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2. HISTORY DEFINED
 History is any integrated narrative description, or analysis of
past events or facts written in a spirit of critical inquiry for the
whole truth.
Military History is officially defined as an objective, accurate,
descriptive, and interpretive record of all activities of the
Armed Forces in peace and war.

3. PRE-SPANISH OCCUPATION
Battle of Mactan on 27 Apr 1521
first recorded organized resistance took place in the Visayas
Lapu-Lapu: father of AFP
 He fought against the Spaniards led by Magellan
 The foreigners lost in the battle and Magellan was killed

4.  Rajah Soliman: the Muslim leader
 In 1570, he resisted the Spaniards’ efforts to land in Manila.
 In 1571, Legaspi conquered Manila and made it as the
capital of the Philippines.
 Diego Silang led an uprising which displayed his exemplary
military leadership style and tactics in defeating the Spaniards.
 Filipino soldiers were also organized to fight for Spain and to
support some expedition.
SPANISH OCCUPATION

5.  Marcelo H del Pilar, Graceano Lopez Jaena and Jose Rizal:
famous propagandists whose works nurtured the national spirit;
 Andres Bonifacio: father of the Philippine Army, founded a more
radical group called the “Katipunan” on 7 Jul 1892;
 In August 23, 1896, the Cry of Pugad Lawin signaled the start of the
Philippine Revolution against Spain;
 Magdalo led by Aguinaldo and the Magdiwang led by Bonifacio;
 On 22 Mar 1897, Tejeros Convention resolved conflict between the 2
factions;
 Aguinaldo won the presidency and this occasion also gave birth to
Philippine Army.
SPANISH OCCUPATION

6.  On 23 April 1898, the Americans convinced to cooperate with
the Americans against Spain;
 Aguinaldo declared war against Spain;
 12 June 1898, Philippine Independence from Spain
declared in Kawit, Cavite;
 22 June 1898, the Philippine Navy was created by the
Revolutionary Army.
AMERICAN INFLUENCE

7.  Treaty of Paris (February 10, 1763): Spain ceded the
Philippines to the United States;
 Finding the archipelago as a lucrative place for some economic
activities, the United States strengthened their presence in the
Philippines;
 This prompted the Filipinos to again unite and fight for the
freedom they have just won;
 The capture of General Aguinaldo by the Americans in
Palanan, Isabela in March 23, 1901 and the laying down of arms of
General Malvar in April 16, 1902 ended the organized resistance
against the American forces
AMERICAN INFLUENCE

8.  The Philippine Constabulary was organized on August 8,
1901;
 Followed by the establishment of the Philippine Military
Academy on February 7, 1905;
 On December 21, 1935, the National Defense Act was
enacted which created the AFP;
 The Philippine Air Force was later established on July 1,
1947
AMERICAN INFLUENCE

9.  Invading Japanese Forces landed in Vigan and Aparri in Luzon
on December 10, 1945;
 Japanese strikes caused the fall of Bataan on April 9, 1942
and Corregidor on May 6, 1942;
 Successful come back of the liberating US Forces under Gen
Douglas Mc Arthur who landed in Leyte on October 20,
1944.
JAPANESE OCUPATION

10.  Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC);
 Commonwealth Act Number 1: National Defense Act
provided the legal basis for the conduct of ROTC
instruction, the need for a citizen reserve force had been
realized as early as before the American occupation of the
Philippines
EVOLUTION AND ROLE OF THE
ROTC IN THE PREVIOUS WARS

11.  Fr. Domingo Collantes, OP (University of Sto Tomas);
 He organized a group of around two hundred (200) students
from UST and Colegio de San Juan de Letran who
underwent military training at Sto Tomas Plaza in Intramuros,
Manila;
 Father Collantes was assisted by a sergeant in the Royal
Spanish Army in setting up a battalion of young students for
military instruction.
EVOLUTION AND ROLE OF THE
ROTC IN THE PREVIOUS WARS

12.  Brigadier General Jose Syjuco, author of the Military education
in the Philippines: most military historians marked the year 1912 as
the beginning of the genuine ROTC instruction in the country;
 In that year, the Philippine Constabulary (PC) started
conducting military instructions at the University of the
Philippines (UP);
 All able- bodied male students in all colleges, institutes, and
schools of the university were required to undergo military training
that focused initially on infantry and use of rifles;
 Appointed as the first military instructor was Captain Silvino
Gallardo, who assumed office in the first semester of 1912.
EVOLUTION AND ROLE OF THE
ROTC IN THE PREVIOUS WARS

13.  In 1912, during the American regime, UP and Ateneo de
Manila started to offer military training;
 But their graduates could not find a career in military unless
they joined the PC or the Philippine Scouts (PS);
 Governor General Leonard Wood encouraged the
development of ROTC units, which were quite similar to those
he had organized in the United States.
EVOLUTION AND ROLE OF THE
ROTC IN THE PREVIOUS WARS

14.  March 17, 1922, the Department of Military Science and
Tactics (DMST) was formally organized in UP;
 Objectives were to:
1) develop patriotic, physically sound, upright and disciplined
citizens;
2) create a corps of trained officers for the reserve force; and
3) take the lead in fostering the university spirit.
 On July 3, 1922, with the first ROTC unit in the country
having been organized, formal military instruction began in UP
EVOLUTION AND ROLE OF THE
ROTC IN THE PREVIOUS WARS

15.  The country’s national defense plan was put into motion by
the combined efforts of Gen Douglas McArthur and Manuel
Quezon;
 Quezon personally hand-picked Gen McArthur to become
the military adviser of the Commonwealth, with the
responsibility of formulating the Philippine Defense system;
 Quezon later conferred the status of “Field Marshall”, the
highest military rank known in international usage, on
McArthur.
EVOLUTION AND ROLE OF THE
ROTC IN THE PREVIOUS WARS

16.  March 2001 : death of University of Santo Tomas ROTC
Cadet Mark Chua who was allegedly hazed by senior ROTC cadets
for his expose’ of several malpractices in the ROTC program
 His death was the strongest clamor for ROTC abolition.
 Republic Act 9163 or National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act
of 2001, making the ROTC as just one of the three components of
the NSTP where the students can choose from.
 The ROTC training period was also reduced from two years to one
year. Students can also select any component of the NSTP, thus
making ROTC optional.
EVOLUTION AND ROLE OF THE
ROTC IN THE PREVIOUS WARS

17. NSTP COMPONENTS
1. ROTC - provide military training to students to prepare for national
defense, the Department of National Defense (DND) implements
the ROTC component
2. Literacy Training Service (LTS) - train students to become teachers
to school children, out of school youth and other segments of the
society who are in dire need of their service, the Commission on
Higher Education (CHED) implements the LTS component.
3. Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS), which will involve the
students to activities to contribute to general welfare and betterment
of life, the Technical Education and Skills Development
Authority (TESDA) implements the CWTS component.

18. 18

19. 19
In 1912, the Reserve Officers' Training
Corps (ROTC) was established.
The first ROTC unit was born with the
establishment of the Department of
Military Science and Tactics at the
University of the Philippines in July 3,
1922. And it only became mandatory
after 13 years when President Manuel
Quezon signed Commonwealth Act 1,
also known as the National Defense
Act of 1935.

20. 20
It was disbanded and demobilized
after the World War II since the
country could not afford to keep a
large military force without depleting
its resources. But later restored in
1967 as a mandatory program by
President Ferdinand Marcos, who was
a product of ROTC class 1937 with
Executive Order 59.
Since the National Service Training
Program Act of 2001 was passed, said
program was no longer a mandatory
but an optional program for the college
students.

21. WHY ROTC IS NO LONGER MANDATORY
Patricia Lourdes Viray - Philstar.com
November 26, 2018

22. President Rodrigo Duterte, once again, has urged the Congress to enact a law
that would revive the mandatory Reserve Officers' Training Corps or he would
issue an executive order that would make it so.
A bill reinstituting the mandatory ROTC for Grades 11 and 12 students in public
and private schools nationwide is pending before the House of Representatives.
Duterte said he wanted to require mandatory ROTC for senior high school
students to "instill patriotism" and "love of country among our youth."
What Duterte didn't mention in his call to make ROTC mandatory is why the
program was made optional in 2001.
On Jan. 23, 2002, Republic Act 9163 or the National Service Training Program Act
of 2001 was signed into, allowing college students to choose between ROTC,
Literacy Training Service and Civil Welfare Training Service as part of their
required National Service Training Program.

23. Death of UST Cadet Mark Chua
It was recalled that a University of Santo Tomas student and cadet
exposed this practice. His body was later found floating in the Pasig River.
Mark Chua, along with fellow cadet Romulo Yumul, disclosed the
corruption in the university's ROTC program in The Varsitarian's Feb. 21,
2001 issue.
According to a March 18, 2018 report from The Varsitarian, the story
titled "Struggle Against the System" revealed the formal complaint of
Chua and Yumul against Maj. Demy Tejares, the commandant of the UST
ROTC unit, and other Department of Military Science and Tactics officials.
Chua went missing after the story was published and his father Welson
received a call claiming that the UST student was kidnapped.

24. On March 18, 2001, Chua's body was found floating in the Pasig River. His
body was wrapped in a carpet, his face covered with masking tape and
his hands were tied.
In 2004, a Manila court found ROTC cadet Arnufo Aparri Jr. guilty
of killing Chua. He was sentenced to death and was ordered to pay the
family a 50,000-peso indemnity. However, Aparri's sentenced was
downgraded to life imprisonment without parole when the death penalty
was abolished in 2006.
Another accused, Eduardo Tabrilla, pleaded guilty to homicide in 2006
while the other two involved — Paul Tan and Michael Manangbao — are
still at large, according to The Varsitarian.

25. Road to ROTC Reform
Chua's death led to a series of protests by student activist groups, who
planned barricades and launched a signature drive to abolish the ROTC
program.
Sen. Ramon Magsaysay Jr., who had committed to working for the
abolition of mandatory ROTC, said in 2001 that while the program made
sense in the Philippines before World War II, the situation had changed
since then.
He said that with the absence of external threats to national defense and
security, a focus on military training was no longer necessary.

26. He also pointed out that the Armed Forces of the Philippines only
recruited around 10 percent of the 400,000 cadets who graduated from
the program yearly, indicating, he said, that most students were not
interested in a career in the military.
"I believe students should instead have the option to take up community
service or related subjects that will enhance their performance of civic
duties," he said then.
He also urged the Defense department to stop all irregularities and
malpractice in the ROTC program, noting that students had been able to
bypass the requirement of attending training through deals with officers.

27. Angelo Reyes, Defense secretary at the time, had acknowledged the need
for an update to the ROTC law but said the Armed Forces of the
Philippines still needs to have a reserve force.
"I am entertaining the idea of taking in only 25,000 cadets every year
whom we can give proper training, allowance and other benefits. With
this, we'll have a smaller but higher quality reserve force," he said then.
Sen. Renato Cayetano, who was the bill's principal sponsor at the Senate,
said when it was passed into law, said that it was important for the
Filipino youth to "be motivated, trained, organized and mobilized in
military training, literacy and civic welfare."

28. "Finally, college students are now given a choice on how to participate in
nation-building through civic consciousness aside from the ROTC which
was imposed 76 years ago," he said at the time.
The law made the NSTP mandatory for all college students while the
mandatory ROTC program it replaced only covered males.

29. 6 NEGROS ROTC OFFICERS SACKED OVER ‘HAZING’
The termination came after a 19-year-old criminology student of the Bago City College complained that he and four others were
maltreated by their upper classmen.

30. BACOLOD CITY, Philippines — Six criminology students in Negros Occidental have
been terminated as cadet officers of the Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC)
due to their alleged involvement in a hazing incident.
The termination came after a 19-year-old criminology student of the Bago City
College complained that he and four others were maltreated by their upper
classmen.
The maltreatment reportedly occurred in the restroom of the school last week,
according to Army Capt. Rodillo Famulag, chief of the 605th Community Defense
Center (CDC) of the Army Reserve Command.
The complainant said he was kicked by one of the ROTC officers, causing his head
to hit the wall. He said he felt unwell the following day, prompting his parents to
have his condition checked.
The complainant reportedly suffered hematoma in the abdomen.

31. Famulag said investigation showed the incident occurred during a regular school day and
not during ROTC training.
He clarified that the incident had nothing to do with the ROTC training, saying it was part
of a ceremony of getting accepted into a fraternity group.
Famulag said they do not tolerate any wrongdoing committed by ROTC officers, even as it
is not related to the training.
“To prevent them from doing it possibly during ROTC training, we have to remove them
this early,” Famulag said.
The 605th CDC supervises the training and activities of Army reservists in Negros
Occidental.
Lt. Leomel Adolacion, deputy police chief of Bago City, yesterday clarified that there was
no hazing.
“Maybe the suspects did it for fun, although it happened on campus,” Ado-lacion said.
He said they have referred the complaint to the school administration for appropriate
action.