The document provides information about the formation and components of the solar system. It begins by outlining learning outcomes related to the origin of the solar system and profiles of its members. It then describes the two types of planets - terrestrial and Jovian - and provides details about each of the eight planets. Additional sections cover asteroids, meteoroids, comets, the Sun, Moon, phases of the Moon, eclipses, stars, the life and death of stars, and black holes. Videos are also included to supplement some topics.

1. Formation of the
solar system

2. Learning outcomes
 Sate the different hypothesis explaining the origin of
the solar system .
 Cite and profile the other members of the solar
system.
 Illustrate the parts of the sun and the phases of the
moon.
 Explain the current information on the solar system.
2

3. Planets of the solar system
1. Terrestrial planets –
are the planets closest to the Sun.
MERCURY, VENUS, EARTH, AND MARS.
-has solid mineral-containing crust and
Earth-like composition.
3

4. Planets of the solar system
2.Jovian Planets
-Jupiter-like planets
Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus
4

5. Inner Planets
of the solar
system

6. Mercury
-planet closest to the sun
-88 Earth-days to make one revolution
-rotates 3 times for each 2 revolutions
-weak gravitational force due to its small size
-hold a very little atmosphere
- Day temperature is 315 degrees and drop to -149
degrees at night

7. 7
Mercury

8. Venus
-brightest planet in the solar system
-star-like object
-”evening star” during March and April
-”morning star” September and October
-most closely resembles with Earth with respect to
size, density, and distance from the Sun
- it rotates in a direction of the Earth’s rotation
-

9. Venus
-very active volcanically
-has a diameter of 12, 112 kilometers, with mass of 0.82
that of Earth
-reveals a surface that is similar to Earth and Mars
-has plateaus and mountains but less craters and valleys
-surface temperature can reach 480 degrees C
-atmosphere consist of carbon monoxide
-angular rocks and soil composition is similar to basalt found
on Earth

10. 10
Venus

11. Earth
- Blue planet, with more water surface (71%) than
land (29%).
- Temperature is conducive to life
- Insulating properties of the atmosphere and high
rotational rate ensure a brief and small lowering of
temperature
11

12. 12
Earth

13. mars
-Little more than half of Earth’s size; mass is about 1/9 that of
Earth and it has a core, mantle, and crust as well as a thin
atmosphere
-takes 2 years to orbit the Sun
-atmosphere is 95% CO2, with only 0.15 percent oxygen
-temperature from the equator is from 30 degrees C in the day to -
130 degrees C at night
13

14. mars
--has 2 small moons- PHOBOS (inner) and DEIMOS (outer)
14

15. Outer Planets
of the solar
system

16. Jupiter
- Largest planet
- Has a mass of 318 times that of the Earth and
an average density of 1.34 g/cm3
- diameter is 143,000 kilometers (giant planet)
- Appears to be covered with alternating band s of
multicolored clouds parallel to the equator
16

17. Jupiter
- It rotates once in a less than 10 hrs
- core is about 20 times more massive than the Earth’s
core (Fe, nickel, and other minerals)
- Surface temperature is about the same day and night
- 16 moons orbit Jupiter
- Lo and Europa are about the size of our moon
17

18. 18
Jupiter

19. 19
Lo Europa

20. Saturn
- Has a mean diameter which is nearly 10 times that of
the Earth
- Composed of hydrogen and helium
- Rings lie in a plane coincident with Saturn’s equator
- Has four major rings and hundreds of ringlets
- Rings consist of three bands
- Inner ring is about 12,000 km from the surface
- Middle ring is the brightest
20

21. Saturn
- has 23 moons beyond its ring
- Titan (largest moon) 1.6 time larger than our moon
- Revolves once each 16 days and has methane
atmosphere
- Surface temperature is -170 degrees C
- Lapetus (other moon) very bright and the other side
is dark
21

22. 22
Saturn

23. 23
Titan Iapetus

24. Uranus
- Has a diameter of 47,000 kilometers and a
mass of 14.6 times than of Earth
- Was discovered by William Herschel in 1781
- Its atmosphere has hydrogen and methane
- Temperature is -170 degrees
24

25. Uranus
- Uranus is also surrounded by rings (1977)
- 17 moons
- Is tilted 98 degrees to the perpendicular of
its orbital plane
- Cold planet
25

26. 26
Uranus

27. Neptune
- Neptune and Uranus are like twins (similar in size,
and appear green due to methane in their
atmospheres
- Urbans Leverrier and S.C. Adams predicted the
position of Neptune
-has a diameter of about 3.9 times the Earth
27

28. Neptune
- mass is 17 times greater and its mean density is about a
third of the Earth
- Atmosphere is mainly hydrogen and helium with some
methane and ammonia
- Has at least 8 moons
- Triton (largest moon)- orbit Neptune in 5.9 days
- Has bright polar caps and geysers of nitrogen
- Nereid (smaller moon) 1 year to orbit Neptune
28

29. 29
Neptune

30. Pluto
-not anymore included in the solar system as a planet because of its
size and distance from the sun
-most planetary orbits are circular, Pluto’s is the most elliptical.
-orbit is eccentric and at times closer to the sun than Neptune
-smaller than our moon with a diameter about 1/5 that of the Earth’s
–mass of 0.002
- Rotational period is 6.4 days
30

31. Pluto
- Has a moon named Charon
- Charon has a period of 6.4 days
- Great distance from the sun (sun would appear as an
ordinary star)
- Very cold place.
- It take 248 years to make a single revolution (will be
seen and discovered position again in 2178.
31

32. Pluto
-New horizons spacecraft (July 2015) the first and
so far, the only attempt to explore Pluto directly
-first zoomed-in image of Pluto showed a crisp, clear
view of Pluto’s surface (covered with wide smooth
areas, lumpy terrain and ice mountains
32

33. 33
Pluto

34. 34
Charon

35. Supplemental video
universe videoplayback.mp4
35

36. Other members
of the solar
system
36

37. Asteroids
- Large gap between Mars and Jupiter is populated by
thousands of small rocky bodies called asteroids.
- Irregular in shape like boulders (larger ones are spherical)
- Ceres (750 km diameter)
- Failed to become planet
- Hermes (closest to the Earth
- Vesta (only asteroid which can be seen by the naked eye.
- Smaller than a few hundred km are called meteoroids
37

38. Asteroid
38

39. Meteoroids
- Meteor (streaking
light- “shooting
star”/”falling star”)
- strikes Earth’s
atmosphere (altitude
of 80km)
39

40. 40

41. -Meteorite (ground)
-mostly small
-big impacts craters on the Earth were
either erode or covered by geological
processes
41

42. 42

43. -outside the Earth
43
Meteoroid

44. comets
- Derived from the Greek word meaning “long-haired”
- Small body of rock, iron, ice and gases that orbit the in
sun elliptical orbits
- Composed of nucleus which look like a dirty snowball
called COMA, and a long tail of vaporized gases (water,
ammonia, methane, and carbon dioxide), dust and
debris
44

45. comets
- Most spectacular bodies in the solar system
- Visible only when they are within the orbits of Saturn
- Appear big as they approach the sun because solar
energy vaporizes the frozen gases
- -some are big as sun, others the size of Jupiter
45

46. comets
- Inside the COMA is a small glowing nucleus
- Tail points away from the sun in a slightly curved manner
(solar winds)
- Revolve around the sun in either the Kuiper belt or Oort
Cloud
- Kuiper belt- area outside the orbit of Pluto
46

47. comets
- Oort Cloud- a sphere beyond the orbit of Uranus
- Halley’s comet (appear every 76 years)
- Halebopp, Schwassmann, and Wachmann
- Kopff and Oterma, Linear, and Shoemaker Levy 9 (hit the
planet Jupiter)
47

48. 48

49. 49

50. SUN
-glowing ball of gas-like material (plasma)
-864,000 miles in diameter and 93 million miles away
-principal source of heat
-we can see, hear, laugh, and love only because every
second 4-1/2 million tons of mass in the sun is
converted to radiant energy which hits us
50

51. SUN
- Energy of thermonuclear fusion that takes place in
the interior of the sun (hydrogen nuclei are being
crushed to form helium)
- 5 billion years ago and expected to continue for
another billion years
51

52. 52

53. -Photosphere- is the visible surface of the sun
- Above the photosphere is the reversing layer which is the
lower level of the sun’s atmosphere
- Chromosphere/color sphere (several miles above)
- Chromosphere is the region of prominence visible during a
solar eclipse
- Corona-beyond the chromosphere (crown of light)
- Sunspot- created by strong magnetic field
- Solar wind powers the aurora borealis on Earth
53

54. Moon
- one of the largest in solar system
- Has a diameter of 346 000 km
- Its gravitational pull is 1/6 of the Earth
- underwent intense meteoroid bombardment in its
early evolution
- Formed by bombardment and volcanic activity filled
with lava to produce a surface
54

55. Moon
- too little to have an atmosphere and so
the eroding agents have been meteoroid
impacts
- Rotational rate matches the rate at
which it revolves around the Earth
55

56. Phases of the
moon

57. First half or new moon
- Occurs when the sun, moon, and earth are
lined up with moon in the middle
- Not visible because the side of the moon
facing the Earth is dark

58. First quarter
- Angle between sun, moon, and Earth is 90
degrees
- We see half the sunlit portion of the moon

59. Waxing gibbous phase
- More sunlit portion is exposed to us

60. Full moon
- The side of the moon facing the Earth is
completely illuminated
- The cycle reverses during the following two
weeks as we are less and less of the sunlit
side
- 29-1/2 days (complete cycle)

61. ⋆ Moon 101 _ National
Geographic.mp4
61

62. Solar eclipse
- Occurs when the moon’s shadow falls on the
Earth
- EARTH---- MOON----SUN (lunar eclipse)
- ALL SOLAR ECLIPSE INVOLVE NEW MOON
- ALL LUNAR ECLIPSE INVOLVE A FULL MOON.

63. ⋆ Lunar Eclipse 101 _ National
Geographic.mp4
⋆ Solar Eclipse 101 _ National
Geographic.mp4
63

64. THE STARS

65. - Astronomers divide the night sky into group of
stars called constellations.
Examples:
orion, libra, gemini, picses, Cassiopeia,
Aries etc.

66. - Mutual gravitations between the gaseous particles in a
protostar result in an overall contraction of its huge
ball of gas.
- Thermonuclear reaction converting hydrogen to helium
releases an enormous amount of radiation and thermal
energy
- Igneous of nuclear fuels marks the change from
protostar to star

67. ⋆ Where Are the Stars_ See How Light
Pollution Affects Night Skies _ Short
Film Showcase.mp4
⋆ Stars 101 _ National Geographic.mp4
67

68. Life of star
68

69. - Life span of stars depends on the rate it
burns its fuel
- Massive stars are very bright and have
short life
- Low mass stars are dimmer and live
longer.

70. Death of stars
70

71. - Luminous stars “burn” nuclear fuel
- Begin when it ignites its nuclear fuel, and it ends when
its nuclear fires go out
- First ignition in the star core (fusion of hydrogen to
helium)
- Solar mass stars and lower mass than the sun are not
enough to fuse carbon-lacking of nuclear energy, they
shrink

72. Black holes

73. - massive stars that undergoes gravitational collapse
laves a blackhole
- Collapsed star is black because the gravitational force
is so enormous that light cannot escape
- Increase in gravitational field=increase in speed
- 3 properties of blackhole (mass, charge, and angular
momentum)

74. - If our sun were to collapse to a radius of 3km, the
escape speed would exceed the speed of light, and
so nothing could escape.
- Black holes are non-aggressive and don’t reach out
and swallow innocent people and other objects at a
distance

75. ⋆ Black Holes 101 _ National
Geographic.mp4
⋆ Meteor Showers 101 _
National Geographic.mp4
75

76. 76
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