UCL ENVS2010 Planing Project. Strategic planning of Southwark borough. By Janey Lin Zhao and Hebe Yingke Ni.

2. 1

3. 2
Mission Statement
21 Consultants is a private limited consultancy company based in the London Borough of Southwark. Our
name derives from the 21 wards in the borough. We offer a wide range of strategies targeted in particular to
tackle socio-urban issues in Southwark. The aim of the agency is to provide a more coherent environment
suited to the needs of the people who inhabit it, and to care for their well being by helping in partnership with
the council to increase the quality of life. Extensive research has been undertaken by our consultancy leading
to a tailored unique vision for the future of Southwark.
Introduction
The London Borough of Southwark is located
in South-East London neighbouring Lewisham
and Lambeth. (Map 1) It is the 10th smallest
London borough in regards to area. Southwark
is an extremely diverse borough, economically,
socially, residentially and culturally. More than
100 languages are spoken in Southwark’s
schools and 43% of pupils speak English as
an additional language. It is London’s most
historic borough, participating in and witnessing
an array of principal events over the centuries,
which has shaped London, and even the world
as it stands today. It was created in 1965 as
an amalgamation of the Metropolitan Boroughs
of Southwark, Bermondsey and Camberwell.
Today, the borough boasts a well-maintained,
well-developed and well thought-through
Northern area, whereby many tertiary sector
businesses have chosen to locate due to good
transport connections and a cluster of amenities. Completed in 2012, the Shard is the UK’s tallest building.
The central region offers various cultural opportunities whilst the south provides a spacious, open and more
up-market environment. Southwark is home to many familiar landmarks such as the Tate Modern, City Hall,
London Bridge and the Globe Theatre, to name just a few. Large amounts of greenery thanks to Dulwich Park,
Kennington Park, Burgess Park and Brockwell Park have also attracted visitors. Nevertheless, deprivation in
Southwark continues to be a reality, as many residents are cut off from the wealthier sections.
The population is around 288,300 and rising annually.
Although the population is growing, the gross annual
pay is £28,000 with close to half of the borough’s
households earn less than £15,000 per year
(Southwark Council, 2015). Southwark has the most
amount of council homes in London, approximately
36,000 households inhabit council homes. A delicate
balance must be struck whereby rent is kept low, but
enough income is brought in to allow council services
to continue to fund projects efficiently.
Background on Southwark
Map 1
Graph 1
Table of Contents
Background on Southwark 2
Introduction 2
Mission Statement 2
Employment and Education Analysis 4
Transport Analysis 5
Housing Analysis 6
Infrastructure & Greenspace Analysis 7
Spatial Analysis Map 8
Proposal Map 8
Strategies Overview 9
Growth Strategy 10
Non-Growth Strategy 13
Conclusion 15
References 16

4. 3
Focusing on the Community
The root of Southwark’s inevitable issues stems from many of its residents feeling cut off from their surroundings. The key to the improvement of the region would lie in the inherent underpinning of the community’s
voice and feelings. Unavoidably, the local people will not take part in or embrace any new projects which make them feel uncomfortable or feel as if something has been taken away from them. Thus, a large part
of both our proposals would rely on open local forums, opinions submitted online through the council website and looking at Section 106 agreements in order to minimise negative
externalities. XXI consultants will take a people-based approach focusing on communities of low socio-economic status to increase social mobility. We will identify target areas
through an analysis of census data such as population, transport, housing, infrastructure and employment which will lead us to suitable, tailored solutions.
About the Population
Southwark has a sizeable working age population, with 74% of its inhabitants between the ages of 16 and 64, compared to 69% in London (Graph 1). The mean age
is 33.7 and median age is 32. This highlights the unquestionable importance of providing job opportunities to prevent high unemployment rates and low income. This
demographic lends itself well to the training and re-training of skilled and unskilled economically active young residents.
The borough has the 9th highest population density in England and Wales at 9,988 residents per km2. It is most dense around the centre (Walworth) and central north
(Bermondsey) which will be looked into through different areas later on in this report (Map 2). As an area of high population density, we want to develop
locally to prevent the need for residents to move much further away from home in search for oppurtunities and thus, benefits will be allocated locally.
Looking closer on a smaller scale into the immigration aspect, quite a high percentage of people are newly arriving in the UK in small clusters also around
the middle belt towards the north (Map 3). Assuming they are new to the whole country, it would commonly be a difficult time for them to adjust to the
local life in the area. The language, cultural and ethinical aspects of the community is difficult to cater to for different groups in all of the area, but physical
basic needs can be catered to through planning measures to help new and old locals adjust to life. This is in terms basic needs like finding housing and
employment and a community to belong. This leads to our vision...
We have three themes that work towards our vision. The objec-
tives under the themes will guide us to make sure we achieve our
vision. Our interventions will include two or all of our themes which
will be labelled with the respective icons.
Map 2 Population Density
London Datastore 2011
Map 3 Percentage of People
Arriving in UK ‘11-12
London Datastore 2012 Census
Count per ward
Map 3 Southwark Wards
(Glover, 2015)

5. 4
Employment and Education Analysis
Map 5 Economically active (Age 16-74) Map 6 Economically active and in employment
Legend
Count per ward
Legend
Count per ward
Map 8 Job seeking allowance claimants (%)
Map 7 Gross average annual household income
Legend
Pounds per household
Map 9 Highest level of qualification:
Level 4 or above (University level)
Legend
Graph 2 Graph 3
· 21.8% of claimants are 18 – 24 (2,415)
· 60.9% of claimants are 25 – 49 (6,755)
· 17.4% of claimants are aged 50 or more (1,930)
· 50.3% of claimants have been registered > 6 month (5,580)
· 23.1% of claimants have been registered 6-12 months (2,565)
· 26.7% of claimants have been registered for <1 Year or more (2,955)
- Economically active population concentrates in north
and east, does not fully correlate with population density
- Active population is highest in Rotherithe
- Employment is concentrated in NW corner typically
because London Bridge as a business hub
- Low to very low employment in central even though
majority of population is ecnomically active
- Income is low in most areas apart from
affluent Dulwich area
- London average £ 46,549, majority of central
to central north are extremely below average
(London Datastore, 2011)
(London Datastore, 2011)
(London Datastore, 2011)(London Datastore, 2011)
(London Datastore, 2012) (London Datastore, 2012)

6. 5
Transport Analysis
Map 11 Count of bike to work per ward
Map 12 Public Transport Accessibility Level (PTAL)
Legend
Legend
Count per ward
Map 13 Exisiting barclay bicycle hire
stations and cycle routes Legend
Map 10 Car ownership count (Average)
Legend
Count per ward
- 36 bicycle hire stations
- Only located in NW corner
-Exisiting cycle routes have
been improved to Level 2
CSNA bikeability level
- Current routes do not con-
nect much of central SW with
north/south, only through traf-
fic
- Only one cycle superhigh-
way cutting through NW
- One proposed superhighway
route on NE side
- Lack of safe routes going
WE and EW
Map 14 Cycle Skills Network Audit
- 60% of public transport methods
- 20% are using zero carbon methods
- Only 13% are using cars, 15.6% lower
than London
- Car ownership is at a trending decline
- Increase, 50% residents having no vehicles
- Makes the needs for more opportunities to im-
prove other means of transport
- Since low budget, focus on cheaper transport
methods eg. cycling
- Most car users are in south as poorer transport
and more affluent residents
- Concentrated in
the middle section
- North has more
train transport
- South has priavate
car usage
- In comparison to
neighbour bour-
oughs it is more
sustainable than
Lewisham but not as
well maintained as
Lambeth
-Strong in the north
west corner, many
transport linking with
rest of London
- Rest of the borough
has links with trans-
port to outer London
- Public accessibility
poor in south but is
sustained through
private car owner-
ship
Legend
Level of
bikeability
Level 1: Traffic free &
crossings low traffic flow
eg. Parks
Level 2-2.5: Low-Medi-
um
traffic flow eg. small resi-
dential streets
Level 3: High traffic, only
experienced cyclist eg.
local roads
Level 3.5: High traf-
fic roads, unsuitable for
even highly experienced
cyclists eg. arterial roads
This shows Southwark’s independency
on private vehicle usage and it’s already
higher rates towards sustainable trans-
port.
Graph 4 Graph 5
Graph 6 Graph 7
Graph 8
(National Statistics, 2011)(National Statistics, 2011)
(National Statistics, 2011) (National Statistics, 2011)
(National Statistics, 2011)

7. 6
Housing Analysis
Map 15 Dominant Housing Tenure
Legend
Types of tenancy
(some are mixed)
Legend
Period house built
Map 16 Home built period (Median)
Map 19 Domestic land use(%) Legend (left)
Percentage of
domestic land
Map 20 Non-domestic land use (%)
Legend (right)
Percentage of non-
domestic land
Graph 11 Affordable Housing
Completion ‘12-13
Graph 10 Households on LA Waiting List ‘04-’14
Map 18 Affordable Housing Targets
Graph 9
(London Datastore, 2011) (London Datastore, 2011)
(London Datastore, 2014)
(London Plan Annual Report, 2013)
(Savills, 2014)
(London Datastore, 2014)
(Savills, 2014)
(Southwark Housing Policy, 2010)
- Majority of modern
development occurs in north
alog Thames (business area)
- Gradually southern part of the
borough, built age gets 20th-pre
20th century
- New housing stock mostly built in middle to north region most needed
- Trending decrease in housing waiting
times within London
- Southwark had increase 2004-2013
only 2014 started decrease
- Pattern generally follows the Lon-
don trend but Southwark has highest
amount of social housing needed, more
workload than other boroughs
- Interventions need to contribute to this
positive downwards trend to continue
- Southwark built the most homes
out of any borough
- Although still cannot reach target
only 70% target met
- A solution is needed to help facili-
tate faster development of housing
to continue trend in graph 10
- Most domestric (housing)
land is concentrated in mid-
dle (Peckham, Camberwell,
Elephant & Castle)
- Non-domestic land is cen-
tred around borough and
bankside with tourist areas
and business zones
- Most of the middle area is
residential land with local
retail
-High density (Map 2) with
high domestic land use sug-
gest housing type would be
flats or apartment

8. 7
Legend
Percentage deficient to
small local parks
Map 22 Deficiency to local parks
Map 21 Amount of Greenspace (%)
Legend
Percentage per ward
Infrastructure & Greenspace Analysis
Map 24 Types of community facilities available
Legend
Location of facilitiies
Map 25 Rate of need for public space
Graph 12 Median House Prices Graph 13 Households accepted as home-
less on average per 1000 people
(Communities and Local Government, 2011)
(London Datastore, 2013)
(London Datastore, 2013)
Map 23 Rate of Coronary Heart Disease
(Southwark Open Space Strategy, 2013)
Legend
Rate of prevalence of
heart disease (%)
(Dataviz, 2009)
(Southwark Council, 2015)
- Largest median increase out of all bor-
oughs in 2011 (20%)
- Harder for residents to own land
- More need to reduce the change and
keep housing prices low to assure actual
resident affordability
- Homelessness accepted in borough are
required to be temporarily housed
- Estm. 1153 households in total population
- No permanent home, people in the most
need of social housing and employment
-Trending decrease in homeless, lower than
neighbouring boroughs
- Still higher than London average
- Need to maintain decrease
- Large amount of
greenspace in south
- Lack of greenspace
in the northern wards
apart from Woolwich and
Faraday
- Local small parks help foster identity with residents than
bigger areas of greenspace
- Small parks give more local context
- One ward (ex. Woolwich) have large park, but only in
the south of ward and may be inconvinient for residents in
nothern area to walk to
- Smaller parks ease of convienience, easier to develop
- These are only facilities that guide
towards employment and education,
not GP, Daycare, etc.
- Relevant to how much care is
taken into helping provide service to
help adult residents become edu-
cated and employed
- Very few learning centres unequal-
ly distributed throughout borough
-Resource centre: provide commu-
nity gathering space for activities
-Sparsely distributed resource
centres more concentrated in NW
corner of borough and along west
side
- Employment centres located
near bussiness area (London
bridge)
- Employment centres are
catered to only specific employ-
ment sectors, many with higher
qualifications
Considerations to
make this rate of
need:
-Population projec-
tion & density
-Types of housing
-Realistic need of
greenspace
-Nearby local parks
- Places of higher
population density
would be in more
need of public space
- Public space is
vital for better living
quality
-Indicates more
parks or greenspace
is needed in areas to
give pockets of air
- High need in Aylesbury, Peckham and Camberwell as con-
centrated population with lack of local parks
- Vital to address as it affects directly well-being of residents
thus the growth local areas
Greenspace has long been
proven to help reduce health
risks in urban areas (Better
Environment, Better Health,
2013). Open areas within a
built up urban context gives
residents room to exercise and
improves mental and physical
health. Secondary effects include
better quality of area and overall
aesthetic appearance of an area.
- Possible to see the prevalence of
heart disease using the gradation
of the colour in the area and the
localization of hotspots
- Heart disease most prevalent in
areas of less accessibility (map
12) in composite with deficieny to
local parks (map 22)
- Link with bad health and lack of
greenspace

9. 8
Spatial Analysis Map
Graph 14 Attraction To Town Centres
(Understanding Perception of Town Centres, 2014)
Proposal Map
Legend
Legend
Map 27 Disused Space
The spatial analysis map and disused space
map highlights the most central points of inter-
est from each section of the analysis. Where
overlapping occurs, we were able to identify the
most problematic areas in the borough. It guid-
ed us to make decisions in regards to locations
of our interventions. However, we were careful
not to simply pick the areas with the most prob-
lems, as these would not be successful in real-
ity. The most successful points of location would be where existing infrastructure
(for example good transport links and low density) is strong enough to support
some sort of expansion.
The analysis is then translated into the proposal map which generalises the areas
we will intervene in. The arrows show the connections we want to make by our
intervention Purple arrows are connections of town centres, blue is Southwark
and neighbouring boroughs. Green is connection of own town centre to all other
centres.
Legend
Map 26 Map 28

10. 9
Strategies Overview
GROWTH
Spatial Map
NON-GROWTH
Spatial Map
Map 29 Map 30
Growth Legend
Non-Growth Legend

11. 10
Growth Strategy
1. Residential-led Mixed Use Development
Our mixed-use residential-led development was chosen primarily through a convergence of accessibility (Map 12), income
(Map 7), employment (Map 6) and green space deficiency (Map 22) analyses locations. They are depicted in blue in the map
above. The pink dot portrayed shows our initial chosen location. This area is the least accessible, has the highest amount
of JSA claimants (Map 8) and lacks public amenities the most. Although converging analyses would point to the need for
development here, in reality this is not practical. Development in itself may in fact shut out deprived local people, or simply
not be successful due to a lack of transport connections and community enthusiasm. Therefore, upon re-evaluation, two
new smaller locations were chosen (blue dots). These locations do not reflect precise locations of development, but rather a
general core area and the pictures reflect some potential large sites we can refurbish into housing. These dwellings are not all
in the same cluster but spread-out through around the core area.
The first can be found in Peckham, where transport is decent, and there is a high demand for housing but not in the council
already target area.The second location is found withinAylesbury whereby services are deficient and through S106 agreements.
The Peckham Site will be home to 800-900 new units, with between 45-50% affordable housing and 45-50% intermediate
housing. These housing would most likely to be mid-rise apartment flats or refurbished terrace housing. This is to save space
and save money on building completely new buildings. This way if households that in the future that eventually do not need
social housing can rent in the same area and even have the potential to buy the property. There is less demand for public
space in this area therefore larger cluster of dwellings (100-200) can be made.
Furthermore, the ground floor will host an array of facilities be it clinics, cafés or shops. There would be a set of 60% people
must be employed locally and resides in Southwark. Green space is also an integrated necessity with around 15% of the area
of the sites devoted to open public spaces for gathering proving for a pleasing, reassuring environment.
In a similar fashion, the slightly smaller Aylesbury site will house 400-600 new units with the same amount of affordable
housing. The public space need (Map 25) is more vital in this area therefore 20% of area should be devoted to public open
space.
2. Extension of Cycle Hire
Station and Bike Lockers
The extensions of bicycle hire locations are
needed to spread convenience of transport that
already exists in inner London. They are recog-
nisable and popular, and residents would be able
to get quicker from one place to another without
a car. The bike to work scheme (Map 11) that is
gaining popularity can also be promoted through
these cycle hire that would allow people to not
always carry a bike if their office does not have
a bike rack. These will be concentrated again
around Aylesbury, Camberwell and northern
Peckham areas as cycle hire locations cannot
be more than 500m apart from each other (TFL,
2015). Each station would have around 20 bike dockings with 15 bikes each.
The extension of bike lockers can be located throughout the borough because it is not restricted by distance. Bike theft in London
is prevalent and discourages residents from owning bicycles and so by introducing bike lockers, people can have a safe place
to store their own bikes. These will be set in residential areas and it can encourage people to buy or use their bikes to their full
potential. There would be around 20 lockers in each area chosen.
(Amazon, 2015)
(Geograph, 2012)
(EU, 2011)

12. 11
3. Increase Employment Facilities
Lack of facilities for adults (Map 24) and advice centres meant that locals in that area
are less motivated and have fewer opportunities to improve themselves and find employ-
ment. As residents mostly roam around their town centres or near their residential area,
facilities need to be put within 30min walking distance from everywhere in Southwark.
The proposed two adult learning centres and one advice centre will help balance out the
distribution of facilities. These centres would provide courses that help residents get into
the two most dominant sectors of employment (Graph 2). These have been implemented
to provide the local people, with statistically low levels of qualifications (Map 9), a greater
chance of adding to their qualifications. It additionally could be offer academic courses or
more creative pathways, which according to recent reports have been chronically under-
provided in current state schools (BBC, 2015). Residents that did not complete lower
qualifications can have a second chance here, or just people who want re-training or
training in other sectors. Many immigrants who are not native English speakers can get
training and even level 3 qualifications to set themselves on the right track towards em-
ployment. In this way, employment opportunities will become within the reach of a larger
percentage of the inhabitants of Southwark, creating a positive sequence of events.

13. 12
Funding and Future Funding
Employment Facilities – Growth and Innova-
tion Fund (GIF) supports employer-led projects to
raise skills in their sector and increase growth in
our economy. Raised upwards of £84 million. This
combined with possible Private investment com-
ing from Private Housing Developers. The mainte-
nance cost will be provided by the businesses own-
ers as well as government schemes that support
local businesses.
Extension of bike hire locations and lockers-
Majority of funding coming from private compa-
nies such as Barclays sponsorship but it will end
in 2016. Then it is up to TFL to find a sponsorship.
Public investment coming from various cycling
organisations as well as support from the Mayor
of London. The maintenance cost covered by the
revenue that is generated by the bikes as well as
funding provided for maintenance by the sponsors.
Residential led mixed used development- Ma-
jority of investment coming from private investment
funds. The initial investment coming from building
society investment funds as well as Banks willing to
back the project. The maintenance cost will come
largely from the residents as well as local authority
that is responsible for the area.
This is something that would be achieved through our interventions within the target zones of
Camberwell, Peckham and Aylesbury. The size of the multiplier effect will be depend on our
investment as well as the involvement of community in terms of purchasing goods from the
local businesses that will be housed within our projects.
The multiplier effect will occur once the initial injection into the local economy has happened.
Injections can include:
• Investment
• Government Spending
(Yes Economics, 2011)
Growth Phasing
The Multiplier Effect

14. 13
Non-Growth Strategy
1. Refurbishment of brownfield sites
In a period of economic stagnation or decline, several interventions
will be introduced. These interventions will be small-scaled and local
and will not involve building new areas of development but rather im-
proving on existing landscape and community. Looking at house built
period, there is a focus on areas with older houses that are more likely
to be derelict (Map 16). Brownfield sites or derelict, unused buildings
have been identified in our target areas. These sites would be devel-
oped either as low-cost office space in order to support and promote
small-size businesses and start-ups, or as green space to augment
health and quality of life.
Derelict buildings will be our targets for refurbishment into office
space. There would be short-term low cost office rent that can be af-
fordable for start-ups. If a business does not do well, there is less loss
of profit for them as rent is shorter. These safer schemes can attract
more business to the area.
Brownfield sites will be our targets for refurbishment into green space.
These sites would be flat and unoccupied lands that are uninviting
and unattractive. It will be turned into pockets of green space by over-
laying the site with grass and introducing flora and fauna found in
parks to make the place livelier.
2. Cycling promotion and
car sharing schemes
The promotion of safer cycle routes will occur on the lanes shown in
purple. These routes are chosen to be promoted to find faster and
safer routes connecting to town centres and eventually to outside of
Southwark. They are in accordance with CSNA map (Map 14) level
2 to 2.5 through smaller neighbourhoods and not main roads. These
low level routes means that more novice cyclists can also enjoy riding
their bikes, and the routes are safer than busier car roads. Although
these roads are through neighbourhoods, they do not have a separate
cycle lane.
The promotion will take the shape of advertising the cycle scheme,
ensuring cycle paths are well-maintained and sign-posted, as well as
raising awareness of which paths are the most low-risk on council
website and on popular cycle websites such as Southwark Cyclists
and London Cycling Campaign. Training can also be offered at the
existing adult training centres for people who want to learn how to ride
bikes at level 2.5 and upwards level (although not necessary).
The car-sharing scheme will be put into place in the south of the bor-
ough, centring mainly in the Dulwich. As it is a high car ownership
and car dependant area (Map 10), car-pooling can at least mitigate
the amount of cars on the road. Minimising the number of cars on the
road will also have a beneficial influence on minimising congestion
alongside CO2 levels. Eventually car-pooling schemes can motivate
people to use more public forms of transport such as bus services that
are similar.
Map 30 New bike routes (purple) with
exisiting bike routes (green)
3. Providing technical skills to
unskilled but economically active residents
This invention will be the introduction of newer programs into existing learning facilities.
Instead of building new facilities it will focus on improving and adding more programs into
any syllabus taught in the centres. Higher qualified teachers will be employed into these
centres for a better quality learning experience. As the economically active range is young
and most people seeking jobs are from 18-40, these people are very suitable to learn new
skills.
The courses would be focused more on how to get people more qualified to be more suitable
towards employment. Therefore the courses could be in subjects such as finance, retail,
construction or management. They would not earn university level qualifications but get
certificates that can be used towards earning a higher degree or starting level sector jobs.
For those who are on
social benefits, 30% of
the funding is allocated
in helping to subsidise
these programs to make
education affordable for all.
As a result, employment
opportunities will open up
to a larger portion of the
community.
4. Increase community
involve in community projects
Lastly, the red dots will deliver pockets of community engagement
and involvement through the introduction of activities or
betterment of existing ones. Existing activities will be promotes
through flyers and on council and social media websites. Some
existing community activity for example, East Street Market will
be subsidised. There would be lower rent per stall and similar to
the short rent scheme, making it accessible for more businesses
that are into cheap retail to have a stake in the market.
The homelessness prevention projects will get renewed continual
support as Southwark experiences a poverty rate higher than
London’s average (Graph 13).
Urban farming projects have been met with some enthusiasm
and we will underpin this scheme to create enhanced community
spirit and further, provide locals with locally sourced fresh food.
(Your Singapore, 2015)
(Amazon, 2015)
(Frontline Construction, 2015)

15. 14
(Green Fudge, 2015)

16. 15
Funding and Future Funding
Provide Technical Skill training-
Majority of investment coming from
Government projects that back skilled
labour in fields including construction for
example. The skill training centres will be
housed within buildings that are currently
unused. The private investment will come
from employers within Southwark that are
willing to take on locals and train them
within the field their business lies in. The
maintenance cost for this project will come
from the government and would allow the
skill training centres to remain open long
term.
Refurbishment of brownfield sites
into green space or housing- The
investment will be largely split between
private and public. The investment would allow for derelict sites to become modern and provide a place that can house mixed
used projects. The maintenance cost will come through the residents as well as the local authorities responsible for the area.
Promotion of safer cycle routes and car sharing schemes- The funding for the building of this as well as the maintenance
cost to maintain it will be largely public. The schemes are more community involved rather than money so the initial funding
can go a long way and acts more to guild the intervention in the right direction.
Community Projects- The funding will largely be public, through schemes that encourage community interaction and
participation especially when it comes helping the area in terms of a internal economic in which locals support local businesses.
The maintenance costs will be both private and public with businesses taking the initiative to meet locals and discuss ideas
for future projects with them.
(Riley, 2010)
The accelerator theory proposes that when companies choose to
increase investment in an area other investors soon follow if the original
investment has worked, due to the area becoming more attractive.
Ultimately this results in an accelerating economic growth.
Following our initial investment within the transport, employment and
housing sectors and their predicted success, the target areas are likely
to receive further investment by companies aiming to grow within an
area of London that has a low entry cost in comparison to other areas
on the north side of the river.
The Accelerator Process
Non-Growth Phasing
Conclusion
The comparative table above shows how the two strategies address an array of issues with both
strategies addressing social deprivation and increasing social mobility overall. However, each
strategy has its own set of strengths and weaknesses. The strategy for growth is concentrated
around the provision of adequate housing and meeting the needs of the market thus there is a
strong local multiplier effect. From this boom, positive externalities will include the community
will indulging in a sense of economic security and ease of access to services and amenities.
This strategy creates employment on a large scale. The strategy for non-growth centres on
smaller-scale interventions designed for communities to reap the continued benefits in the long
run. This strategy creates employment on a local scale, however it could be argued that this
fosters competitiveness and entrepreneurship, with an extremely beneficial knock on effect.
Legend
How well strategies
address objectives
and issues

17. 16
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