Health and health care inequalities Name Institution Racial inequalities and discrimination African Americans bear disproportionate burden in injury, disease morbidity, disability and mortality. This disadvantage is mostly related to age-related mortality. African Americans are significantly at risk for early death compared to the native community. The overall death rate of death among the African Americans in the US is equivalent to that of the natives thirty years ago (Dreyer, Brettle, & Roderick, 2020). The premature death is caused by various disorders such as obesity, cardiovascular heart disease, and hypertension. For example, the cases of death due to heart-related diseases is higher among the African Americans than any other race group in the United States. These health challenges occur in the context of increasing inequalities in the rate of disease infection. Economic differences cannot explain the difference in health inequalities even when socioeconomic status is controlled. Differences in skin tone may be the basis of the discrimination in health status. The health disparities that negatively affect the African Americans arise from many sources including social inequalities, inherited health risks, and lifestyle patterns. Health disparities could also be caused by race-based discrimination. The concept of place or geographical location is important in explaining contribution of social injustice to health risks. Various studies shows that neighborhood is important in mediating access to social connections and opportunities, all which are factors that affect health status. When neighborhood is characterized by segregation, often linked to racial concentration, then African Americans have higher rates of mortality and morbidity. Residential segregation and discrimination that creates concentrated neighborhoods where residents are poor are social spaces with concentrated health-related problems. African Americans have higher exposure to stressful environments because of fewer resources. African American, a poor racial minority has poorer health status. The poor community is less likely to have sufficient health and social services and this create a problem of timely access to medical services. Second, the community environment expose the African American to health hazards such as air pollution, dirt, and water contamination (Barsanti & Salmi, 2017). Moreover, concentration of social inequalities and poverty and it related characteristics such as substance abuse, anxiety, unemployment, and crime often creates social environment that lessen social connectedness. Researchers link the idea of biological responses that may be triggered by neighborhood stressors. There is correlation between residential segregation and social inequality. There are different factors that concentrate social stressors which trigger risks of heart disease, cognitive impairment, and chronic inflammation. African Americans who mostly live in unhealthy ...

1. Health and health care inequalities
Name
Institution
Racial inequalities and discrimination
African Americans bear disproportionate burden in injury,
disease morbidity, disability and mortality. This disadvantage is
mostly related to age-related mortality. African Americans are
significantly at risk for early death compared to the native
community. The overall death rate of death among the African
Americans in the US is equivalent to that of the natives thirty
years ago (Dreyer, Brettle, & Roderick, 2020). The premature
death is caused by various disorders such as obesity,
cardiovascular heart disease, and hypertension. For example,
the cases of death due to heart-related diseases is higher among
the African Americans than any other race group in the United
States. These health challenges occur in the context of
increasing inequalities in the rate of disease infection.
Economic differences cannot explain the difference in
health inequalities even when socioeconomic status is

2. controlled. Differences in skin tone may be the basis of the
discrimination in health status. The health disparities that
negatively affect the African Americans arise from many
sources including social inequalities, inherited health risks, and
lifestyle patterns. Health disparities could also be caused by
race-based discrimination. The concept of place or
geographical location is important in explaining contribution of
social injustice to health risks. Various studies shows that
neighborhood is important in mediating access to social
connections and opportunities, all which are factors that affect
health status. When neighborhood is characterized by
segregation, often linked to racial concentration, then African
Americans have higher rates of mortality and morbidity.
Residential segregation and discrimination that creates
concentrated neighborhoods where residents are poor are social
spaces with concentrated health-related problems. African
Americans have higher exposure to stressful environments
because of fewer resources.
African American, a poor racial minority has poorer health
status. The poor community is less likely to have sufficient
health and social services and this create a problem of timely
access to medical services. Second, the community environment
expose the African American to health hazards such as air
pollution, dirt, and water contamination (Barsanti & Salmi,
2017). Moreover, concentration of social inequalities and
poverty and it related characteristics such as substance abuse,
anxiety, unemployment, and crime often creates social
environment that lessen social connectedness. Researchers link
the idea of biological responses that may be triggered by
neighborhood stressors. There is correlation between residential
segregation and social inequality. There are different factors
that concentrate social stressors which trigger risks of heart
disease, cognitive impairment, and chronic inflammation.
African Americans who mostly live in unhealthy environment
responds at a biological levels with elevated levels of
hormones, this response create specific disease processes.

3. Ethics
The health disparities that exist in the US are problematic
because they demonstrate the old system of injustice based on
race and social status. The system of injustices in health care is
an ethical problem and, therefore, states of affairs that
exemplify these kind of injustices are ethical problems. Health
disparities are kinds of injustices among the African Americans.
Members of society receive social benefits in exchange for
paying taxes and adhering to set rules. When African Americans
are subjected to burdens of taxes and they do not get the basic
benefits, a serious wring is committed (Jones, 2016). The
African Americans do not experience reasonable health
outcomes when compared to the native Whites. Health
disparities based on ethnic and racial lines are disadvantage to
members of the society.
The moral implication of lack of ethics in health care is
that differences in access and quality of health care result to
substantive inequalities. The African Americans are less able to
enjoy rights to pursuit of happiness and life. Health disparities
amount to classism and racism because they result to
preexisting inequalities suffered by the vulnerable members of
Black communities. The African Americans are historically
disenfranchised by past laws and medical practices. Moreover,
health disparities have fueled mistrust of medical practices
based on past practices and injustices, discouraging the blacks
from seeking care (Cochran & Barnes, 2017). Mistrust has
further widened the health disparities. Another implication of
health disparities among the blacks is that it impedes access to
quality care and impair quality of care to the Black community.
When the limited resources are diverted to cover the patients
who have serious conditions because of their economic position,
every American suffer. For example, uninsured patients cause
negative impact for the insured people. This means that
existence of health disparities is moral wrong.
Whether the disparities in health care are caused by
sociocultural factors, differences in income, or treatment

4. decisions, they are unjustified and should be eliminated.
Doctors should ensure racial prejudice does not impact clinical
judgment. Ethical and health care policy must be considered to
improve health care for African Americans. There are many
caused of health care disparities and this include: race, gender
differences, health literacy, and age. As health and wellness is a
universal need, with health impact, hospitals should support
efforts to ensure access to high-quality medication. Advocating
for reforms in public policy to remove health access barriers
through insurance and universal health coverage is an ethical
imperative. Successful implementation of such medical policy
will reduce health disparities and disparities in pain care
Policies to reduce disparities
There are wide range of policies to help United States to
support equitable health. Improving health and reducing health
disparities are important issues among the Blacks. Investing in
health reduce poverty and increase economic growth and human
capabilities. There are two main policy action on addressing
health care inequities among the African American. These are
based on the closing health gaps and targeted programs for the
vulnerable population. Results of study demonstrate that health
disparities are priority for the United State federal government,
however, clear targets and system of impact assessment to
ascertain the quality of the intervention are missing. The impact
of policies in place to reduce racial inequalities will be
desirable if actions are combined across social determinants
through federal, state and local government. Political
commitment is high in state and federal government in reducing
health disparities more so in African American community.
Policies to take racial inequalities in health and healthcare are
common in United State. The context of such policies vary
across states, reflecting different social and political ideologies.
Recognizing racial inequalities in health care is not enough,
good governance is needed to strength the federal and states
capacity. The outcomes of selected policies should be monitored
and strengthened to be adopted in other contexts.

5. Advocacy methods
Advocacy for racial equalities in health care practices has
been through Non-Governmental networking and protest. One of
the strengths of NGOs for advocating equality in health care
lies in their networking abilities. It enables these organization
to share their voices even with limited financial resources.
African Americans have engaged in protests in many political
and social forums. Protesters target major forum or summit
calling attention to fair and accessible social amenities and
pressing for change. Protests reach wide audience, however it
can result to chaos and social disorder. References
Barsanti, S., & Salmi, L.-R. (2017). Strategies and governance
to reduce health inequalities: evidences from a cross-European
survey. Global Health Research Policy, 2(18).
doi:10.1186/s41256-017-0038-7
Cochran, S. D., & Barnes, N. W. (2017). Race, Race-Based
Discrimination, and Health Outcomes Among African
Americans. Annual review of psychology, 58, 201–225.
Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190212
Dreyer, G., Brettle, A., & Roderick, P. J. (2020). Ethnic
minority disparities in progression and mortality of pre-dialysis
chronic kidney disease: a systematic scoping review. BMC
Nephrol, 21(217), 1-13. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-020-01852-3
Jones, C. (2016). The Moral Problem of Health Disparities.
American Journal of Public Health, 47-52.
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.171181
Unit10AssignSWHPP
Federal Policy Analysis and Recommendations

6. Assignment Instructions
As noted above, use the revised work you have done in your
Policy Selection and Background (Unit 4) and Policy Analysis
(Unit 6) assignments to develop a complete analysis.
Additionally, this final submission includes recommendations
you would make regarding future changes to the policy to
improve its effectiveness in address the social justice issue for
the chosen population.
For your final version, include:IntroductionBody of Paper
Address the following, based on revising the assignments you
submitted previously:
· Analyze the social justice issue and its connection to the
chosen population, addressing cultural values, privilege, and
power in your analysis.
· Analyze the federal policy and its connection to the social
justice problem and the targeted population.
· Analyze the historical issues and context leading up to, and
including, the development of the policy.
· Evaluate the effectiveness of the policy, including addressing
issues with policy design, implementation practices, and
external constraints that inhibit effectiveness.
· Evaluate the feasibility of the policy from political, economic,
and administrative perspectives.Conclusion
· Provide a brief summary of the current state of the policy's
implementation in regard to the chosen social justice issue and
target population.
· Draw conclusions based on your analysis about the continuing
effectiveness of the policy. What have been the policy's
strengths and weaknesses, and how might these look going
forward? Cite specific examples to support your
analysis.Recommendations
· Provide recommendations to improve the policy or to replace
it with alternative solutions, including a plan for how you will
advocate for these changes. Should the policy be replaced,
modified, or extended upon?
· Justify your recommendations for new policies or revisions

7. with a detailed rationale.
· Describe how the new or revised policy for the chosen
population will be implemented into policy planning and action.
· Additional Requirements
The assignment you submit is expected to meet the following
requirements:
· Written communication: Written communication is free of
errors that detract from the overall message.
· APA formatting: Resources and citations are formatted
according to current APA style and formatting standards.
· Parts of the paper: Include a title page, table of contents, body
of paper, references, and running headers.
· Cited resources: Minimum of eight scholarly sources. All
literature cited should be current, with publication dates within
the past five years.
· Length of paper: 3 double-spaced, typed pages.
· Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12 point.