This purpose of this assignment was to highlight key practices taught by Bandura, Rogers and Maslow. I went over several terms and theories discovered by these psychologists and provided pictures and helpful videos to better understand their teachings.

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2. Ch. 13
Bandura’s Theory

3. BIO: Albert Bandura was born in 1925 in Alberta, Canada. He
immigrated from Canada to America in hopes of getting a better
education. He graduated from the University of Iowa in 1952 with
a doctorate in clinical psychology. He began teaching at Stanford
University in the 1960s. Bandura is still alive today.
Define Reciprocal Determinism: Reciprocal Determinism
is a concept that recognizes that a person, environment
and behavior all influence one another. Behaviorism has
always stated that the environment influences behavior.
Behavior can also influence environment.
Explain Self-Regulation Processes: Self regulation of
behavior suggests that people have control over their
behavior. This all depends on who the person is and how
much they can exert this control. Bandura explains there
are two types of people: people who do not exceed their
full potential and people who do. This theory is used to
help people gain control of their lives.
Define Self-Efficacy: This means believing “that one can
organize and execute given courses of action required to
deal with prospective situations”. People who are
confident have high-self efficacy and people who are
insecure have low-self efficacy.
-Striving toward Goals: Everyone has different goals for
themselves, but we all strive for goals in similar ways.
People with high-self efficacy and low-self efficacy will
strive towards their goals with the same level of will.
Describe the Processes influencing Learning: Bandura
suggested a new theory based on people who learn
without reinforcement; a set of theoretical concepts used
to understand complex events that happen to people to
observe changes in performance.
Bandura: Social learning Theory

4. Bandura: Social learning Theory
(continued)
Observational Learning and Modeling: To put it in
simple terms, Bandura states that humans learn by
observing. Observational learning messes with the
theory that people can only learn with reinforcement.
Bandura states we can separate the learning and
performance.
Modeling- Behavioral changes that result from
exposures to models.
Vicarious learning- New responses are based on the
models we see of situations in front of us.
Identification- Power VS. Status Effects: Power is
controller of rewards; status is the recipients of the
rewards.
Examples: Children observing various models and
seeing which ones they are drawn to.
Modeling aggression- Researchers showed a video of
someone being aggressive to a doll to see if the
children would have aggressive behavior after the
video.
Therapy: Efficacy Beliefs
How it works: Changing self efficacy
behaviors will help change fears and
avoidant behavior. If someone can
get over a fear or phobia, they will
see that life is a lot more tolerable.
What’s it good for? It is good for
people’s ability to cope with past
childhood traumas and other post
traumatic events.
How to change efficacy
expectations through therapy: Talk
therapy, behavioral therapy and
other techniques will help people
have breakthroughs in therapy.
These therapies help change
dysfunctional expectancies.
The Person in the Social
Environment:
Collective Efficacy- Bandura suggest
collective efficacy takes place when
a group of people believe they can
achieve the goal they are after. If
everyone in the group can achieve
this, they will be able to move past
the obstacles and obtain what they
wish.
Moral Disengagement- Individuals
fail to keep themselves in check and
have very high standards for
themselves. Because of this, they
will engage in very immoral
standards. They do these acts and
then use it by saying the ends
justify the means.

5. Visual of Social Learning Theory

6. Carl Rogers

7. Bio: Carl Rogers was born in Oak Park, Illinois in 1902. His family
was very Christian and strict. Rogers loved to read and was very
good at school. He graduated from college in 1924 with a
bachelors in history. He started to take classes at Columbia
University and did graduate work there in psychology.
Rogers
The Actualizing Tendency: “The directional trend which is
evident in all organic and human life-the urge to expand, extend,
develop mature- the tendency to express and activate all the
capacities of the organism, or the self”.
Examples: People grow during this tendency and start to self
actualize themselves.
Organismic Valuing Process- Someone who is in touch with
their self actualization will continue to grow with their inner
experiences. A person is being guided by their subconscious.
Examples: Authenticity and autonomy are examples of this
because people will start being themselves and doing what they
want.
The Fully Functioning Person:
-Openness to experience: A fully functioning person is open to
experience, ready to accept what the world has to offer.
-Existential living: A person open to experience is always willing to
try new things. They will appreciate every moment life gives them.
-Organismic trust: A person with organismic trust will rely on their
own experience to guide their behavior. This helps with their inner
needs and emotions.
-Experiential freedom: Fully functioning people experience the
freedom to choose. Their freedom to choose will never limit them
from the world.
-Creativity: Fully functioning people live creative lives. They always
try to evolve instead of focusing on the past.
Subjective Experience, values and science: Rogers was torn
between using science and using his own experience to view his
clients. He also used spirituality to help with techniques. Values are
also important to Rogers’ theory because he knows this emerges
from each individual.
The Self
Ideal VS Real
The ideal self is who Who a person really
you want to be and who is. This includes the
some people think they are. actualizing tendency.
Incongruence- The conflict between the ideal self and the
real self.
Development
Conditions of Worth: Children trying to live up to their parents'
expectations of them. They try to get rid of the “bad” things about
themselves so their parents will love or praise them.
UPR- Unconditional positive regard is a parent loving their child
regardless of how they behave. The child gets to explore
themselves more freely. Children raised this way end up being fully
functioning people.
Development of Creativity: Creativity arises from a
healthy development. Rogers believed, “openness to
experience, an internal locus of evaluation and the ability
to toy with elements and concepts” were key to
creativity.

8. 3 Factors that contribute to
Therapeutic Success:
1. UPR- unconditional positive regard:
Rogers believed if a client felt more
accepted by the therapist, they will be
willing to make more progress
2. Congruence- if the therapist has been
through a similar experience as the
client, this is another way they can make
progress
3. Empathic Understanding- even if
the therapist has not been through what
the client has, as long as they are
empathetic towards them, they will
cooperate.
Research on Therapy-
Does research confirm or discredit
Rogers? Rogers’ theories were hard to study
scientifically, but he was committed to doing
research regardless. Rogers was able to
develop instruments to do this and was able
to code behaviors, tone of voice and use
scales to assess therapy outcomes.
+ Therapeutic Outcomes
With the techniques used to measure and
model therapies, the outcomes were great.
People were having greater self acceptance
and knowing their real self vs ideal self.
Other Applications:
1. Humanistic Education-Rogers felt
that people's feelings were who they were,
and teachers should not dismiss this.
2. Marriage & Relationships: Rogers
advocated for a relationship that has trust
separate and shared interests, and the
uniqueness of the partner.
3. Business: Rogers believed if a business
was run like a teacher to student or
therapist to client, the business would have
more success.
4. Political Conflict, War & Peace:
Psychology can help reduce tension and
conflict, even in political affiliations.
7 Stage Process:
1. The client has little to no self awareness
2. The client blames other for problems
3. Opens up a little bit about problems and
feelings
4. Starts to take responsibility for themselves
5. Starts to be in the present
6. Has a breakthrough about being stuck in
the past
7. Starts to feel values in place of worth
Criticisms of Rogers theory:
Though Rogers has some good points
about therapy, there are of course
other ways to achieve growth in
yourself and in relationships.
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions:
If conditions (unconditional positive
regard, congruence and empathetic
understanding) were present, there
would be progress. Also, having a client
focus on their goals is necessary to
their progress.
Rogers

9. Cartoon of Fully Functioning
Person

10. Ch. 15
Abraham Maslow

11. Humanism (Maslow)
Discuss Maslow’s Bio
Abraham Maslow was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1908. His
parents were Russian immigrants and had a hard time raising him
financially. Maslow was very smart and had a high IQ of 195. He
studied at University of Wisconsin and Columbia University. He was
sough after psychotherapy while experiencing anxiety and died of a
heart attack shortly after.
Maslow’s Vision of Psych
“Maslow believed there are different levels beyond self-
actualization and proposed transpersonal psychology as a
fourth force, after behaviorism and psychoanalysis, and as
an outgrowth of humanistic psychology.”
Deficiency Motivation:
These are the first four levels of the hierarchy of needs.
This is motivation to overcome the feeling od deficiency. If
any of these 4 basic needs are not met, the person will
feel unfulfilled.
Physiological Needs: The lowest level of needs, they are
food, water, sleep and sex.
Being Motivation: When the deficiency needs are met, this
is being motivation.
Need to Self-Actualize: This is the highest level of needs
and where a person decides to reach their potential.
Safety Needs: The next motivation is for a person to feel
safe in a situation.
Belongingness & Love Needs: If safety and physiological
needs are met, a person will seek love and friendship.
Esteem Needs: This is the need for self respect and the
esteem of others.
Differences between D-Motivation and B-Motivation:
Metamotivated: People at the level of self actualization.
B-Love: The B stands for “becoming”. People at this level
want psychological freedom, Maslow describes them as
non-possessive and enjoyable.
D-Love: Full of jealousy and anxiety. This is described as
deficiency levels being low.

12. Maslow Continued…
Research Testing Need Hierarchy:
The Maslow Art Test was used to test intuition and
perception.
7. Freshness of Appreciation: Awe and gratitude remain for self
actualized people.
8. Peak Experiences: This occurs when a self-actualized person is seeking
a mystical experience. This can be religious, nature, sexual etc.
9. Human Kinship: Self-actualized people feel very connected with
humans. They have no prejudice towards others.
10. Humility and Respect: They are humble, love to learn from others,
and are on the democratic or left leaning side of politics.
11. Interpersonal Relationships: Self-actualized people seek out
relationships with other self-actualized people to form a strong bond.
12. Ethics and Values: They have strong ethical standards and embrace
uniqueness of others.
13. Discrimination between Means and Ends: Self-actualized people
are focused on their goals. They still do appreciate the pleasure of
means.
14. Sense of Humor: Though self-actualized people are mor serious,
they do laugh at lots of things but do not have a dark sense of humor.
15. Creativity: Maslow claimed this trait was present in all the self-
actualized people he saw. They might not have been creative in the
traditional sense, but still creative.
16. Resistance to Enculturation: Self-actualized people will not change
who they are for everybody else. They will always be who they are.
17. Resolution of Dichotomies: They no longer see in black or white,
there is a gray area for them. They will always see what is good for the
people.
1. Efficient Perception of Reality: Self actualized
people have a very high intuition. They are never
misled by other people.
2. Acceptance: Self actualized people have a better
acceptance towards themselves and eat better, sleep
better, have better sex and generally enjoy life more.
3. Spontaneity: People that have reached self
actualization are more spontaneous and live more
natural.
4. Problem-Centered: These people are more problem
centered than self centered.
5. Need for Privacy: Self actualized people are more
private and do not let others make decisions for them.
6. Independence of Culture and Environment: Self
actualized people do not depend on people or the
world in order to feel fulfilled.
Self-Actualization: Maslow describes this as the full
potential of a human being.

13. Maslow Continued…
Measurement & Research Self-Actualization:
Maslow did lots of observing in order to determine
if someone is self-actualized. These were all purely
hypotheses.
Personal Orientation Inventory (POI)- A 150 item
multiple choice that gives two scores based on
Maslow’s theory.
Inner Directed Supports Scale- This measures the
degree in which the person provides their own
support.
Time Competence Scale-This scale measures the
degree of which the person using this lives in the
present.
Obstacles to Self-Actualization:
Instinctoid- Maslow created this term to
differentiate actual needs vs wants. Instinctoid is
actual needs like food, water, and shelter.
Jonah complex- This is another term created by
Maslow. It means someone being afraid of reaching
their full potential by being successful.
Applications and Implications of Maslow’s Theory
Therapy: Some therapists base their work off Maslow’s work using
transpersonal therapy. They also use spiritual and religious practices as
techniques in therapy. This is done because of Maslow’s emphasis of higher
human functions.
Growth Centers: Growth centers are used for people seeking their highest
potential. An examples is the Insalen Institute in Big Sur, California.
Workplace: Maslow encouraged enlightened management to have happy
and healthier work environments and workers. If an employer takes account
of their workers hierarchy of needs, it will be beneficial to everybody.
Consumerism: Food fulfills physiological needs, but it also can help with
self esteem, so if suppliers are aware of this they will sell more.
Religion and Spirituality: Maslow used a spiritual approach in
psychology and cooperated with other spiritual psychotherapists. Though
they are a little similar, spirituality and self-actualizations are not correlated.
Education: Educational goals are “the self-actualization of a person”
according to Maslow. He wanted teachers to be more empathetic to
students.
Gender: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is not limited to one gender. Any
gender can reach self-actualization.
Self-Determination: This theory proposes that there are 3
important physiological needs. Competence, autonomy, and
relatedness. Self motivation is enhanced when these needs are
met.
Intrinsic Motivation: This theory is described as “doing an activity
for the inherent satisfaction of the activity itself”.
Positive Psychology: Positive psychology focuses on healthy
functioning. This focuses on healthy emotions, physical health
and incorporates spirituality as well.

14. Hierarchy of Needs

15. Resourceful Videos
• Bandura Social Learning Theory:
https://youtu.be/NjTxQy_U3ac
• Rogers Fully Functioning Person:
https://youtu.be/uR8qJPdX8aI
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:
• https://youtu.be/O-4ithG_07Q