ivwaZv:
`ybx©wZ n‡”Q e¨w³MZ myweavi Rb¨ miKvix ÿgZvi Ace¨envi| miKv‡ii g~j PviwU ‣ewkó¨, †hgb: Revew`wnZv, ¯^”QZv,
AskMÖnb Ges `vwqZ¡ hv `gb Ki‡Z cv‡i| `yb©xwZ iv‡óªi †g․wjK cªwZôvb mgy‡ni Revew`wnZvi ¯’vb mgyn‡K `ye©j K‡i|
miKvix cªwZôv‡bi Kv‡R ¯^”QZv I gvbevwaKvi j•N‡bi kvw¯Í †`qv nq bv| †g․wjK AwaKvi Av`v‡qi welq mgy‡n
†bwZevPK cÖfve †d‡j| hviv cÖvwšÍK, `wi`ªZg Ges me‡P‡q †ekx miKvix †mevi Dci wbf©ikxj Zv‡`i‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|
‡hgb: RvwZms‡Ni `ybx©wZ we‡ivax mb‡` (BDwbwmGwm - 2007) ivóªxq `j¸‡jv `ybx©wZ we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡b mg_©b K‡i|
wPÎ: gvbevwaKvi Ges mykvm‡bi g‡a¨ g~j cv_©K¨
mykvmb
MbZvwš¿K
cÖwZôvb
DbœZ †mev
e¨e¯’v
`ybxwZ© wenxb
mgvR
AvBb‡i kvmb
Ges b¨vq
wePvi
mb¥v‡bi AwaKvi
mvavi‡bi mb¥v‡bi
mv‡_ evuPv

41. 40
O. mykvmb cÖwZôvq me‡P‡q eo evuav (evsjv‡`‡k)
Z„Zxq we‡k¦i GKwU †`k wnmv‡e evsjv‡`‡k kvmb e¨e¯’vi evuav Ges mxgve×Zv weivRgvb Zv wb‡¤œ †`qv nj:
- gvbevwaKvi j•Nb
- `ybx©wZ
- ÿgZv Ges KZ…©Z¡ we‡Kw›`ªKiY
- ‣be©vPwbKZv
- `ye©j AvBb mfv I Zvi cÖ‡qvM
- `ye©j cÖwZôvbGi g~j¨vqb
- ivR‣bwZK ms¯‥…wZ
- gvby‡li AskMÖn‡Yi Afve
GB msµšÍ wel‡q evsjv‡`‡k GLbI MbZvwš¿K cÖwZôv‡b †mev cÖ`v‡bi Afve †`Lv †`q| GwU `ybx©wZ `gb AvBb Ges
ivR‣bwZK B”Qvi kvmb ejeZ K‡i| mykvm‡bi c~b© Dcv`vb MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ msMÖvg Ges †m cwiw¯’wZ‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨
Av‡iv msMÖvg Kivi; †hgb - ‡eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ me©wb¤œ cÖ‡qvRb (48.5% gvbyl `vwi`ªmxgvi bx‡P evm K‡i) ‡gUv‡Z msMÖvg
K‡i| †ekxifvM †ÿ‡Î Zviv gvby‡li g‡Zv †e‡uP _vKvi Rb¨ msMÖvg K‡i| RbM‡bi ‡eu‡P _vKvi me©wb¤œ cÖ‡qvRbxZv
†gUv‡bvi Rb¨ †mev I myiÿv cÖwZôv Kiv `iKvi|

42. 41
GB †mm‡bi D‡Ïk¨:
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l AskMªnbKvixiv hv Rvb‡eb:
- MbZvwš¿K ¯’vbxq e¨e¯’vq mykvm‡bi avibv
- mykvm‡b ¯’vbxq mvkb Ges Zvi Kv‡Ri †g․wjK Dcv`vb eyS‡Z cvi‡eb
‡mm‡bi myPxcÎ:
- MbZvwš¿K kvmb Gi avibv
- ¯’vbxq miKvi I ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii avibv mgyn
- ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii wee`gvb avibv: evsjv‡`‡gi `„wófw½
- BDwbqb cwil‡`i we`¨gvb KvVv‡gv I Kvh©vejx
- ¯’vbxq miKvi Gi g~j Dcv`vbmgyn
- mykvm‡b ¯’vbxq Dcv`vb DbœqbGi cÖK…qv
- ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii cÖwZ evuav mgyn (Pi GjvKvi D`vniY mn)
K. MbZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq kvmb Gi avibv
MbZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’vq mvgvwRK Ges ivR‣bwZK cÖK…qv, cªweavb I cªvwZôvwbK mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv, A_©‣bwZK cÖe„w× I
gvbe Dbœq‡b GKwU mgwš^Z f~wgKv cvjb Kiv m¤¢e hv mykb Gi weavb †g‡b P‡j|
MbZvwš¿K ¯’vbxq kvmb e¨e¯’vi avibvq ¯’vbxq Dbœqb cš’v hv GKwU Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask wnmv‡e Dbœq‡bi aviK e‡j wPýZ|
GUv µgea©gvb AvšÍ©RvwZK m¤úª`v‡qi `vwi`ª n«vm †K․kj Gi GKwU c~e©kZ© wnmv‡e †`Lv nq|
RvwZmsN gvbe Dbœqb cwieíbv 2002 Gi D‡jøL g‡Z, gvbe Dbœqb `„wófw½i we‡ePbv, avibv Ges Dbœq‡b MbZvwš¿K
cÖK…qv I ivR‣bwZK / bvMwiK AwaKvi I RbM‡bi ¯^vaxbZv iÿvq `vq× ¯’vbxq cÖwZôvb mgyn mykvm‡bi avibv AšÍ©f~³
K‡i|
AZGe MbZvbwš¿K ¯’vbxq kvmb n‡”Q:
- RbM‡bi gvbevwaKvi I †g․wjK ¯^vaxbZv Ges Zv‡`i gh©v`vi m‡½ emevm| hvi d‡j RbM‡bi gh©v`vi Dbœqb
nh|
- RbM‡bi Rxe‡b cÖfve †d‡j Ggb wm×všÍ
- RbM‡bi wm×v‡šÍ miKvi‡K `vqe× ivLv
- RbM‡bi b¨h¨ AwaKvi cÖwZôv Ges mvgvwRK cvi¯úvwiK cªK…qvi kvmb
- bvix Zvi Rxe‡b wm×všÍMÖn‡b miKvix I †emiKvix e¨e¯’vq cyiæ‡li mgvb gh©v`v I AskMÖn‡Y Aswk`vi
- RbMb RvwZ, eb©, wj½ ev Ab¨ †Kvb cÖKvi wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i •Zix mKj cÖKvi •elg¨ n‡Z gy³
- fwel¨r cÖR‡b¥i Pvwn`v eZ©gvb bxwZ mgyn‡K cÖwZdwjZ K‡i|
- A_©‣bwZK I mvgvwRK cwiKíbv I bxwZ gvby‡li Pvwn`v Ges AvKvsLvi cÖwZ cÖwZwµqvkxj
- `vwi`ª `~ixKib I mK‡ji Rb¨ mgvb my‡hv‡Mi Dci ¸iæZ¡ †`q|
‡mmb Pvi:
MbZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq ¯’vbxq mvkb

43. 42
GUv MbZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’vq mvgvwRK / ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi, ¯^vaxbZv Ges RbM‡bi AskMÖnb ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q mykvmb Gi
avibv †_‡K c„_K e¨e¯’vi D‡jøL K‡i| MbZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’v mwµq gvbyl gy³ n‡Z Ges wb‡R‡`i fwel¨r iæcvqb Kivi
Rb¨ Dbœq‡bi avibvi Dci wbwg©Z †bZ…‡Zi K_v e‡j| GwU mnm&ªvã Dbœqb jÿ¨‡K D‡jøL K‡i gvbe avibvi g~j Dcv`v‡b
Kj¨vb g~jK e¨e¯’v Mªnb K‡i|
MbZvwš¿K kvmb Gi g‡a¨ mykvmb Gi †hvMv‡hvM:
D`vniY:
Aby‡”Q` - 11: evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi MbZš¿ I gvbevwaKv‡ii weavb †evSvq
L. ¯’vbxq miKvi I ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii avibv eySv‡Z:
¯’vbxq kvmb:
¯’vbxq miKvi bvMwiK‡`i Ges Zv‡`i `j, Zv‡`i ¯^v_© Ges cÖ‡qv‡bi cv_©K¨ mgy‡ni ga¨¯’Zv Ges ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q Zv‡`i
AwaKvi I `vwqZ¡ eySv‡Z cv‡ib hvi gva¨‡g cÖwZôvb, c×wZ Ges MVb e¨e¯’v Øviv MwVZ|
- kvmb e¨e¯’v Ges miKvix Kg©KZ©v‡`i KvR
- bvMwi‡Ki AskMÖnb
- ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q Kgx©‡`i Askx`vwiZ¡
- me †m±‡i ¯’vbxq ‡jvKR‡bi ÿgZv
- Z‡_¨i GKvwaKv cÖevn
- Revew`wn cÖwZôvb Ges
- GKwU wcAviI - `vwi`ª Awf‡hvRb ÿgZv m¤úbœ e¨e¯’v MnbKvix
¯’vbxq miKvi AvBbx AeKvVv‡gv I ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii `„wó‡Kvb hv c‡iI mÜvb †`q| GUv Dbœq‡bi wewfbœ Rb‡Mvwô (‡hgb:
¯’vbxq ch©v‡q miKvi, e¨w³MZ †m±i, mwgwZ, Ab¨wKQy bq) hv AvK…wZ Ges cÖfv‡ei g‡a¨ AvbyôvwbK m¤ú‡K©i mxgv Øviv
AšÍ©f~³|
GwU ¯’vbxq chv©‡q AvDcyU Ges ivR‣bwZK I cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯’vi Kvh©KvixZv Mªnb K‡i| bvMwi‡Ki e„nËi ¯^v‡_© ¯’vbxq
miKv‡ii mg_©b, GbwRI, Ges ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii ch©‡eÿ‡b m¤úK©xZ †emiKvix cÖK…qvq kvmb Gi g‡a¨ m½wZ Kiv GKwU
eo e¨e¯’v| AZGe, GwU ¯’vbxq kvmb cÖK…qv Ges ¯’vbxq kvm‡bi g‡a¨ ‡Rvo`vi KvR Kiv cÖ‡qvRb e‡j g‡b K‡i|
kvmb e¨e¯’v
mykvmb
RbM‡bi
miKvi
MbZvwš¿K miKvi
MbZvwš¿K cÖK…qv¯’vbxq miKvi MbZvwš¿K miKvi

44. 43
¯’vbxq miKvi
¯’vbxq miKvi GKwU cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯’v hv GKKfv‡e ¯’vbxqfv‡e wbe©vwPZ ev g‡bvwbZ nq| GwU U¨v· Av‡ivc ÿgZv mn
†Kw›`ªq miKvi KZ©„K wb‡`©k bv nIqv ch©šÍ ev hw` bv e¨q Kivi ‡Kvb ÿgZv _v‡K †miƒc †Kvb MbZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vi PvKv
wnmv‡e †evSvq| ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii cy‡iv kvmb cÖK…qvi GKwU Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask|
¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’vi `ywU cÖavb Dcv`vb Av‡Q| h_v:
K) wm×všÍ cÖK…qvq bvMwi‡Ki cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb †g․wjK Kvh©vejx m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ ¯’vbxq kvmb ¯’vbxq miKvi
Øviv Aby‡gvw`Z; Ges
L) GB we‡ePbvi wfwˇZ h_vh_ e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvR‡b ¯’vbxq miKvi `vqe× ivLv nq †h me MVb Z‡¯¿|
¯’vbxq miKvi‡ii mvsweavwbK weavb
evsjv‡`‡k MbcÖRvZwš¿ miKv‡ii mvsweavwbK ÿgZvqb Ges ¯’vbxq Dbœqb cÖK…qvq AskMÖ‡bi Rb¨ gvbyl mwµq GKwU
fywgKv iv‡L| †mB m‡½ Zviv evsjv‡`k miKvi‡ii ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvb cÖwZôvi Rb¨ weavb †`q|
evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q` bs - 11: MbZš¿ I gvbevwaKv‡ii weavb †evSvq|
cÖRvZ‡š¿i gvby‡li e¨w³MZ ghv©`v I g~j¨ cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ †gŠwjK gvbevwaKvi Ges ¯^vaxbZv I
m¤§vb wbwðZ Kiv n‡e| hv GKwU MbZvwš¿K Ges me ch©v‡qi cÖkvmwbK cÖwZwbwa‡`i gva¨‡
gvby‡li Kvh©Ki AskMÖnY wbwðZ K‡i|
evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q` bs - 59 (1) G ejv n‡q‡Q †h:
cÖRvZ‡š¿i cÖ‡Z¨K cÖkvmwbK BDwb‡Ui g‡a¨ ¯’vbxq miKvi AvBb Abyhvqx wbe©vwPZ e¨w³‡`i Øviv
MwVZ msMV‡bi Dci b¨¯Í n‡e|
evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q` bs - 59 (2) G ¯’vbxq kvmb e¨e¯’vi wb‡`©k Av‡b:
K) cÖkvmb I miKvix Kg©KZ©v‡`i KvR
L) RbM‡bi myweavi iÿbv‡eÿb
M) cÖ¯‘wZ Ges miKvix †mev I A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb m¤úKx©Z cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb
evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q` bs - 60 ‡Z ¯’vbxq kvmb e¨e¯’vi D‡jøL K‡i †h:
D‡jøwLZ Aby‡”Q` - 59 Gi weavb Øviv ¯’vbxq kvmb e¨e¯’vi MVb ÿgZv I Zvi wbeÜb Kiv ev
Zv‡`i ev‡RU cÖ¯ÍywZ I Znwej eRvq ivLvi weav‡b c~b© cÖfve eRvq iv‡L|
M) ¯’vbxq miKv‡i we`¨gvb e¨e¯’v MVb: evsjv‡`‡ki `„wófw½
iv‡óªi g‡a¨ ¯’vbxq miKvi:
evsjv‡`‡k 64 wU cÖkvmwbK †Rjvq Ges bx‡P MÖvgxb KvDw݇ji Øviv MwVZ ¯’vbxq miKvi GKwU `ye©j e¨e¯’v ev cwil`
Ges hv‡`i Aax‡b †c․imfv i‡q‡Q|
gš¿x chv©‡q Z`viwK:
¯’vbxq miKvi I AvÂwjK Dbœqb I mgevq gš¿bvjq Gi g‡a¨ ¯’vbxq miKvi wefvM Øviv cwiPvwjZ e¨e¯’v hv cve©Z¨

45. 44
†Rjvq ¯’vbxq miKvi cwil` AvBb 1989 ev‡` Dbœqb Ges ¯’vbxq miKvi wbq¯¿b AvBb ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ `vqx cve©Z¨
welqK gš¿bvjq MVb K‡i|
KvDw݇ji aib:
¯’vbxq miKvi †ekx ev Kg GKB cÖKvi| Mªvgxb, kû‡i Ges cve©Z¨ †Rjvq fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| hv‡`i Kvh©vejx kû‡i
KZ©„c‡ÿi GKK ¯’vbxq Ges wmwU K‡cv©‡ikb I †c․imfvi †gqi Gi msL¨v Øviv AšÍ©f~³ K‡ib|
MÖvgxb ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii wZbwU PvKv Av‡Q| ‡hgb:
- †Rjv cwil (61wU †Rjv) Ges wZbwU cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil`
- Dc‡Rjv cwil` (500 wU Dc‡Rjv) Ges
- BDwbqb cwil` (4452 wU BDwbqb)
1. Avievb KvDwÝj:
wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb I †c․imfvi †gqi whwb ‡c․imfvi cÖavb wnmv‡e KvR K‡ib| KvDwÝj m`m¨ Ges †gqi cÖwZ cvuP eQi
AšÍi wbev©P‡bi gva¨‡g wbe©vwPZ nq| mivmwi wbe©vwPZ hviv †mBme bvix‡`i Rb¨ msiwÿZ Avmb i‡q‡Q|
2. ‡Rjv cwil`:
wZbwU cve©Z¨ †Rjv Qvov cÖwZwU †Rjvq GKwU KvDwÝj Av‡Q hv kZv©axb Ges GKwU †Rjv cwil‡`i GKRb †Pqvig¨vb
Øviv MwVZ| GB cwil‡` 15 wU Avmb Ges AwZwi³ 5 wU bvix Avmb Øviv MwVZ| †Pqvig¨vb I m`m¨‡`i GKwU wbe©vPbx
K‡jR Øviv wbev©wPZ nq|
3. Dc‡Rjv I BDwbqb cwil`:
‡Pqvig¨vb Ges mKj m`m¨‡`i - bvix Avmb mn mKj msiwÿZ Avmb - mivmwe wbe©vwPZ Kiv nq| †Pqvig¨vb I
m`m¨‡`i cy‡iv mgq KvR Ges miKvi Øviv ms‡kvab Kiv n‡q‡Q Ggb GKwU m¤§vwbZ miKvi| we`¨gvb AvBb Abyhvqx
Dc‡Rjv cwil` KvDwÝj GKwU mivmwi wbe©vwPZ †Pqvig¨vb, cÖwZwbwa m`m¨, msiwÿZ Avm‡b bvix m`m¨ Ges Kvh©Kix
m`m¨‡`i Øviv MwVZ n‡e| cÖwZwbwaMb m`m¨ Dc‡Rjv cwil‡`i †Pqvig¨vb I cÖwZwU Dc‡Rjvi mgm¨ nb| Dc‡Rjvq
Kg©iZ miKvix wefvM Mbbvi gva¨‡g †fvwUs AwaKvi Qvov c`vwaKvi e‡j m`m¨ we‡ewPZ n‡e|

46. 45
wPÎ: ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii eZ©gvb Ae¯’v
wPÎ: miKvi Ges ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii g‡a¨ KvV‡gvMZ cv_©K¨
¯’vbxq miKvi wefvM
¯’vbxq miKvi gš¿bvjq MÖvg Dbœqb Ges
mgš^q
MÖvgxb e¨e¯’v kn‡i e¨e¯’v
wRjv cwil`
Dc‡Rjv cwil`
wmwU K‡cv©‡ikb
‡c․imfv
BDwbqb cwil`
evsjv`k mwPevjq cÖkvmb:
- g¯¿xeM©
- mwPeMb
wefvMxq cwiPvjK
wefvMxq
(Kwgkbvi )
†Rjv Kwgkbvi
Dc‡Rjv (BDGbI)
wRjv cwil`
Dc‡Rjv cwil` (&fvBm
†Pq¨vig¨vb)
BDwbqb cwil` (‡Pq¨vig¨vb
I †g¤^vi)

47. 46
BDwbqb cwil‡`i we`¨gvb KvVv‡gv I Kvh©vejx:
Aby‡”Q` - 10: ¯’vbxq miKvi AvBb - 2009 Abymv‡i, BDwbqb cwil‡`i GKRb †Pqvig¨vb Ges (wZbwU bvix Avm‡b
msiwÿZ Avmb mn) 12 m`m¨ wb‡q MwVZ|
BDwbqb cwil‡`i KvVv‡gv wbb¥iæc:
- †Pqvig¨vb: mivmwi BDwbq‡bi †fvUvi‡`i Øviv wbe©vwPZ BDwbqb cwil‡`i GKRb †Pqvig¨vb wbe©vwPZ n‡eb|
- m`m¨: mivmwi BDwbq‡bi †fvUvi‡`i Øviv wbe©vwPZ bqwU IqvW© †_‡K wbe©vwPZ n‡e|
- bvix m`m¨: wZbwU Avmb bvix‡`i Rb¨ msiwÿZ Kiv n‡e| bvix m`m¨‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡K mivmwi GKwU BDwbq‡bi
g‡a¨ wZbwU IqvW© Gi cyiæl Ges bvix †fvUvi KZ©„K †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g wbe©vwPZ n‡eb|
Awdwmqvj m`m¨:
- eøK mycvifvBRvi
- ¯^v¯’¨ mnKvix
- cwievi Kj¨vb Kg©x
- Avbmvi / wfwWwc I BDwbqb ch©v‡q Kg©iZ miKvix wefvM me Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Îi Kgx©‡`i B&Dwbqb cwil‡`i
Awdwmqvj m`m¨ n‡Z n‡e| Zv‡`i ‡fvwUs Kivi AwaKvi _vK‡e|
Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨:
- gyw³hy×vnZ e¨w³i cwiev‡ii cÖwZwbwaiv
- mgevq mwgwZi AšÍ©fz³ `j / †ckvRxwe (ZvZx, †R‡j, fzwgnxb kÖwgK, wb:¤^ bvix) hv‡`i †fv‡Ui AwaKvi †bB
‡mBme e¨w³eM© BDwbqb cwil‡`i m`m¨ n‡Z cvi‡e|
wPÎ: BDwci mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv
†Pqvi g¨vb
‡g¤^vi - 9 (wbe©vwPZ) Gwnjv †g¤^vi - 3
(wbe©vwPZ)
mwPe
(1)(Awbe©vwPZ)
KiAv`vqKvix ‡P․wK`vi
`dv`vi

48. 47
B&&Dwbqb cwil‡`i ¯’vqx KwgwU:
¯’vbxq miKvi welqK AvBb, 2009, Gi aviv 45 Abymv‡i cÖwZwU BDw c‡Z 13 wU ¯’vqx KwgwU Av‡Q | G¸wj wb¤œiæc:
1. A_© Ges ms¯’vcb
2. AwWUGes wnmve wefvM
3. Ki wbb©q Ges msMÖn
4. wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨ I cwievi cwiKíbv
5. K…wl, grm I cï m¤c`, Ab¨vb¨ A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb
6. Mvgxb AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dbœqb, msiÿb I iÿbv‡eÿb BZ¨vw`
7. AvBb k„•Ljv
8. Rb¥ I g„Zy¨ wbeÜb
9. m¨vwb‡Ukb, cvwb mieivn I wb®‥vkb
10. mvgvwRK Kj¨vb I `y‡hv©M e¨e¯’vcbv
11. ¯’vqx Dbœqb, cwi‡ek myiÿv Ges MvQ jvMv‡bv (evMvb Kiv)
12. cvwievwiK we‡iva, bvix I wkï Kj¨vb welqK wewa
13. ms¯‥…wZ I †Ljv
13wU ¯’vqx KwgwU QvovI miKv‡ii wbev©nx Av‡`k w`‡q wb‡¤œv³ BDwc †Pqvig¨vb KwgwU MVb K‡i B&Dwc ch©v‡q wbe©vwPZ
nq| ‡hgb:
- bvix wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iva KwgwU (GGbwcwm)
- B&Dwbqb ch©v‡q gvbe cvPvi cÖwZ‡iva KwgwU
- BDwc Uv·‡dvm© KwgwU (cvwb mieivn I m¨vwb‡Uk‡bi Rb¨)
- B&Dwbqb ch©v‡q K…wl myiÿv KwgwU
- BDwbqb ch©v‡q `y‡hv©M e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU
- BDwbqb ch©v‡q evMvb iÿv KwgwU
- BDwbqb ch©v‡q wfwRwW KwgwU , BZ¨vw`
¯’vbxq kvmb e¨e¯’vi wefM n‡Z 23‡k †g 1989 mv‡j m/BDwc-6/89/397 (64) Gi cÖKvwkZ weÁwß Abyhvqx bvixiI
e¨w³ AwaKvi i‡q‡Q|
µwgK bs wbe©vwPZ e¨w³ c` mgyn
1. BDwc‡Pqvig¨vb ‡Pqvig¨vb
2 bvix m`m¨, IqvW© bs - 1 m`m¨
3. bvix m`m¨, IqvW© bs - 2 m`m¨
4. bvix m`m¨, IqvW© bs - 3 m`m¨
5. BDwbq‡b cÖwZwôZ †m‡KÛvix ¯‥z‡ji cÖavb wkÿK m`m¨
6. cwievi cwiKíbv Kg©x m`m¨
¯’vqx KwgwU‡Z †Pqvicvimb wnmv‡e bvix cÖwZwbwa _vK‡e| †hLv‡b ¯’vqx KwgwUi GK Z…Zxqvsk e¨w³ (mnKvix m`m¨
e¨ZxZ) BDwbqb cwil‡`i wbe©vwPZ m`m¨ †_‡K wbe©vwPZ Kiv n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨KwU ¯’vqx KwgwU 5 †_‡K 7 m`m¨ wewkó¨ nIqv
DwPr; cÖ‡qvRb n‡j mswkøó wel‡q GKRb we‡klÁ e¨w³ wnmv‡e AšÍ©f~³ n‡Z cv‡i| ¯’vqx KwgwU‡Z wbe©vwPZ e¨w³ Qvov
¯’vbxq kvmb AvB‡bi aviv 45 (3) Abymv‡i AvBb k„•Ljv KwgwU‡Z †KD AšÍ©f~³ n‡Z cvi‡e bv| ¯’vqx KwgwU ïaygvÎ
AvBb k„•Ljv KwgwUi ‡Pqvig¨vb n‡e e‡j D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i AvBb k„s&Ljv KwgwU cªwZ `yB gv‡mi g‡a¨
GKevi K‡i †`Lv Ki‡Z cv‡i|

49. 48
¯’vbxq kvmb AvBb 2009 Gi aviv - 46 (1) g‡Z, ‡Pqvig¨vb BDwc Gi mKj jÿ¨ cyiY Ki‡e| mKj cÖKvi wm×všÍ
cÖ`v‡b †Pqvig¨v‡bi wbe©nx ÿgZvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e|
¯’vbxq kvmb AvBb 2009 Gi aviv - 46 (2) g‡Z †Pqvig¨v‡bi `vwqZ¡:
K) wZwb BDwc mvaviY mfvi †Pqvi n‡eb Ges mfv cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb|
L) wZwb mKj Aa:¯’b Kg©KZ©v‡K wbixÿb I wbq¯¿b Ki‡eb Ges Zv‡`i ‡MvcbxqZvi cÖwZ‡e`b cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡eb|
M) wZwb miKvi ev wbR wbR DשZb Kg©KZ©v KZ©„K Aby‡gvw`Z e¨‡qi mxgv eRvq ivL‡eb|
N) wZwb BDwc mwPe‡`i m‡½ †h․_ ¯^vÿiKvix‡`i m‡½ Avq e¨‡qi wnmve cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb|
O) wZwb BDwc Gi e¨‡qi I ivR‡¯^i msMÖn UvKv w`‡Z BDwc Kg©KZ©v ev Kg©Pvix m`m¨‡`i KZ©„Z¡ Ac©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
P) wZwb ¯’vbxq kvmb AvB‡bi weavb m‡½ msMwZc~b© mg¯Í cÖvmw½K cÖwZ‡e`b cª¯‘Z Ki‡eb|
Q) wZwb GB AvBb Abymv‡i Ab¨ †Kvb KZ©„c‡ÿi `vwqZ¡I cvjb Ki‡eb|
‡mBmv‡_, †Pqvig¨vb cwil‡`i AbygwZ µ‡g AvBb Aa¨v‡`k ev wewa weavb Gi cwicš’x bq Giæc Rb¯^v_© ev Rb¸iæZ¡c~b©
†Kvb Riæix KvR m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ wb‡`©k w`‡Z cvi‡eb| GQvovI wZwb wb¤œwjwLZ KvR¸‡jv Ki‡eb:
- wZwb cwil` mfvq cwil‡`i mswkøó Kg©KZ©v ev Kg©PvixMb I Ab¨vb¨ miKvix `߇ii mswkøó Kg©KZ©v ev
Kg©PvixM‡bi Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ Ki‡be|
- GB AvBb ev Z`vaxb cÖbxZ wewai cwicš’x Ges cÖkvmwbK wek„•Ljvi Kvi‡Y mwPe Ges n¯ÍvšÍwiZ Ab¨vb¨ `߇i
Kg©KZ©v I Kg©PvixMb‡K cÖ‡qvR‡b h_vh_ c×wZ AbymiY K‡i mvgwqK eiLv¯’ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
- cwil‡`i mwP‡ei wbKU n‡Z cwil‡`i cÖkvmwbK welq msµvšÍ †h †Kvb K¬vwmdvBW †iKW© ev bw_ wjwLZfv‡e
Zje Ki‡Z Ges AvBb I wba©vwiZ c×wZ‡Z Av‡`k cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Z‡e wZwb GBiæc †Kvb K¬vwmdvBW
†Kvb †iKW© ev bw_ Zje Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv hv m¤úyb©iæ‡c mwPe ev msw¤øó Kg©KZ©vi wbR¯^ ZË¡veav‡b _vK‡e|
- GB AvBb ev wewa, cÖweavb BZ¨vw`i cwicš’x Ges cÖkvmwbK wek„sLjv m„wói Kvi‡Y BDwbqb ch©v‡q Kg©iZ
Kg©Pvix mn cwil‡`i wbq¯¿bvaxb Ab¨vb¨ Kg©Pvix‡`i weiæ‡× h_vh_ KZ©„c‡ÿi wbKU cÖ‡qvRbxq AvBbvbyM e¨e¯’v
MÖb‡Yi Rb¨ cÖwZ‡e`b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
- Zvi we‡ePbvq cwil‡`i †Kvb wm×všÍ GB AvBb ev Ab¨ †Kvb AvBb ev wewa weav‡bi cwic¯’x n‡j A_ev D³iæc
wm×všÍ ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡j Dnv Rb¯^v¯’¨, Rb¯^v_© I RbwbivcËv wecbœ Kwi‡e e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡j wZwb Zv miKv‡ii
wbKU †cÖiY Ki‡eb|
2. BDwbqb cwil‡`i g~j Kvh©vejx:
¯’vbxq miKv‡ii AvBb - 2009 Gi aviv 47 Abymv‡i BDwci mv‡_ m¤úK©xZ PviwU †g․wjK wel‡qi mgvavb K‡i|
K) cÖkvmb I ms¯’vcb welqvw`
L) Rbk„•Ljv iÿv
M) RbKj¨vbg~jK Kvh© m¤úvw`Z †mev; Ges
N) ¯’vbxq A_©‣bwZK I mvgvwRK Dbœqb m¤úK©xZ cwiKíbv cÖbqb I ev¯Íevqb|
Ab¨vb¨ Kvh©vejx:
¯’vbxq miKvi (&BDwbqb cwil`) AvB‡bi aviv - 47 Abyhvqx B&Dwbqb cwil‡`i Ab¨vb¨ Kvh©vejx wbb¥iæc:
1. cvuP eQ‡ii cwiKíbv cÖbqb Ges `xN© c` Dbœqb cwiKíbv
2. MÖvgxb AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dbœqb, msiÿb I iÿbv‡eÿb Kiv
3. ‡g․wjK wkÿv Ges cÖv_wgK I Mbwkÿv cÖPvi
4. ¯^v¯’¨ ev¯Íevqb I cwievi cwiKíbv Kvh©µg MÖnb Kiv
5. K…wl, grm, cÖvbx I `y‡hv©M n«vm Kivi Rb¨ Kvh©µg MÖnb