Formation of Solar System

1. Formation of the
solar system

2. Learning outcomes
 Sate the different hypothesis explaining the origin of
the solar system .
 Cite and profile the other members of the solar
system.
 Illustrate the parts of the sun and the phases of the
moon.
 Explain the current information on the solar system.
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3. Planets of the solar system
1. Terrestrial planets –
are the planets closest to the Sun.
MERCURY, VENUS, EARTH, AND MARS.
-has solid mineral-containing crust and
Earth-like composition.
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4. Planets of the solar system
2.Jovian Planets
-Jupiter-like planets
Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus
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5. Inner Planets
of the solar
system

6. Mercury
-planet closest to the sun
-88 Earth-days to make one revolution
-rotates 3 times for each 2 revolutions
-weak gravitational force due to its small size
-hold a very little atmosphere
- Day temperature is 315 degrees and drop to -149
degrees at night

7. 7
Mercury

8. Venus
-brightest planet in the solar system
-star-like object
-”evening star” during March and April
-”morning star” September and October
-most closely resembles with Earth with respect to
size, density, and distance from the Sun
- it rotates in a direction of the Earth’s rotation
-

9. Venus
-very active volcanically
-has a diameter of 12, 112 kilometers, with mass of 0.82
that of Earth
-reveals a surface that is similar to Earth and Mars
-has plateaus and mountains but less craters and valleys
-surface temperature can reach 480 degrees C
-atmosphere consist of carbon monoxide
-angular rocks and soil composition is similar to basalt found
on Earth

10. 10
Venus

11. Earth
- Blue planet, with more water surface (71%) than
land (29%).
- Temperature is conducive to life
- Insulating properties of the atmosphere and high
rotational rate ensure a brief and small lowering of
temperature
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12. 12
Earth

13. mars
-Little more than half of Earth’s size; mass is about 1/9 that of
Earth and it has a core, mantle, and crust as well as a thin
atmosphere
-takes 2 years to orbit the Sun
-atmosphere is 95% CO2, with only 0.15 percent oxygen
-temperature from the equator is from 30 degrees C in the day to -
130 degrees C at night
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14. mars
--has 2 small moons- PHOBOS (inner) and DEIMOS (outer)
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15. Outer Planets
of the solar
system

16. Jupiter
- Largest planet
- Has a mass of 318 times that of the Earth and
an average density of 1.34 g/cm3
- diameter is 143,000 kilometers (giant planet)
- Appears to be covered with alternating band s of
multicolored clouds parallel to the equator
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17. Jupiter
- It rotates once in a less than 10 hrs
- core is about 20 times more massive than the Earth’s
core (Fe, nickel, and other minerals)
- Surface temperature is about the same day and night
- 16 moons orbit Jupiter
- Lo and Europa are about the size of our moon
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18. 18
Jupiter

19. 19
Lo Europa

20. Saturn
- Has a mean diameter which is nearly 10 times that of
the Earth
- Composed of hydrogen and helium
- Rings lie in a plane coincident with Saturn’s equator
- Has four major rings and hundreds of ringlets
- Rings consist of three bands
- Inner ring is about 12,000 km from the surface
- Middle ring is the brightest
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21. Saturn
- has 23 moons beyond its ring
- Titan (largest moon) 1.6 time larger than our moon
- Revolves once each 16 days and has methane
atmosphere
- Surface temperature is -170 degrees C
- Lapetus (other moon) very bright and the other side
is dark
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22. 22
Saturn

23. 23
Titan Iapetus

24. Uranus
- Has a diameter of 47,000 kilometers and a
mass of 14.6 times than of Earth
- Was discovered by William Herschel in 1781
- Its atmosphere has hydrogen and methane
- Temperature is -170 degrees
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25. Uranus
- Uranus is also surrounded by rings (1977)
- 17 moons
- Is tilted 98 degrees to the perpendicular of
its orbital plane
- Cold planet
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26. 26
Uranus

27. Neptune
- Neptune and Uranus are like twins (similar in size,
and appear green due to methane in their
atmospheres
- Urbans Leverrier and S.C. Adams predicted the
position of Neptune
-has a diameter of about 3.9 times the Earth
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28. Neptune
- mass is 17 times greater and its mean density is about a
third of the Earth
- Atmosphere is mainly hydrogen and helium with some
methane and ammonia
- Has at least 8 moons
- Triton (largest moon)- orbit Neptune in 5.9 days
- Has bright polar caps and geysers of nitrogen
- Nereid (smaller moon) 1 year to orbit Neptune
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29. 29
Neptune

30. Pluto
-not anymore included in the solar system as a planet because of its
size and distance from the sun
-most planetary orbits are circular, Pluto’s is the most elliptical.
-orbit is eccentric and at times closer to the sun than Neptune
-smaller than our moon with a diameter about 1/5 that of the Earth’s
–mass of 0.002
- Rotational period is 6.4 days
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31. Pluto
- Has a moon named Charon
- Charon has a period of 6.4 days
- Great distance from the sun (sun would appear as an
ordinary star)
- Very cold place.
- It take 248 years to make a single revolution (will be
seen and discovered position again in 2178.
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32. Pluto
-New horizons spacecraft (July 2015) the first and
so far, the only attempt to explore Pluto directly
-first zoomed-in image of Pluto showed a crisp, clear
view of Pluto’s surface (covered with wide smooth
areas, lumpy terrain and ice mountains
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33. 33
Pluto

34. 34
Charon

35. Supplemental video
universe videoplayback.mp4
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36. Other members
of the solar
system
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37. Asteroids
- Large gap between Mars and Jupiter is populated by
thousands of small rocky bodies called asteroids.
- Irregular in shape like boulders (larger ones are spherical)
- Ceres (750 km diameter)
- Failed to become planet
- Hermes (closest to the Earth
- Vesta (only asteroid which can be seen by the naked eye.
- Smaller than a few hundred km are called meteoroids
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38. Asteroid
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39. Meteoroids
- Meteor (streaking
light- “shooting
star”/”falling star”)
- strikes Earth’s
atmosphere (altitude
of 80km)
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40. 40

41. -Meteorite (ground)
-mostly small
-big impacts craters on the Earth were
either erode or covered by geological
processes
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42. 42

43. -outside the Earth
43
Meteoroid

44. comets
- Derived from the Greek word meaning “long-haired”
- Small body of rock, iron, ice and gases that orbit the in
sun elliptical orbits
- Composed of nucleus which look like a dirty snowball
called COMA, and a long tail of vaporized gases (water,
ammonia, methane, and carbon dioxide), dust and
debris
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45. comets
- Most spectacular bodies in the solar system
- Visible only when they are within the orbits of Saturn
- Appear big as they approach the sun because solar
energy vaporizes the frozen gases
- -some are big as sun, others the size of Jupiter
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46. comets
- Inside the COMA is a small glowing nucleus
- Tail points away from the sun in a slightly curved manner
(solar winds)
- Revolve around the sun in either the Kuiper belt or Oort
Cloud
- Kuiper belt- area outside the orbit of Pluto
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47. comets
- Oort Cloud- a sphere beyond the orbit of Uranus
- Halley’s comet (appear every 76 years)
- Halebopp, Schwassmann, and Wachmann
- Kopff and Oterma, Linear, and Shoemaker Levy 9 (hit the
planet Jupiter)
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48. 48

49. 49

50. SUN
-glowing ball of gas-like material (plasma)
-864,000 miles in diameter and 93 million miles away
-principal source of heat
-we can see, hear, laugh, and love only because every
second 4-1/2 million tons of mass in the sun is
converted to radiant energy which hits us
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51. SUN
- Energy of thermonuclear fusion that takes place in
the interior of the sun (hydrogen nuclei are being
crushed to form helium)
- 5 billion years ago and expected to continue for
another billion years
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52. 52

53. -Photosphere- is the visible surface of the sun
- Above the photosphere is the reversing layer which is the
lower level of the sun’s atmosphere
- Chromosphere/color sphere (several miles above)
- Chromosphere is the region of prominence visible during a
solar eclipse
- Corona-beyond the chromosphere (crown of light)
- Sunspot- created by strong magnetic field
- Solar wind powers the aurora borealis on Earth
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54. Moon
- one of the largest in solar system
- Has a diameter of 346 000 km
- Its gravitational pull is 1/6 of the Earth
- underwent intense meteoroid bombardment in its
early evolution
- Formed by bombardment and volcanic activity filled
with lava to produce a surface
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55. Moon
- too little to have an atmosphere and so
the eroding agents have been meteoroid
impacts
- Rotational rate matches the rate at
which it revolves around the Earth
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56. Phases of the
moon

57. First half or new moon
- Occurs when the sun, moon, and earth are
lined up with moon in the middle
- Not visible because the side of the moon
facing the Earth is dark

58. First quarter
- Angle between sun, moon, and Earth is 90
degrees
- We see half the sunlit portion of the moon

59. Waxing gibbous phase
- More sunlit portion is exposed to us

60. Full moon
- The side of the moon facing the Earth is
completely illuminated
- The cycle reverses during the following two
weeks as we are less and less of the sunlit
side
- 29-1/2 days (complete cycle)

61. ⋆ Moon 101 _ National
Geographic.mp4
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62. Solar eclipse
- Occurs when the moon’s shadow falls on the
Earth
- EARTH---- MOON----SUN (lunar eclipse)
- ALL SOLAR ECLIPSE INVOLVE NEW MOON
- ALL LUNAR ECLIPSE INVOLVE A FULL MOON.

63. ⋆ Lunar Eclipse 101 _ National
Geographic.mp4
⋆ Solar Eclipse 101 _ National
Geographic.mp4
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64. THE STARS

65. - Astronomers divide the night sky into group of
stars called constellations.
Examples:
orion, libra, gemini, picses, Cassiopeia,
Aries etc.

66. - Mutual gravitations between the gaseous particles in a
protostar result in an overall contraction of its huge
ball of gas.
- Thermonuclear reaction converting hydrogen to helium
releases an enormous amount of radiation and thermal
energy
- Igneous of nuclear fuels marks the change from
protostar to star

67. ⋆ Where Are the Stars_ See How Light
Pollution Affects Night Skies _ Short
Film Showcase.mp4
⋆ Stars 101 _ National Geographic.mp4
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68. Life of star
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69. - Life span of stars depends on the rate it
burns its fuel
- Massive stars are very bright and have
short life
- Low mass stars are dimmer and live
longer.

70. Death of stars
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71. - Luminous stars “burn” nuclear fuel
- Begin when it ignites its nuclear fuel, and it ends when
its nuclear fires go out
- First ignition in the star core (fusion of hydrogen to
helium)
- Solar mass stars and lower mass than the sun are not
enough to fuse carbon-lacking of nuclear energy, they
shrink

72. Black holes

73. - massive stars that undergoes gravitational collapse
laves a blackhole
- Collapsed star is black because the gravitational force
is so enormous that light cannot escape
- Increase in gravitational field=increase in speed
- 3 properties of blackhole (mass, charge, and angular
momentum)

74. - If our sun were to collapse to a radius of 3km, the
escape speed would exceed the speed of light, and
so nothing could escape.
- Black holes are non-aggressive and don’t reach out
and swallow innocent people and other objects at a
distance

75. ⋆ Black Holes 101 _ National
Geographic.mp4
⋆ Meteor Showers 101 _
National Geographic.mp4
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Thanks!